Bell's palsy treatment with acyclovir and prednisone compared with prednisone alone: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial

Etiology and Management of 800 Patients With Facial Palsy at a Private Practice Setting Over a 5-Year Period

INTRODUCTION

Very few papers investigated the etiologic breakdown and demographic characteristics of patients with facial nerve (FN) palsy. Our paper aims to present the etiologic breakdown and demographic characteristics of patients with FN palsy, presenting at a private care center between 2014 and 2019, along with the treatment modalities that were offered to them.

METHODS

Charts of 800 patients with facial palsy (FP) were reviewed. Data included the etiology of their diagnosis, family history, recurrent FP, demographic information, and treatment provided before and after presentation.

RESULTS

Seventy-five percent of our study population were females. The average period between diagnosis with FP and presentation at our center was 10.8 years. The most commonly identified etiology was Bell's palsy, followed by acoustic neuroma. Eighty-one percent of the study subjects were prescribed steroids and/or antivirals. Facial neuromuscular retraining, electrical stimulation, chemodenervation, and surgical intervention were also part of some treatment plans for our population.

DISCUSSION

Recommendations for the treatment of idiopathic FP include steroids with adjuvant antiviral medications. Data remains uncertain whether the combination therapy of steroids and antivirals has better results compared to steroids alone. Electrical stimulation is still a controversial therapeutic tool for facial paralysis with a potential role in exacerbating synkinesis. The difference in referral patterns between tertiary and private care centers can explain the disparity in the ranking of the etiologies between our study and what has been published.

CONCLUSION

Management of FP is a complex process. The FN community must develop a common database to improve its understanding of the different presentations.

Application of facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) in psychophysiological research: Practical recommendations based on a systematic review of the literature

Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES), which allows for the non-invasive and physiologically sound activation of facial muscles, has great potential for investigating fundamental questions in psychology and neuroscience, such as the role of proprioceptive facial feedback in emotion induction and emotion recognition, and may serve for clinical applications, such as alleviating symptoms of depression. However, despite illustrious origins in the 19th-century work of Duchenne de Boulogne, the practical application of fNMES remains largely unknown to today's researchers in psychology. In addition, published studies vary dramatically in the stimulation parameters used, such as stimulation frequency, amplitude, duration, and electrode size, and in the way they reported them. Because fNMES parameters impact the comfort and safety of volunteers, as well as its physiological (and psychological) effects, it is of paramount importance to establish recommendations of good practice and to ensure studies can be better compared and integrated. Here, we provide an introduction to fNMES, systematically review the existing literature focusing on the stimulation parameters used, and offer recommendations on how to safely and reliably deliver fNMES and on how to report the fNMES parameters to allow better cross-study comparison. In addition, we provide a free webpage, to easily visualise fNMES parameters and verify their safety based on current density. As an example of a potential application, we focus on the use of fNMES for the investigation of the facial feedback hypothesis.

Analysis of Predictive Factors for the Poor Prognosis of Peripheral Facial Paralysis

PURPOSE

The aim of the study is to evaluate the predictive factors for a poor prognosis in patients with facial paralysis evaluated in the rehabilitation department of a tertiary hospital.

METHODS

We have conducted a prospective cohort study. Patients who required elective botulinum toxin infiltration, surgical treatment, or follow-up appointments longer than 6 months due to incomplete recovery were considered to have a poor prognosis. Descriptive and analytical analyses of clinical and epidemiological variables were performed. The follow-up period was 6 mos.

RESULTS

A total of 47 adult patients were analyzed, 54.2% of whom were women. The mean age was 53.2 yrs (SD, 15.5 yrs). Twenty-five percent had an unfavorable prognosis. A statistically significant association with prognosis was observed for neurophysiological results and the scores of the House-Brackmann scale and the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System.

CONCLUSIONS

Neurophysiological tests are especially useful when evaluating prognosis. Likewise, Sunnybrook Facial Grading System is a useful and accessible tool with prognostic value, especially within a month of initial diagnosis, when a score lower than 65 indicates a poor prognosis with high sensitivity and specificity. These tools can be especially useful to reduce the clinical and psychological impact and to provide patients with early therapeutic management.

Optimal Bell's Palsy Treatment: Steroids, Antivirals, and a Timely and Personalized Approach

IMPORTANCE

The optimal treatment approach for patients with Bell's palsy, a condition characterized by acute facial nerve palsy, remains unclear. The present study was designed to provide insights into the most effective treatment strategies, whether steroids alone or steroids plus antiviral agents, as well as the optimal timing of treatment initiation.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of treatment modalities and timing on the recovery rates of Bell's palsy patients and to assess the roles of individual factors.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This retrospective analysis included 1504 patients with Bell's palsy who visited Kyung Hee University Hospital. Patients were divided based on the treatment modality (steroid monotherapy vs. combined steroid and antiviral therapy) and the timing of treatment initiation (≤72 vs. >72 h).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcome was the recovery rate, as assessed by the House-Brackmann (HB) grade. Secondary outcomes included factors such as age, electroneurography (ENoG) and electromyography (EMG) results, and comorbid conditions.

RESULTS

A combined comparison of patients treated with steroids plus antivirals and steroids alone, stratified by treatment start time, showed that recovery rates were highest in patients who received steroid monotherapy initiated within 72 h (OR 2.36; p < 0.05). Patients with severe Bell's palsy tended to benefit more from combined therapy when treatment was initiated within 72 h. The recovery rate was higher in patients who received steroid monotherapy than combined therapy (86.32% vs. 79.25%, p < 0.05). Initiating treatment beyond 72 h was associated with a higher recovery rate than starting treatment within 72 h (85.69% vs. 76.92%, p < 0.05). An evaluation of the factors affecting recovery showed that patients aged 20 to 39 years had a higher recovery rate than other age groups (OR 1.47; p < 0.05). Fairly predictive EMG results were associated with significantly higher recovery rates (OR 3.52; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment approaches in Bell's palsy management. Steroid monotherapy remains effective, although combined treatment may have potential advantages, especially in patients with more severe disease. The best treatment results were achieved when steroid treatment was administered within 72 h. Our results suggest that there may be more flexibility in the application of the 72 h treatment period if we consider the time of treatment initiation alone, but this should take into account patient behavior patterns and the limitations of retrospective analysis. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and refine treatment recommendations for patients with Bell's palsy.

Bell's Palsy Unmasked: A Compelling Case Study of Facial Nerve Palsy During Pregnancy

Facial paralysis occurs more frequently in pregnant individuals, affecting them two to four times more often than those who are not pregnant, making it the most frequent unilateral cranial nerve pathology in pregnancy. This case report describes a 29-year-old primigravida's presentation, examination, and treatment of left-sided (unilateral) facial nerve palsy during 32 weeks of gestation. Concerns regarding possible underlying reasons were raised when the patient suddenly developed left-side facial weakness. We examined her history, clinical assessment, and diagnosis methods, which included laboratory and neuro-imaging tests. The difficulties of managing this illness during pregnancy are explored, taking into account the well-being of the developing fetus and mother. There are several causes for facial nerve palsy during pregnancy, including idiopathic causes, vascular problems, and viral infections. Here, we emphasize the value of a multidisciplinary approach comprising obstetricians, neurologists, and other medical professionals to guarantee the best possible care. The paper also underscores the necessity for prompt diagnosis and suitable interventions to reduce problems and foster a successful outcome. This case report adds to the limited literature on facial nerve palsy in pregnancy by highlighting individualized medical care and teamwork in addressing this uncommon but serious condition.

Bell's Palsy and Its Semantic Change over Time

BACKGROUND

From 1821 to 1829, Sir Charles Bell presented cases of facial paralysis from infection, trauma, and unknown causes. As such, "Bell's palsy" initially referred to facial palsy of any etiology. Today, the term is reserved for idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. The objectives of this analysis were to establish when the eponym came to vogue and delineate the semantic shift from its original definition to its current one.

METHODS

Extensive review of available 19th and 20th century literature mentioning "Bell's palsy" and "Bell's paralysis."

RESULTS

Historical accounts have eponymously attached Bell's name to facial paralysis as early as the 1840s-Bell's palsy was first used to describe cases of facial palsy of any cause. In 1886, Gowers characterized Bell's palsy as a "neuritis usually within the Fallopian Canal," distinguishing it as a separate etiology. Over the next decades, the definition narrowed to peripheral facial paralysis from cold exposure or unknown causes. By the 1940s, its natural history was well described-an acute, unilateral, idiopathic, and usually self-limited peripheral facial palsy.

CONCLUSION

The semantic change of a word over time can tell us a remarkable story of its history and origins. Absence of a discrete lesion, lack of proven treatment, and good prognosis without intervention distinguished Bell's palsy from other causes of facial paralysis. Over time, the definition has narrowed from a facial palsy of any cause to an idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. Recent evidence supporting Bell's palsy as a viral mononeuritis may have driven its recent semantic change toward this specific etiology.

Clinical Prognostic Indicators in Predicting the Outcome in Patients with Bell's Palsy: A Descriptive, longitudinal Study from Puducherry, South India

Electrophysiological studies can objectively predict the functional recovery in Bell's palsy but, the clinical prognostic indicators seem to be more practical where the nerve conduction studies are not available. To determine the clinical prognostic indicators in Bell's palsy patients and to determine the indicators with poor outcome for recovery. We designed a prospective, descriptive, and observational analysis of Bell's palsy patients, who presented to our ENT outpatients department. 34 patients with Bell's palsy were recruited for this study. We studied the demographic characteristics, sidedness, associated symptoms, time of presentation, grade, and therapeutic options. All the patients were followed up for 8 weeks and the final grade of functional recovery of the nerve was recorded. The patient information was entered in Epicollect 5software and the output was analysed as descriptive statistics. Hypothesis testing was accomplished by means of χ2 test or Fischer exact test, to compare the proportions of categorical data and continuous data using the Mann-Whitney U test. 91.17% (31/34) of Bell's palsy patients had complete facial nerve function recovery at the end of 8 weeks. Higher Age > 40 years (p = 0.022) and BP patients with coronary artery disease (p = 0.005) were the only two significant indicators for incomplete recovery. We suggest that all Bell's palsy patients seek medical advice early at the onset,especially the BP patients of older age and with coronary artery disease for faster recovery.

Bell's palsy following vaccination with mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a case series and nested case-control study

BACKGROUND

Bell's palsy is a rare adverse event reported in clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. However, to our knowledge no population-based study has assessed the association between the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and Bell's palsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of Bell's palsy after BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccination.

METHODS

In this case series and nested case-control study done in Hong Kong, we assessed the risk of Bell's palsy within 42 days following vaccination with BNT162b2 (Fosun-BioNTech [equivalent to Pfizer-BioNTech]) or CoronaVac (from Sinovac Biotech, Hong Kong) using data from voluntary surveillance reporting with the Hospital Authority, the COVID-19 Vaccine Adverse Event Online Reporting system for all health-care professionals, and the Hospital Authority's territory-wide electronic health records from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System. We described reported cases of Bell's palsy among vaccine recipients (aged 18-110 years for CoronaVac and aged 16-110 years for BNT162b2). We compared the estimated age-standardised incidence of clinically confirmed cases among individuals who had received the CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination (up to 42 days before presentation) with the background incidence in the population. A nested case-control study was also done using conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for risk of Bell's palsy and vaccination. Cases and controls were matched (1:4) by age, sex, admission setting, and admission date.

FINDINGS

Between February 23 and May 4, 2021, 451 939 individuals received the first dose of CoronaVac and 537 205 individuals received the first dose of BNT162b2. 28 clinically confirmed cases of Bell's palsy were reported following CoronaVac and 16 cases were reported following BNT162b2. The age-standardised incidence of clinically confirmed Bell's palsy was 66·9 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 37·2 to 96·6) following CoronaVac vaccination and 42·8 per 100 000 person-years (19·4 to 66·1) for BNT162b2 vaccination. The age-standardised difference for the incidence compared with the background population was 41·5 (95% CI 11·7 to 71·4) for CoronaVac and 17·0 (-6·6 to 40·6) for BNT162b2, equivalent to an additional 4·8 cases per 100 000 people vaccinated for CoronaVac and 2·0 cases per 100 000 people vaccinated for BNT162b2. In the nested case-control analysis, 298 cases were matched to 1181 controls, and the adjusted ORs were 2·385 (95% CI 1·415 to 4·022) for CoronaVac and 1·755 (0·886 to 3·477) for BNT162b2.

INTERPRETATION

Our findings suggest an overall increased risk of Bell's palsy after CoronaVac vaccination. However, the beneficial and protective effects of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine far outweigh the risk of this generally self-limiting adverse event. Additional studies are needed in other regions to confirm our findings.

FUNDING

The Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.

TRANSLATION

For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Approach to Facial Weakness

Facial palsy is a common neurologic concern and is the most common cranial neuropathy. The facial nerve contains motor, parasympathetic, and special sensory functions. The most common form of facial palsy is idiopathic (Bell's palsy). A classic presentation requires no further diagnostic measures, and generally improves with a course of corticosteroid and antiviral therapy. If the presentation is atypical, or concerning features are present, additional studies such as brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be indicated. Many conditions may present with facial weakness, either in isolation or with other neurologic signs (e.g., multiple cranial neuropathies). The most important ones to recognize include infections (Ramsay-Hunt syndrome associated with herpes zoster oticus, Lyme neuroborreliosis, and complications of otitis media and mastoiditis), inflammatory (demyelination, sarcoidosis, Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome), and neoplastic. No matter the cause, individuals may be at risk for corneal injury, and, if so, should have appropriate eye protection. Synkinesis may be a bothersome residual phenomenon in some individuals, but it has a variety of treatment options including neuromuscular re-education and rehabilitation, botulinum toxin chemodenervation, and surgical intervention.

Left Bell's palsy following the first dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: A case report

Even though no definitive link has been established, Bell's palsy has been described as a potential side effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in a few reports, and the US Food and Drug Administration has recommended strict surveillance of its occurrence in the vaccinated general population.

We present the case of a previously healthy 35-year-old female patient who developed Bell's palsy 12 h after receiving the first dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Her general practitioner performed the diagnosis, and corticosteroid treatment was initiated, with slow symptoms improvement. The neurologist's evaluation and a contrast-enhanced brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed a subtle enhancement of the left facial nerve, confirming the diagnosis of Bell's palsy.

"At-Home" Photobiomodulation: A New Approach for Bell's Palsy Treatment

Objective

This report is the first one to describe the possibility to use “self‐administered” photobiomodulation (PBM) for Bell's palsy (BP) treatment.

Background

BP is a peripheral disorder of the facial nerve causing sudden paralysis of unilateral facial muscles, and PBM has been successfully suggested for its treatment without any side effect. This is the first case report where a laser device was successfully used at home by the patient herself to treat BP opening new perspectives on the therapy of this disease.

Methods

This report describes the “at-home PBM” treatment performed on a 15-year-old girl who presented BP consisting of acute pain on the right side of her face, difficulty in biting and dripping saliva from the right side of her lips. The treatment was performed twice a day by cutaneous applications, each of 15 minutes (total fluence 48 J/cm²) in an area corresponding to the parotid gland by a device emitting at 808 nm at 250 mW output power.

Results

Two weeks after PBM treatment, performed at home twice a day by the patient herself without any kind of pharmacological therapy, the complete disappearing of the disease was noticed with no side effects.

Conclusion

With the limitations due to a single case report and with the need of further clinical trials to confirm it, “at-home PBM” seems to represent a good and safe approach to the treatment of BP.

Is There Any Relation between Serum Levels of Interleukin-10 and Neurophysiological Abnormalities in Bell's Palsy?

Background

Bell's palsy is the most common cause of peripheral facial palsy. The etiology and treatment of Bell's palsy are still controversial. Previous studies emphasize the role of herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses in this ailment. The role of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in Bell's palsy is yet unknown, and few studies have shed light on the matter. This study intended to assess the prognostic value of IL-10 and its relation to the intensity of electrodiagnostic abnormalities and evaluate its potential use as a factor for judging the need for medical or surgical interventions.

Materials and Methods

30 patients in the acute phase of Bell's palsy participated in this study. Peripheral blood samples were obtained for IL-10 assessment within the first 72 hours (before commencing treatment), and a nerve conduction study (NCS) was performed six days after symptom onset.

Results

There was no significant correlation between IL-10 serum levels and the severity of nerve conduction pathology in Orbicularis oculi and Orbicularis oris muscles. Also, IL-10 serum levels did not show any meaningful relationships with participants' age, gender, or symptoms.

Conclusion

The IL-10 serum levels are not relevant to the pathology of Bell's palsy, and the assessment of IL-10 serum levels cannot be used as an alternative to NCS for evaluating the severity of acute Bell's palsy.

Evaluation of Factors Associated With Favorable Outcomes in Adults With Bell Palsy

Importance

Identification of the factors associated with improved facial nerve function after treatment of Bell palsy is important to provide patients with early and effective treatment.

Objective

To identify factors that are associated with improved treatment outcomes in patients with Bell palsy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study included 1364 patients with Bell palsy treated at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Otolaryngology at the Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea, between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2017. The medical records of patients admitted to this hospital for management of acute facial palsy were reviewed by 3 otolaryngologists with more than 20 years' experience in treating facial palsy.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Facial function at the initial and final visits were measured using the House-Brackmann (H-B) grading system, which is one of several analysis tools developed to quantify facial function and provide reproducible information. It is a widely accepted system for grading facial function in 6 steps, from normal (H-B grade I) to total paralysis (H-B grade VI).

Results

In total, 1364 patients with primary Bell palsy (718 [52.6%] women) and a mean (SD) age of 47.7 (16.7) years were enrolled. The overall rate of favorable outcome, which was defined as an H-B grade of I or II at the 6-month follow-up visit, was 80.6% (1099 of 1364 patients). Of 1099 patients who had a favorable outcome at 6 months, 343 (31.2%) were younger than 40 years. Of 1364 patients, 1053 (77.2%) had moderate facial dysfunction (H-B grade III or IV). No pathological spontaneous fibrillation activity (ie, good electromyography [EMG] results) was detected on EMG in 937 of 1364 patients (68.7%), 492 (36.1%) had controlled hypertension, and 673 (49.3%) were treated with oral corticosteroids alone. Multivariable analysis revealed that the following factors were associated with favorable outcome: age younger than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.22), an initial H-B grade of III or IV (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.93-3.57), good EMG results after 2 weeks of treatment (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 2.48-4.61), absence of diabetes (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-2.36), and control of hypertension (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.33).

Conclusions and Relevance

Multiple logistic regression analysis in this study suggests that multiple clinical factors are associated with favorable outcomes in patients with Bell palsy.

Pharmacological Treatments of Bell's Palsy in Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to simultaneously compare all available medical treatments for Bell's palsy using both direct and indirect data.

METHODS

The literature was searched from January 1, 1990, until March 1, 2020, with no language restrictions. Randomized clinical trials comparing pharmacological interventions were included in the current network meta-analysis. We estimated summary risk ratios (RRs), 95% credible interval (CrI), and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) using network meta-analyses with random effects in a Bayesian framework. The primary outcomes were complete recovery in short-term (≤3 months) and intermediate/long-term (>3 months) after randomization. The secondary outcome was synkinesis.

RESULTS

In total, 21 trials comprising 2,839 participants were retrieved. In terms of good recovery, corticosteroids plus antivirals were the most effective treatment compared to placebo, with RRs ranging between 1.25 (95% CrI: 1.10, 1.43) for the short-term and 1.26 (95% CrI: 1.11, 1.45) for the intermediate/long-term recovery. For synkinesis, only corticosteroids plus antivirals (RR 0.35; 95% CrI: 0.19, 0.65) were associated with fewer synkinesis rates than placebo. The certainty of the evidence for good recovery and synkinesis was very low-low and moderate-high, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This network meta-analysis showed that combined therapy remains the best regimen for a good recovery outcome and the only efficacious regimen for synkinesis. More research is needed to confirm these findings. Laryngoscope, 131:1615-1625, 2021.

Modern Management of Facial Nerve Disorders

Facial paralysis is a devastating condition, encompassing a spectrum of disorders, with resultant psychosocial, functional, and aesthetic sequelae. With this in mind, an individualized treatment approach based on the cause, pattern, and duration of palsy is necessary. Treatment options include pharmacologic agents, corneal protective interventions, physical therapy, and surgical procedures. The use of steroids and antivirals in the setting of idiopathic facial paralysis or virus-associated facial paralysis is well supported. Despite the diversity of surgical interventions described, there is a lack of consensus regarding optimal treatment. This article provides an overview of the current management of facial paralysis. Medical, surgical, and physical treatment options are discussed with a review of the relevant literature.

Factors Associated With Fast Recovery of Bell Palsy in Children

The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics and factors affecting the prognosis of children with Bell palsy. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 53 pediatric patients diagnosed with Bell palsy. After a mean follow-up period of 30 days, 30 patients (56%) were completely recovered, 21 patients (40%) were partially recovered, and 2 patients (4%) had not recovered. The patients in the complete recovery group were significantly younger than those in the partial and nonrecovery groups (8.8 ± 4.2 years vs 12.2 ± 3.0 years, P = .003). Patients <8 years old had a higher complete recovery rate than was found in patients >8 years old (80% vs 47%, P = .031). Sex, affected side, and early or late treatment did not influence the recovery rate. These results suggest that younger age may be a good prognostic factor affecting the fast recovery of children with Bell palsy.

Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)

BACKGROUND

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), but the effectiveness of additional treatment with an antiviral agent is uncertain. This review was first published in 2001 and most recently updated in 2015. Since a significant benefit of corticosteroids for the early management of Bell's palsy has been demonstrated, the main focus of this update, as in the previous version, was to determine the effect of adding antivirals to corticosteroid treatment. We undertook this update to integrate additional evidence and to better assess the robustness of findings, taking risk of bias fully into account.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of antiviral treatments alone or in combination with any other therapy for Bell's palsy.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS in July 2019. We reviewed the bibliographies of the identified trials and contacted trial authors to identify additional published or unpublished data. We searched clinical trials registries for ongoing studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of antivirals with and without corticosteroids versus control therapies for the treatment of Bell's palsy. We excluded trials that followed-up participants for less than three months.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

We independently assessed trials for relevance, eligibility, and risk of bias, using standard Cochrane procedures. We performed sensitivity analyses excluding trials at high or unclear risk of bias in at least five domains, and reported these data as the primary analyses.

MAIN RESULTS

Fourteen trials, including 2488 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Most were small, and most were at high or unclear risk of bias in multiple domains. We included four new studies at this update.Incomplete recoveryA combination of antivirals and corticosteroids may have little or no effect on rates of incomplete recovery in people with Bell's palsy compared to corticosteroids alone (risk ratio (RR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 1.74; 3 trials, N = 766; random-effects; low-certainty evidence). We excluded 10 trials that were at high or unclear risk of bias in several domains from this analysis and limited all analyses to studies at lower risk of bias. Recovery rates were better in participants receiving corticosteroids alone than antivirals alone (RR 2.69, 95% CI 0.73 to 10.01; 2 trials, N = 667; random-effects), but the result was imprecise and allowed for the possibility of no effect. The rate of incomplete recovery was lower with antivirals plus corticosteroids than with placebo or no treatment (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.76; 2 trials, N = 658; random-effects). Antivirals alone had no clear effect on incomplete recovery rates compared with placebo, but the result was imprecise (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.40; 2 trials, N = 658; fixed-effect). For people with severe Bell's palsy (House-Brackmann score of 5 and 6, or equivalent on other scales), we found that the combination of antivirals and corticosteroids had no clear effect on incomplete recovery at month six compared to corticosteroids alone, although the result was again imprecise (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.17; 2 trials, N = 98; random-effects).Motor synkinesis or crocodile tearsAntivirals plus corticosteroids reduced the proportion of participants who experienced these long-term sequelae from Bell's palsy compared to placebo plus corticosteroids (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.87; 2 trials, N = 469; fixed-effect; moderate-certainty evidence). Antivirals plus corticosteroids reduced long-term sequelae compared to placebo but there was no clear difference in this outcome with antivirals alone compared to placebo.Adverse events Adverse event data were available in four studies providing data on 1592 participants. None of the four comparisons showed clear differences in adverse events between treatment and comparison arms (very low-certainty evidence); for the comparison of antivirals plus corticosteroids and corticosteroids alone in studies at lower risk of bias, the RR was 1.17 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.69; 2 trials, N = 656; fixed-effect; very low-certainty evidence).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The combination of antivirals and corticosteroids may have little or no effect on rates of incomplete recovery in comparison to corticosteroids alone in Bell's palsy of various degrees of severity, or in people with severe Bell's palsy, but the results were very imprecise. Corticosteroids alone were probably more effective than antivirals alone and antivirals plus corticosteroids were more effective than placebo or no treatment. There was no clear benefit from antivirals alone over placebo.The combination of antivirals and corticosteroids probably reduced the late sequelae of Bell's palsy compared with corticosteroids alone. Studies also showed fewer episodes of long-term sequelae in corticosteroid-treated participants than antiviral-treated participants.We found no clear difference in adverse events from the use of antivirals compared with either placebo or corticosteroids, but the evidence is too uncertain for us to draw conclusions.An adequately powered RCT in people with Bell's palsy that compares different antiviral agents may be indicated.

The Feasibility of Using the Posterior Auricular Branch of the Facial Nerve as a Donor for Facial Nerve Reanimation Procedures: A Cadaveric Study

PURPOSE

Facial nerve paralysis can result in critical complications, including those to the visual, respiratory, and digestive systems. The facial nerve has been reanimated using various nerves, but the posterior auricular nerve (PAN) branching off the facial nerve has not been explored for this purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten sides from 6 fresh-frozen adult cadavers were used for dissection of the PAN to explore its potential as a donor for facial nerve reanimation. The facial nerve trunk (FNT) and PAN were consistently and readily identified by deep dissection using the tragal cartilage and tragal pointer as landmarks. The PAN was transected at the point of insertion of its innervated muscles. Its length and diameter were measured, and it was transposed anteriorly to the FNT and its 2 major extracranial divisions.

RESULTS

The PAN was observed on all sides. Its available length was 27.11 ± 5.02 mm and its mean diameter was 0.85 ± 0.20 mm. In all specimens, the PAN readily reached the FNT and its 2 major divisions without tension.

CONCLUSION

No previous study has explored the use of the PAN as a donor for facial nerve reanimation. Based on the present cadaveric study, surgeons might consider it for this purpose.

Systemic diseases and disorders

Alterations in the ability to smell or taste are of considerable consequence, impacting quality of life, safety, nutrition, and dietary activities. These primary senses are influenced by a wide range of systemic diseases and disorders that commonly involve the entire body. These include viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, cestode, and nematode infections that can spread throughout the gastric, lymphatic, neural, or circulatory systems as well as classic autoimmune disorders, collagen diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, and others. Although a considerable literature has evolved in which the function of both taste and smell has been assessed in a number of such disorders, quantitative chemosensory testing is still relatively rare with many disorders not receiving empirical assessment. Incongruent findings are not uncommon. This chapter reviews what is known about the influences of a wide spectrum of systemic diseases and disorders on the abilities to taste and smell.

Comparison of conservative therapy and steroid therapy for Bell's palsy in children

Purpose

Bell’s palsy is characterized by sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness. The use of corticosteroids for childhood Bell’s palsy is controversial. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics, etiology, and laboratory findings in childhood Bell’s palsy, and to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of children under 19 years of age treated for Bell’s palsy between January 2009 and June 2017, and followed up for over 1 month. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging data, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes were reviewed. Patients with Bell’s palsy were divided into groups with (group 1) and without (group 2) corticosteroid treatment. Differences in onset age, sex, laterality, infection and vaccination history, degree of facial nerve palsy, and prognosis after treatment between the groups were analyzed.

Results

One hundred patients were included. Mean age at presentation was 7.4±5.62 years. A total of 73 patients (73%) received corticosteroids with or without intravenous antiviral agents, and 27 (27%) received only supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in the severity, laboratory findings, or neuroimaging findings between the groups. Significant improvement was observed in 68 (93.2%) and 26 patients (96.3%) in groups 1 and 2, respectively; this rate was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.48).

Conclusion

Childhood Bell’s palsy showed good prognosis with or without corticosteroid treatment; there was no difference in prognosis between treated and untreated groups. Steroid therapy in childhood Bell’s palsy may not significantly improve outcomes.

Medical Management of Acute Facial Paralysis

Acute facial paralysis (FP) describes acute onset of partial or complete weakness of the facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Acute FP occurs within a few hours to days. The differential diagnosis is broad; however, the most common cause is viral-associated Bell Palsy. A comprehensive history and physical examination are essential in arriving at a diagnosis. Medical treatment for acute FP depends on the specific diagnosis; however, corticosteroids and antiviral medications are the cornerstone of therapy. Lack of recovery after 4 months should prompt further diagnostic workup.

Bell'S Palsy in Children: Is There Any Role of Steroid or Acyclovir?

We describe a case of a seven-year-old child with Bell's palsy who made a full recovery without the use of steroid or acyclovir. This is followed by a review of the literature to see whether or not there is any role of steroid or acyclovir in childhood Bell's palsy.

Efficacy of steroid therapy based on symptomatic and functional improvement in patients with vestibular neuritis: a prospective randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of methylprednisolone in vestibular neuritis (VN) by objective and subjective measures. This prospective controlled randomized study was conducted at one tertiary hospital. Twenty-nine VN patients were randomized to either the steroid (n = 15) or the control (n = 14) group. The steroid group received methylprednisolone for 2 weeks, whereas control patients did not; both groups underwent regular vestibular exercises and were prescribed a Ginkgo biloba. Vestibular function tests including caloric test, video head impulse test (vHIT), and sensory organization test (SOT) were performed, and dizziness handicap index (DHI) was determined at enrollment; all tests were repeated at 1 and 6 months after enrollment. Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in caloric weakness and vHIT gain at 1- and 6-month follow-up evaluations compared to the initial examination; however, differences were not significant. The rates of normalization of canal paresis at 1 and 6 months were 50 and 64% in the control group and 33 and 60% in the steroid group, respectively, with no differences between the two groups. The rates of vHIT normalization at 1 and 6 months after treatment were 57 and 78% in the control group and 53 and 87% in the steroid group, respectively, with no differences between the two groups. Finally, there were no significant differences in the improvement of composite scores of SOT and the DHI scores between the two groups. In this prospective RCT, methylprednisolone had no additional benefit in patients with VN who underwent vestibular exercises and received a Ginkgo biloba.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier, NCT02098330; Trial title, The Efficacy of Steroid Therapy in Vestibular Neuritis.

Bell's Palsy in Children (BellPIC): protocol for a multicentre, placebo-controlled randomized trial

BACKGROUND

Bell's palsy or acute idiopathic lower motor neurone facial paralysis is characterized by sudden onset paralysis or weakness of the muscles to one side of the face controlled by the facial nerve. While there is high level evidence in adults demonstrating an improvement in the rate of complete recovery of facial nerve function when treated with steroids compared with placebo, similar high level studies on the use of steroids in Bell's palsy in children are not available. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of steroids in Bell's palsy in children in a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

METHODS/DESIGN

We are conducting a randomised, triple-blinded, placebo controlled trial of the use of prednisolone to improve recovery from Bell's palsy at 1 month. Study sites are 10 hospitals within the Australian and New Zealand PREDICT (Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative) research network. 540 participants will be enrolled. To be eligible patients need to be aged 6 months to < 18 years and present within 72 hours of onset of clinician diagnosed Bell's palsy to one of the participating hospital emergency departments. Patients will be excluded in case of current use of or contraindications to steroids or if there is an alternative diagnosis. Participants will receive either prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day to a maximum of 50 mg/day or taste matched placebo for 10 days. The primary outcome is complete recovery by House-Brackmann scale at 1 month. Secondary outcomes include assessment of recovery using the Sunnybrook scale, the emotional and functional wellbeing of the participants using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Child Health Utility 9D Scale, pain using Faces Pain Scale Revised or visual analogue scales, synkinesis using a synkinesis assessment questionnaire and health utilisation costs at 1, 3 and 6 months. Participants will be tracked to 12 months if not recovered earlier. Data analysis will be by intention to treat with primary outcome presented as differences in proportions and an odds ratio adjusted for site and age.

DISCUSSION

This large multicenter randomised trial will allow the definitive assessment of the efficacy of prednisolone compared with placebo in the treatment of Bell's palsy in children.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615000563561 (1 June 2015).

Cutaneous Sensibility Changes in Bell's Palsy Patients

Objective Bell's palsy is a cranial nerve VII dysfunction that renders the patient unable to control facial muscles from the affected side. Nevertheless, some patients have reported cutaneous changes in the paretic area. Therefore, cutaneous sensibility changes might be possible additional symptoms within the clinical presentation of this disorder. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between cutaneous sensibility and facial paralysis severity in these patients. Study Design Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Settings Tertiary care medical center. Subjects and Methods Twelve acute-onset Bell's palsy patients were enrolled from March to September 2009. In addition, 12 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were tested. Cutaneous sensibility was evaluated with pressure threshold and 2-point discrimination at 6 areas of the face. Facial paralysis severity was evaluated with the House-Brackmann scale. Results Statistically significant correlations based on the Spearman's test were found between facial paralysis severity and cutaneous sensitivity on forehead, eyelid, cheek, nose, and lip ( P < .05). Additionally, significant differences based on the Student's t test were observed between both sides of the face in 2-point discrimination on eyelid, cheek, and lip ( P < .05) in Bell's palsy patients but not in healthy subjects. Conclusion Such results suggest a possible relationship between the loss of motor control of the face and changes in facial sensory information processing. Such findings are worth further research about the neurophysiologic changes associated with the cutaneous sensibility disturbances of these patients.

Bell's facial nerve palsy in pregnancy: a clinical review

Bell's facial nerve palsy (FNP) during pregnancy and the puerperium can present significant challenges for the patient and clinician. Presentation and prognosis can be worse in this group of patients. This article reviews the background, manifestation and management options of FNP. In particular, it focuses on the controversies that exist regarding corticosteroid use during pregnancy and outlines approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Based on this review, we recommend an early evidence-based approach using guidelines derived from non-pregnant populations. This includes assessment for atypical causes, a multidisciplinary input and early introduction of corticosteroids to limit progression and improve prognosis.

Detection of Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster Viruses in Patients with Bell's Palsy by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique

Objectives:

Infectious causes of peripheral facial paralysis are well known. Bell's palsy, however, is an idiopathic facial paralysis, and the genesis is still unknown. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) have been suggested as etiologic agents.

Methods:

Twenty consecutive adult patients with Bell's palsy were included in the study. Ten adult patients operated on for chronic otitis served as controls. A biopsy specimen from the posterior auricular muscle was resected within 72 hours after the onset of Bell's palsy and was analyzed together with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by nested polymerase chain reaction for HSV-1 and VZV DNA. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies to HSV-1 and VZV.

Results:

HSV-1 DNA was found in the muscle biopsy specimen from 1 of the 20 patients, but was not found in any of the CSF samples. VZV DNA was detected in the muscle biopsy as well as the CSF from 1 other patient. All controls were negative. Seventeen of 19 patients had stationary serum antibody concentrations to HSV-1, and none displayed an antibody titer rise. A significant antibody titer rise to VZV was found in 1 of 19 patients, whereas 17 of 19 had stationary antibody levels.

Conclusions:

HSV-1 or VZV DNA was detected in 10% of patients with Bell's palsy in the present study. Viral replication might already have declined in many cases at the onset of the palsy. Use of an HSV-1/VZV polymerase chain reaction on a muscle biopsy specimen or CSF does not seem to be the method of choice for rapid etiologic diagnosis in the acute phase of Bell's palsy.

Facial paralysis induced by ear inoculation of herpes simplex virus in rat

OBJECTIVE

Bell's palsy is caused by the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Using Balb/c mice inoculated with the KOS strain of HSV-1, we previously developed an animal disease model that simulated mild Bell's palsy. The current study developed an animal disease model of more severe facial palsy than that seen in the mouse model.

METHODS

Three-week-old female Wister rats weighing 60-80g were inoculated on the auricle with HSV-1 and acyclovir was administered intraperitoneally to deactivate the infected HSV-1. Instead of HSV-1, phosphate-buffered saline was used for inoculation as a negative control. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), behavior testing (blink reflex), electroneuronography, histopathology of the peripheral nerve, and immunohistochemistry of the facial nerve nucleus were evaluated.

RESULTS

Facial palsy occurred 3-5 days after virus inoculation, and the severity of the facial palsy progressed for up to 7 days. Quantitative PCR showed an increase in HSV-1 DNA copies in the facial nerve from 24 to 72h, suggesting that HSV-1 infection occurred in the nerve. Electroneuronography values were 33.0±15.3% and 110.0±18.0% in HSV-1-inoculated and control rats, respectively. The histopathology of the peripheral nerve showed demyelination and loss of the facial nerve, and the facial nerve nucleus showed degeneration.

CONCLUSION

Facial palsy developed in Wister rats following inoculation of the KOS strain of HSV-1 onto the auricles. The behavioral, histopathological, and electroneuronography data suggested that the severity of facial palsy was greater in our rats than in animals in the previous mouse disease model.

Comparison of acyclovir and famciclovir for the treatment of Bell's palsy

The relative effectiveness of acyclovir and famciclovir in the treatment of Bell's palsy is unclear. This study therefore compared recovery outcomes in patients with Bell's palsy treated with acyclovir and famciclovir. The study cohort consisted of patients with facial palsy who visited the outpatient clinic between January 2006 and January 2014. Patients were treated with prednisolone plus either acyclovir (n = 457) or famciclovir (n = 245). Patient outcomes were measured using the House-Brackmann scale according to initial severity of disease and underlying disease. The overall recovery rate tended to be higher in the famciclovir than in the acyclovir group. The rate of recovery in patients with initially severe facial palsy (grades V and VI) was significantly higher in the famciclovir than in the acyclovir group (p = 0.01), whereas the rates of recovery in patients with initially moderate palsy (grade III-IV) were similar in the two groups. The overall recovery rates in patients without hypertension or diabetes mellitus were higher in the famciclovir than in the acyclovir group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Treatment with steroid plus famciclovir was more effective than treatment with steroid plus acyclovir in patients with severe facial palsy. Famciclovir may be the antiviral agent of choice in the treatment of patients with severe facial palsy.

Antiviral agents convey added benefit over steroids alone in Bell's palsy; decompression should be considered in patients who are not recovering

BACKGROUND

The management of Bell's palsy has been the subject of much debate, with corticosteroids being the preferred medication. However, evidence also supports the use of antiviral drugs for severe cases and even decompression surgery in patients who, despite medical treatment, are not recovering.

METHOD

A literature review was conducted on the management of Bell's palsy.

RESULTS

This paper describes the background, statistical evidence, study results and pathophysiological theories that support more aggressive treatment for patients with severe palsy and those who have inadequate recovery.

CONCLUSION

Combination therapy including antiviral medication significantly improves outcomes in patients with severe Bell's palsy. Decompression should be considered in patients who have not recovered with drug treatment.

Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)

BACKGROUND

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), but the effectiveness of additional treatment with an antiviral agent is uncertain. Significant morbidity can be associated with severe cases of Bell's palsy. This review was first published in 2001 and revised several times, most recently in 2009. This version replaces an update of the review in Issue 7 of the Cochrane Library subsequently withdrawn because of an ongoing investigation into the reliability of data from an included study.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of antiviral treatments alone or in combination with any other therapy for Bell's palsy.

SEARCH METHODS

On 7 October 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, DARE, NHS EED, and HTA. We also reviewed the bibliographies of the identified trials and contacted trial authors and known experts in the field and relevant drug companies to identify additional published or unpublished data. We searched clinical trials registries for ongoing studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We considered randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials of antivirals with and without corticosteroids versus control therapies for the treatment of Bell's palsy. We excluded trials that had a high risk of bias in several domains.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Pairs of authors independently assessed trials for relevance, eligibility, and risk of bias, using standard Cochrane procedures.

MAIN RESULTS

Ten trials, including 2280 participants, met the inclusion criteria and are included in the final analysis. Some of the trials were small, and a number were at high or unclear risk of bias. Other trials did not meet current best standards in allocation concealment and blinding. Incomplete recoveryWe found a significant benefit from adding antivirals to corticosteroids in comparison with corticosteroids alone for people with Bell's palsy (risk ratio (RR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.97, n = 1315). For people with severe Bell's palsy (House-Brackmann scores of 5 and 6 or the equivalent in other scales), we found a reduction in the rate of incomplete recovery at month six when antivirals plus corticosteroids were used, compared to corticosteroids alone (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99, n = 478). The outcome for the participants receiving corticosteroids alone was significantly better than for those receiving antivirals alone (RR 2.82, 95% CI 1.09 to 7.32, n = 768). The treatment effect of placebo was significantly lower than that of antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76, n = 658). Antivirals alone produced no benefit compared with placebo (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.40, n = 658). Motor synkinesis or crocodile tearsIn two trials comparing antivirals and corticosteroids with corticosteroids and placebo that assessed this outcome, we found a significant difference in long-term sequelae in favour of antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.87, n = 469). Two trials comparing antivirals alone with corticosteroids alone investigating this outcome showed fewer sequelae with corticosteroids (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.12, n = 472). We found no data on long-term sequelae for other comparisons. Adverse events Adverse event data were available in three studies giving comparison data on 1528 participants. None of the four comparisons (antivirals plus corticosteroids versus corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment; antivirals versus corticosteroids; antivirals plus corticosteroids versus placebo; antivirals versus placebo) showed significant differences in adverse events between treatment and control arms. We could find no correlation with specific treatment within these results.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Low-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials showed a benefit from the combination of antivirals with corticosteroids compared to corticosteroids alone for the treatment of Bell's palsy of various degrees of severity. Low-quality evidence showed a benefit of combination therapy compared with corticosteroids alone in severe Bell's palsy. Corticosteroids alone were more effective than antivirals alone and antivirals plus corticosteroids were more effective than placebo or no treatment. There was no benefit from antivirals alone over placebo.Moderate-quality evidence indicated that the combination of antivirals and corticosteroids reduced sequelae of Bell's palsy compared with corticosteroids alone.We found no significant increase in adverse events from the use of antivirals compared with either placebo or corticosteroids, based on low-quality evidence.

Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)

BACKGROUND

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), but the effectiveness of additional treatment with an antiviral agent is uncertain. Significant morbidity can be associated with severe cases of Bell's palsy.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of antiviral treatments alone or in combination with any other therapy for Bell's palsy.

SEARCH METHODS

On 7 October 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, DARE, NHS EED, and HTA. We also reviewed the bibliographies of the identified trials and contacted trial authors and known experts in the field and relevant drug companies to identify additional published or unpublished data. We searched clinical trials registries for ongoing studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We considered randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials of antivirals with and without corticosteroids versus control therapies for the treatment of Bell's palsy. We excluded trials that had a high risk of bias in several domains.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Pairs of authors independently assessed trials for relevance, eligibility, and risk of bias, using standard Cochrane procedures.

MAIN RESULTS

Eleven trials, including 2883 participants, met the inclusion criteria and are included in the final analysis. We added four studies to the previous review for this update. Some of the trials were small, and a number were at high or unclear risk of bias. Other trials did not meet current best standards in allocation concealment and blinding. Incomplete recoveryWe found no significant benefit from adding antivirals to corticosteroids in comparison with corticosteroids alone for people with Bell's palsy (risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.02, n = 1715). For people with severe Bell's palsy (House-Brackmann scores of 5 and 6 or the equivalent in other scales), we found a reduction in the rate of incomplete recovery at month six when antivirals plus corticosteroids were used (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99, n = 478). The outcome for the participants receiving corticosteroids alone was significantly better than for those receiving antivirals alone (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.20, n = 1169). The treatment effect of placebo was significantly lower than that of antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76, n = 658). Antivirals alone had a non-significant detrimental effect on the outcome compared with placebo (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.40, n = 658). Motor synkinesis or crocodile tearsIn three trials comparing antivirals and corticosteroids with corticosteroids and placebo that assessed this outcome, we found a significant difference in long-term sequelae in favour of antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99, n = 869). Three trials comparing antivirals alone with corticosteroids alone investigating this outcome showed fewer sequelae with corticosteroids (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.85, n = 873). We found no data on long-term sequelae for other comparisons. Adverse events Adverse event data were available in three studies giving comparison data on 1528 participants. None of the four comparisons (antivirals plus corticosteroids versus corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment; antivirals versus corticosteroids; antivirals plus corticosteroids versus placebo; antivirals versus placebo) showed significant differences in adverse events between treatment and control arms. We could find no correlation with specific treatment within these results.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Moderate-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials showed no additional benefit from the combination of antivirals with corticosteroids compared to corticosteroids alone for the treatment of Bell's palsy of various degrees of severity. Moderate-quality evidence showed a small but just significant benefit of combination therapy compared with corticosteroids alone in severe Bell's palsy. Corticosteroids alone were more effective than antivirals alone and antivirals plus corticosteroids were more effective than placebo or no treatment. There was no benefit from antivirals alone over placebo.Moderate-quality evidence indicated that the combination of antivirals and corticosteroids reduced sequelae of Bell's palsy compared with corticosteroids alone.We found no significant increase in adverse events from the use of antivirals compared with either placebo or corticosteroids, based on moderate-quality evidence.

Antiviral treatment of Bell's palsy based on baseline severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral agents on complete recovery of Bell's palsy.

METHODS

We searched CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and sources of unpublished literature to November 1, 2014. Primary and secondary outcomes were complete and satisfactory recovery, respectively. To evaluate statistical heterogeneity, we performed subgroup analysis of baseline severity of Bell's palsy and between-study sensitivity analyses based on risk of allocation and detection bias.

RESULTS

The 10 included randomized controlled trials (2419 patients; 807 with severe Bell's palsy at onset) had variable risk of bias, with 9 trials having a high risk of bias in at least 1 domain. Complete recovery was not statistically significantly greater with antiviral use versus no antiviral use in the random-effects meta-analysis of 6 trials (relative risk, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.16; I(2) = 65%). Conversely, random-effects meta-analysis of 9 trials showed a statistically significant difference in satisfactory recovery (relative risk, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.18; I(2) = 63%). Response to antiviral agents did not differ visually or statistically between patients with severe symptoms at baseline and those with milder disease (test for interaction, P = .11). Sensitivity analyses did not show a clear effect of bias on outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Antiviral agents are not efficacious in increasing the proportion of patients with Bell's palsy who achieved complete recovery, regardless of baseline symptom severity.

WITHDRAWN. Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)

BACKGROUND

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), but the effectiveness of additional treatment with an antiviral agent is uncertain. Significant morbidity can be associated with severe cases of Bell's palsy.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of antiviral treatments alone or in combination with any other therapy for Bell's palsy.

SEARCH METHODS

On 7 October 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, DARE, NHS EED, and HTA. We also reviewed the bibliographies of the identified trials and contacted trial authors and known experts in the field and relevant drug companies to identify additional published or unpublished data. We searched clinical trials registries for ongoing studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We considered randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials of antivirals with and without corticosteroids versus control therapies for the treatment of Bell's palsy. We excluded trials that had a high risk of bias in several domains.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Pairs of authors independently assessed trials for relevance, eligibility, and risk of bias, using standard Cochrane procedures.

MAIN RESULTS

Eleven trials, including 2883 participants, met the inclusion criteria and are included in the final analysis. We added four studies to the previous review for this update. Some of the trials were small, and a number were at high or unclear risk of bias. Other trials did not meet current best standards in allocation concealment and blinding. Incomplete recoveryWe found no significant benefit from adding antivirals to corticosteroids in comparison with corticosteroids alone for people with Bell's palsy (risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.02, n = 1715). For people with severe Bell's palsy (House-Brackmann scores of 5 and 6 or the equivalent in other scales), we found a reduction in the rate of incomplete recovery at month six when antivirals plus corticosteroids were used (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99, n = 478). The outcome for the participants receiving corticosteroids alone was significantly better than for those receiving antivirals alone (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.20, n = 1169). The treatment effect of placebo was significantly lower than that of antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76, n = 658). Antivirals alone had a non-significant detrimental effect on the outcome compared with placebo (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.40, n = 658). Motor synkinesis or crocodile tearsIn three trials comparing antivirals and corticosteroids with corticosteroids and placebo that assessed this outcome, we found a significant difference in long-term sequelae in favour or antivirals plus corticosteroids (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99, n = 869). Three trials comparing antivirals alone with corticosteroids alone investigating this outcome showed fewer sequelae with corticosteroids (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.85, n = 873). We found no data on long-term sequelae for other comparisons. Adverse events Adverse event data were available in three studies giving comparison data on 1528 participants. None of the four comparisons (antivirals plus corticosteroids versus corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment; antivirals versus corticosteroids; antivirals plus corticosteroids versus placebo; antivirals versus placebo) showed significant differences in adverse events between treatment and control arms. We could find no correlation with specific treatment within these results.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Moderate-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials showed no additional benefit from the combination of antivirals with corticosteroids compared to corticosteroids alone or with placebo, and no benefit from antivirals alone compared to placebo, for the treatment of Bell's palsy. Moderate-quality evidence showed a small but just significant benefit of combination therapy compared with corticosteroids alone in severe Bell's palsy. We found no significant increase in adverse events from the use of antivirals compared with either placebo or corticosteroids.

[Idiopathic facial paralysis in children]

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic facial palsy is the most common cause of facial nerve palsy in children. Controversy exists regarding treatment options. The objectives of this study were to review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as the outcome of idiopathic facial palsy in children to suggest appropriate treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted on children with a diagnosis of idiopathic facial palsy from 2007 to 2012.

RESULTS

A total of 37 cases (13 males, 24 females) with a mean age of 13.9 years were included in this analysis. The mean duration between onset of Bell's palsy and consultation was 3 days. Of these patients, 78.3% had moderately severe (grade IV) or severe paralysis (grade V on the House and Brackmann grading). Twenty-seven patients were treated in an outpatient context, three patients were hospitalized, and seven patients were treated as outpatients and subsequently hospitalized. All patients received corticosteroids. Eight of them also received antiviral treatment. The complete recovery rate was 94.6% (35/37). The duration of complete recovery was 7.4 weeks.

DISCUSSION

Children with idiopathic facial palsy have a very good prognosis. The complete recovery rate exceeds 90%. However, controversy exists regarding treatment options. High-quality studies have been conducted on adult populations. Medical treatment based on corticosteroids alone or combined with antiviral treatment is certainly effective in improving facial function outcomes in adults. In children, the recommendation for prescription of steroids and antiviral drugs based on adult treatment appears to be justified.

CONCLUSION

Randomized controlled trials in the pediatric population are recommended to define a strategy for management of idiopathic facial paralysis.

Overview of pediatric peripheral facial nerve paralysis: analysis of 40 patients

Peripheral facial nerve paralysis in children might be an alarming sign of serious disease such as malignancy, systemic disease, congenital anomalies, trauma, infection, middle ear surgery, and hypertension. The cases of 40 consecutive children and adolescents who were diagnosed with peripheral facial nerve paralysis at Baskent University Adana Hospital Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology Unit between January 2010 and January 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. We determined that the most common cause was Bell palsy, followed by infection, tumor lesion, and suspected chemotherapy toxicity. We noted that younger patients had generally poorer outcome than older patients regardless of disease etiology. Peripheral facial nerve paralysis has been reported in many countries in America and Europe; however, knowledge about its clinical features, microbiology, neuroimaging, and treatment in Turkey is incomplete. The present study demonstrated that Bell palsy and infection were the most common etiologies of peripheral facial nerve paralysis.

Bell's palsy: a summary of current evidence and referral algorithm

Spontaneous idiopathic facial nerve (Bell's) palsy leaves residual hemifacial weakness in 29% which is severe and disfiguring in over half of these cases. Acute medical management remains the best way to improve outcomes. Reconstructive surgery can improve long term disfigurement. However, acute and surgical options are time-dependent. As family practitioners see, on average, one case every 2 years, a summary of this condition based on common clinical questions may improve acute management and guide referral for those who need specialist input. We formulated a series of clinical questions likely to be of use to family practitioners on encountering this condition and sought evidence from the literature to answer them. The lifetime risk is 1 in 60, and is more common in pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. Patients often present with facial pain or paraesthesia, altered taste and intolerance to loud noise in addition to facial droop. It is probably caused by ischaemic compression of the facial nerve within the meatal segment of the facial canal probably as a result of viral inflammation. When given early, high dose corticosteroids can improve outcomes. Neither antiviral therapy nor other adjuvant therapies are supported by evidence. As the facial muscles remain viable re-innervation targets for up to 2 years, late referrals require more complex reconstructions. Early recognition, steroid therapy and early referral for facial reanimation (when the diagnosis is secure) are important features of good management when encountering these complex cases.

Peripheral facial palsy in children

The aim of this study is to evaluate the types and clinical characteristics of peripheral facial palsy in children. The hospital charts of children diagnosed with peripheral facial palsy were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 81 children (42 female and 39 male) with a mean age of 9.2 ± 4.3 years were included in the study. Causes of facial palsy were 65 (80.2%) idiopathic (Bell palsy) facial palsy, 9 (11.1%) otitis media/mastoiditis, and tumor, trauma, congenital facial palsy, chickenpox, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, enlarged lymph nodes, and familial Mediterranean fever (each 1; 1.2%). Five (6.1%) patients had recurrent attacks. In patients with Bell palsy, female/male and right/left ratios were 36/29 and 35/30, respectively. Of them, 31 (47.7%) had a history of preceding infection. The overall rate of complete recovery was 98.4%. A wide variety of disorders can present with peripheral facial palsy in children. Therefore, careful investigation and differential diagnosis is essential.

Effects of Electroacupuncture on Facial Nerve Function and HSV-1 DNA Quantity in HSV-1 Induced Facial Nerve Palsy Mice

Acupuncture is a common and effective therapeutic method to treat facial nerve palsy (FNP). However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on symptoms and content of HSV-1 DNA in FNP mice. Mice were randomized into four groups, an electroacupuncture treatment group, saline group, model animal group, and blank control group. Electroacupuncture was applied at Jiache (ST6) and Hegu (LI4) in electroacupuncture group once daily for 14 days, while electroacupuncture was not applied in model animal group. In electroacupuncture group, mice recovered more rapidly and HSV-1 DNA content also decreased more rapidly, compared with model animal group. We conclude that electroacupuncture is effective to alleviate symptoms and promote the reduction of HSV-1 in FNP.

Evidence based management of Bell's palsy

Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis) is caused by the acute onset of lower motor neurone weakness of the facial nerve with no detectable cause. With a lifetime risk of 1 in 60 and an annual incidence of 11-40/100,000 population, the condition resolves completely in around 71% of untreated cases. In the remainder facial nerve function will be impaired in the long term. We summarise current published articles regarding early management strategies to maximise recovery of facial nerve function and minimise long-term sequelae in the condition.

LMN Facial Palsy in Pregnancy: An Opportunity to Predict Preeclampsia-Report and Review

Facial paralysis is the most frequent unilateral cranial nerve pathology affecting pregnant population 2 to 4 times more often than the nonpregnant population. There exists an association with preeclampsia but this has largely been overlooked. Clinicians often dismiss it for idiopathic palsy as seen in the present case. A 30-year-old woman, Gravida 4, Para 3, presented at 26 weeks pregnancy with complaints of facial weakness, blurring of vision, altered taste sensation, increased noise sensitivity for 1 month, headache since 18 days, and vomiting since 2­3 days. Her pulse was 90/min, BP was 170/120, and RR was 18/min. Uterus was 18 weeks size and proteinuria++ was present. Ultrasonography revealed a 26 weeks fetus, severe bradycardia, and absent liquor. HELLP syndrome was diagnosed after investigations. Six units of fresh frozen plasma were transfused. An informed decision for termination of pregnancy was made. She delivered a 450 gram stillborn. The third stage was complicated with postpartum hemorrhage but it was managed successfully. Women with Bell's palsy during pregnancy should be evaluated critically as in some it may precede preeclampsia which has serious maternal and fetal implications. Therefore, these women should be in regular followup of the obstetrician.