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Cirks BT, Claunch KM, DePerrior S, Poitras B, Adams DJ. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Orbital Cellulitis in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients. Mil Med 2024:usae394. [PMID: 39172646 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using data from the large and geographically diverse Military Health System (MHS) beneficiary population, we aimed to characterize and update the epidemiology and microbiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis given previous data are limited to small, single-center studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective analysis using the Military Health System admissions, microbiology, and pharmacy data between June 2009 and September 2019. Patients less than 22 years of age with radiological confirmation of orbital cellulitis were included. Demographic data, presence of sinusitis, advanced imaging reports, blood and wound culture results with antibiotic susceptibilities, and antibiotic prescriptions were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics. Imaging findings were grouped by Chandler's stage (CS), an imaging-based measure of the progressive severity of orbital involvement. A Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to evaluate the relationship between CS and likelihood of positive confirmatory culture. RESULTS There was a male predominance (66.9%) and 55.5% of subjects had comorbid sinusitis. Of the 130 subjects included, 33.8% had one or more positive cultures, 30.8% had a positive wound culture, and 4.6% had a positive blood culture. The most identified organism was coagulase-negative staphylococci (23.3%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.9%), Streptococcus intermedius (17.8%), and strict anaerobes as a group (13.3%). Gram-negative organisms were rare. Twenty-five percent of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant. Clindamycin resistance was identified in 9% of all S. aureus, 50% of coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 25% of S. intermedius. Clindamycin plus ceftriaxone was the most prescribed empiric antibiotic regimen (36.2%). Likelihood of a positive culture significantly increased with advancing CS. CONCLUSIONS Orbital cellulitis occurs most frequently in males with sinusitis. Likelihood of positive wound culture is increased with a more advanced CS. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. and anaerobes are the most identified pathogens in orbital cellulitis, while gram-negative organisms are rare. Empiric antibiotic selection should include an anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus agent combined with a broad-spectrum beta-lactam and anaerobic coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Cirks
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA
| | - Kevin M Claunch
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Sarah DePerrior
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Defense Centers for Public Health-Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
- Defense Health Agency Public Health, Defense Centers for Public Health-Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
| | - Beth Poitras
- Defense Health Agency Public Health, Defense Centers for Public Health-Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
| | - Daniel J Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Krueger C, Nguyen ELV, Mahant S, Borkhoff CM, Cichon J, Drouin O, Pound C, Quet J, Wahi G, Bayliss A, Vomiero G, Foulds J, Kanani R, Sakran M, Sehgal A, Pullenayegum E, Widjaja E, Reginald A, Wolter N, Parkin P, Gill PJ. Association of empiric antibiotic selection and clinical outcomes in hospitalised children with severe orbital infections: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2024:archdischild-2023-326175. [PMID: 38589203 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association of initial empiric antibiotic regimens with clinical outcomes in hospitalised children with severe orbital infections. DESIGN Multi-centre observational cohort study using data from 2009 to 2018 clinical records. SETTING Canadian children's hospitals (7) and community hospitals (3). PATIENTS Children between 2 months and 18 years hospitalised for >24 hours with severe orbital infections. INTERVENTIONS Empiric intravenous antibiotic regimen in the first 24 hours of hospitalisation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Length of hospital stay and surgical intervention using multivariable median regression and multivariate logistic regression, with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS Of 1421 patients, 60.0% were male and the median age was 5.5 years (IQR 2.4-9.9). Median length of stay was 86.4 hours (IQR 56.9-137.5) and 180 (12.7%) received surgical intervention. Patients receiving broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics had an increased median length of stay, ranging from an additional 13.8 hours (third generation cephalosporin and anaerobic coverage) to 19.5 hours (third generation cephalosporin, staphylococcal and anaerobic coverage). No antibiotic regimen was associated with a change in the odds of surgical intervention. These findings remained unchanged in sensitivity analyses restricted to more severely ill patients. There was a twofold increase in the percentage of patients receiving the broadest empiric antibiotic regimens containing both staphylococcal and anaerobic coverage from 17.8% in 2009 to 40.3% in 2018. CONCLUSIONS Empiric use of broad-spectrum antibiotics with staphylococci and anaerobic coverage was associated with longer length of stay and similar rates of surgery in children with orbital infections. There is an urgent need for comparative effectiveness studies of various antibiotic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay Mahant
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia M Borkhoff
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Cichon
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Drouin
- Division of General Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Pound
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Quet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Bayliss
- Department of Pediatrics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gemma Vomiero
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Foulds
- Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ronik Kanani
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anupam Sehgal
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleanor Pullenayegum
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elysa Widjaja
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun Reginald
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Wolter
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Parkin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Gill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gibbons AB, Niknahad A, Bacorn C, Halawa O, Li E. Subperiosteal and Orbital Abscesses: A Comparison of Clinical Features, Management, and Outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 40:161-166. [PMID: 37581883 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical features, management, and outcomes between orbital cellulitis patients with subperiosteal abscess (SPA) and those with orbital abscess (OA). METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center through medical record search to identify patients with orbital cellulitis from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2022. Charts were screened for those with radiographic evidence of SPA or OA. Demographic data and presenting clinical features were compared between the 2 cohorts. Primary outcomes compared included rates of surgical intervention, reoperation, and readmission; and length of hospital stay and final vision. RESULTS A total of 189 patients, 162 with SPA and 27 with OA, met the criteria. The OA group (mean 46.5 ± 18.6 years) was older than the SPA group (mean 19.1 ± 21.4 years). Comorbid sinusitis was significantly more common in the SPA cohort (95.7% SPA; 70.4% OA; p < 0.001), while OA was more likely to occur with orbital trauma (29.6% vs. 8.0%; p = 0.003), implanted hardware (11.1% vs. 0.6%; p = 0.005), and comorbid diabetes (22.2% vs. 4.3%; p = 0.001). OA patients more often presented with a relative afferent pupillary defect (21.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.005), vision worse than 20 of 50 (42.3% vs. 16.2%; p = 0.005), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection (20.8% vs. 5.8%; p = 0.036). OA was associated with a higher reoperation rate (47.8% vs. 21.3%; p = 0.019), readmission rate (18.5% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.047), and limited extraocular motility at follow-up (4.3% vs. 25%; p = 0.013); while mean length of hospital stay and final visual acuity were similar. CONCLUSION OA may affect an older population with a divergent risk factor profile compared with SPA. OA may cause more severe functional impairment on presentation, warranting more aggressive management to achieve visual outcomes similar to SPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Gibbons
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Ava Niknahad
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Colin Bacorn
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Omar Halawa
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Emily Li
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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Mukherjee G, Sufcak K, Hames N, Lantis P. Bugs Behind the Bulging Eyeball: Microbiology and Antibiotic Management in Orbital Cellulitis With or Without Subperiosteal Abscess. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:214-221. [PMID: 37752812 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231202158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe causative pathogens and current antibiotic management among hospitalized children with orbital cellulitis. This retrospective study, performed at a tertiary care children's health system, included patients up to 18 years old who presented with radiographic evidence of orbital cellulitis from 2012 to 2019. Of the 298 patients included in the study, 103 had surgery and an intraoperative culture obtained. A pathogen was recovered in 86 cultures (83.5%). The most common pathogens were Streptococcus anginosus group (26.2%), Streptococcus pyogenes (11.7%), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (10.7%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.7%). Only 8/194 (4.1%) blood cultures returned positive. Median duration of intravenous antibiotics was 4 days and median total duration was 17 days. The most common empiric regimen prescribed was ceftriaxone and clindamycin (64.1%). Despite low incidence of methicillin-resistant S aureus, empiric antibiotics often consisted of 2 antibiotics to ensure coverage for this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristine Sufcak
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Hames
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patricia Lantis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ang T, Cameron C, Tong JY, Wilcsek G, Tan J, Patel S, Selva D. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated orbital cellulitis: a case series. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:2925-2933. [PMID: 37029211 PMCID: PMC10371901 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) orbital cellulitis (OC) has drawn increasing clinical and public health concern. We present a case series of MRSA OC encountered at four Australian tertiary institutions. METHODS A multi-centre retrospective case series investigating MRSA OC in Australia from 2013 to 2022. Patients of all ages were included. RESULTS Nine cases of culture-positive non-multi-resistant MRSA (nmMRSA) OC were identified at four tertiary institutions across Australia (7 male, 2 female). Mean age was 17.1 ± 16.7 years (range 13-days to 53-years), of which one was 13 days old, and all were immunocompetent. Eight (88.9%) patients had paranasal sinus disease, and seven (77.8%) had a subperiosteal abscess. Four (44.4%) had intracranial extension, including one (11.1%) case which was also complicated by superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Empirical antibiotics, such as intravenous (IV) cefotaxime alone or IV ceftriaxone and flucloxacillin, were commenced. Following identification of nmMRSA, targeted therapy consisting of vancomycin and/or clindamycin was added. Nine (100%) patients underwent surgical intervention. Average hospital admission was 13.7 ± 6.9 days (range 3-25 days), with two patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission due to complications related to their orbital infection. All patients had favourable prognosis, with preserved visual acuity and extraocular movements, following an average follow-up period of 4.6 months (range 2-9 months). CONCLUSION NMMRSA OC can follow an aggressive clinical course causing severe orbital and intracranial complications across a wide demographic. However, early recognition, initiation of targeted antibiotics and surgical intervention when required can effectively manage these complications and achieve favourable visual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Ang
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Cassie Cameron
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jessica Y Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geoff Wilcsek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandy Patel
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dinesh Selva
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ang T, Tong JY, Selva D. Microbiology of bacterial orbital cellulitis-tertiary institutional experiences in South Australia: a multi-centre retrospective study. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-022-02624-8. [PMID: 36598712 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the microbiology of bacterial orbital cellulitis (OC) over an 11-year period and its clinical associations at three tertiary institutions in Adelaide, South Australia. METHODS Multi-centre retrospective study of the microbiology of bacterial OC between January 2012 and August 2022. Pre-septal cellulitis was excluded. Differences in means were determined by the Independent Samples t-test, and categorical data was analysed via Pearson's Chi square. A P-value < 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS 99 patients (male: 69, mean age: 22.0 ± 23.8 years old), of which 70.7% were aged ≤ 18 years. Sinus and orbital abscess cultures had the greatest positive yield (73.7%). Frequency of organisms: Streptococcus species (34.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (28.3%), Haemophilus species (5.1%), mixed anaerobes (3.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.0%), Moraxella catarrhalis (1.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.0%), Corynebacterium species (1.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.0%), Proteus mirabilis (1.0%), Citrobacter koseri (1.0%), and Enterococcus species (1.0%). Streptococcus species predominated in the paediatric population, with a statistically significant difference in mean age between Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus (14.1 ± 16.5 vs 27.6 ± 24.6 years old, respectively) (P = 0.028). No organism was cultured in 32.3% of cases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 28.6% of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates, with 50% occurring between 2021 and 2022. CONCLUSION Yearly microbiological trends have remained largely constant in South Australia. The causative organism was not identified in 32.3% of cases, further emphasising appropriate empirical antibiotics, and obtaining microbiology from various sources. MRSA OC remains of increased clinical and public health concern and may be associated with a more aggressive disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Ang
- The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Jessica Y Tong
- The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dinesh Selva
- The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Shewanella algae Causing Pediatric Orbital Abscess With Leptomeningitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 38:e101-e104. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Anosike BI, Ganapathy V, Nakamura MM. Epidemiology and Management of Orbital Cellulitis in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:214-220. [PMID: 35438766 PMCID: PMC9155619 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of orbital cellulitis likely has evolved due to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the adoption of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. In the absence of published guidelines, management is highly variable. We characterized epidemiology and management over an 11-year period. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of children 0 to 21 years of age with orbital cellulitis +/- subperiosteal orbital abscess hospitalized at a large quaternary children's hospital from January 2008 to June 2018. We reviewed charts for demographic characteristics, clinical features, management, and outcomes. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated predictors of surgical intervention and assessed whether corticosteroid use or antibiotic duration was related to clinical outcomes. RESULTS Among 220 patients, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was the most common organism (26.3%), with MRSA found in only 5.0%. Rates of vancomycin use fluctuated annually from 40.9% to 84.6%. Surgery was performed in 39.5% of the patients. Corticosteroids, used in 70 patients (32.1%), were unrelated to treatment failure (n = 9), defined as persistent signs and symptoms or initial clinical improvement followed by worsening (P = .137). The median antibiotic duration was 17 days (interquartile range 14-26). After controlling for age, gender, proptosis, eye pain with movement, eyelid swelling, neutrophil count, and corticosteroid use, treatment failure was not significantly associated with receipt of ≥ 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy (8/84, 9.5%) compared with > 2 but < 3 weeks (0/51, 0.0%) or ≤ 2 weeks (1/85, 1.2%) (adjusted odds ratio = 5.83 for ≥ 3 vs ≤2 weeks; 95% confidence interval: 0.58, 59.0). CONCLUSIONS Although MRSA was rare, empiric vancomycin use was high. Treatment failure was uncommon in patients who received ≤ 2 weeks of therapy, suggesting that shorter durations are adequate in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda I Anosike
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mari M Nakamura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Corresponding Author: Mari M. Nakamura, MD, MPH, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop BCH 3052, Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail:
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Dohlman JC, Rizzo JF. Diagnostics for Infectious Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2022; 62:87-100. [PMID: 35325912 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Lahmini W, Oumou M, Bourrous M. Management of periorbital cellulitis at the Pediatric Emergency Department: A ten years study. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 45:166-172. [PMID: 34973820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periorbital cellulitis is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency, jeopardizing the prognosis for vision and survival. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and therapeutic features and outcomes of periorbital cellulitis cases treated in the pediatric emergency department. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study including all the children aged between 1 month and 15 years treated for periorbital cellulitis in the Pediatric Emergency Department of the Mohamed VI University Teaching Hospital in Marrakech over a period of 10 years (January 1, 2010-December 31, 2019). RESULTS In all, 168 cases of periorbital cellulitis were recorded, with an increasing of the number of cases, from 2 in 2010 to 39 in 2019. The most affected age bracket was the group under 5 years of age (62.5%). The most frequent mode of entry was sinusitis (22%). Preseptal cellulitis was most common (76.7%). The main clinical signs found in orbital cellulitis were proptosis (64%) and chemosis (35.8%), versus conjunctival hyperemia (78%) in preseptal cellulitis. Ophthalmoplegia was present in two cases of orbital cellulitis. The right side was most affected (44%). An orbital CT scan was performed in all cases in our study, showing preseptal cellulitis in 129 patients (76.7%), orbital cellulitis in 14 cases (8.3%), subperiosteal abscess in 20 cases (12%) and orbital abscess in 5 cases (3%). Prior treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication was noted in 6%. The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Steroid treatment was prescribed in 6% of cases. Surgical treatment was indicated in 12 patients (7.1%). The mean hospital length of stay was 3 days for the preseptal cases and 8 days for the orbital cases. All patients had good outcomes with medical and/or surgical treatment. With follow-up of over one year, no complications were noted. CONCLUSION The majority of our cases had positive outcomes, highlighting the advantage of early diagnosis, adapted antibiotic treatment and multidisciplinary care, rendering surgery rarely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lahmini
- Department of Paediatric Emergency, Mohamed VI University Hospital, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - M Oumou
- Department of Paediatric Emergency, Mohamed VI University Hospital, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - M Bourrous
- Department of Paediatric Emergency, Mohamed VI University Hospital, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Joseph J, Karolia R, Sharma S, Choudhary H, Naik MN. Microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility trends in orbital cellulitis in India: an analysis over 15 years. Orbit 2021; 41:726-732. [PMID: 34939530 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2021.2002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the microbiologic profile and antibiotic susceptibility trends in orbital cellulitis. METHODS Retrospective review of microbiology records of orbital cellulitis between 2005 and 2019. Orbital pus or conjunctival swab underwent culture for bacteria and fungi and antibiotic susceptibility testing for bacterial isolates. The microbiological profile and trends in antibiotic susceptibility were analyzed over the three study periods: 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2019. RESULTS Of the 203 patient samples, 189 (93%) were orbital pus samples, and 146 (72%) were culture positive. Organisms included bacteria (167/203, 82.3%), fungi (13/203, 6.4%), and mixed infection (25/203, 10.3%). Among bacteria, 79% were gram positive, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species being commonest, and 21% were gram negative, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae group being the commonest. Aspergillus flavus was the most common fungus isolated. Trend analysis revealed no change in the number of sterile cases and fungal cellulitis. Increase in gram positive bacteria was statistically significant (p = .0002) between 2005-2009 and 2015-2019. The increase in gram negative bacteria was statistically significant (p = .047) between all three time periods. Susceptibility patterns showed increasing trend of resistance to fluoroquinolones, that reached statistical significance for Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin (p < .05). Sterile sample was not found in any of the pediatric (0-16 years) cases (n = 55), compared to 28% in adults. CONCLUSION There was a significant rise in gram positive and negative orbital infections over the 15 year period, with increased resistance to fluoroquinolones. Fungal cellulitis and sterile samples showed a steady trend. Orbital aspirate provides accurate detection of the causative organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roshni Karolia
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Harithaa Choudhary
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Milind N Naik
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Burek AG, Melamed S, Liljestrom T, Qi J, Kelly TG, Suelzer E, Mitchell M, Harris GJ, Havens PL. Evaluation and Medical Management of the Pediatric Patient With Orbital Cellulitis/Abscess: A Systematic Review. J Hosp Med 2021; 16:680-687. [PMID: 34730499 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric orbital cellulitis/abscess (OCA) can lead to vision loss, intracranial extension of infection, or cavernous thrombosis if not treated promptly. No widely recognized guidelines exist for the medical management of OCA. The objective of this review was to summarize existing evidence regarding the role of inflammatory markers in distinguishing disease severity and need for surgery; the role of imaging in OCA evaluation; and the microbiology of OCA over the past 2 decades. METHODS This review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were performed in MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), most recently on February 9, 2021. RESULTS A total of 63 studies were included. Most were descriptive and assessed to have poor quality with high risk of bias. The existing publications evaluating inflammatory markers in the diagnosis of OCA have inconsistent results. Computed tomography imaging remains the modality of choice for evaluating orbital infection. The most common organisms recovered from intraoperative cultures are Streptococcus species (Streptococcus anginosus group, group A Streptococcus, and pneumococcus) and Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant S aureus in culture-positive cases had a median prevalence of 3% (interquartile range, 0%-13%). CONCLUSION This systematic review summarizes existing literature concerning inflammatory markers, imaging, and microbiology for OCA evaluation and management. High-quality evidence is still needed to define the optimal medical management of OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina G Burek
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Svetlana Melamed
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Tracey Liljestrom
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jing Qi
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Teresa G Kelly
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Michelle Mitchell
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gerald J Harris
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter L Havens
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Khan SA, Hussain A, Phelps PO. Current clinical diagnosis and management of orbital cellulitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1941876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Khan
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahsen Hussain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul O. Phelps
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Glenview, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Pradeep T, Kalra G, Leader JK, McCoy J, Dixit R, Dohar J, Tobey A, Sahel JA, Pu J, Fu R. Lesion-Mapping Software for the Measurement of Subperiosteal Abscess Volume for Pediatric Orbital Cellulitis: A Retrospective Chart Review. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10:261-271. [PMID: 33537950 PMCID: PMC8079525 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-021-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our objective was to assess the utility of using lesion-mapping software to calculate precise orbital volumes to predict patients who would benefit from early surgical intervention. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with subperiosteal orbital abscess (SPOA) secondary to sinusitis at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2005 to 2016. Diagnoses were confirmed by CT scans. Lesion-mapping software was used to measure SPOA volume using initial CT images. Data collected included patient demographics, length of hospital stay, and subsequent medical or surgical treatment. Results Thirty-three (52%) patients ultimately underwent surgical intervention, while 30 (48%) were managed medically. Between the surgical and medical groups, there were no differences in gender, age, or comorbidities. The surgical group had larger abscess volumes than the medically managed group (0.94 mL vs. 0.31 mL, p < 0.01). Overall, increased SPOA volume was associated with increased age (Pearson’s coefficient = 0.374, p ≤ 0.01) and increased total days of intravenous (IV) antibiotic administration (Pearson’s coefficient = 0.260, p = 0.039). Patients who underwent surgery on the day of admission had 25% shorter hospital stay than patients who had delayed surgery (p < 0.01). Our calculated sensitivity-optimized SPOA volume cutoff of 0.231 mL yielded sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 70.0%. Conclusions This is the first study to use lesion-mapping software for precise calculation of SPOA volumes, which can help refine indications for early surgical intervention and help decrease length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejus Pradeep
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gagan Kalra
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joseph K Leader
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer McCoy
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronak Dixit
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Dohar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison Tobey
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jiantao Pu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Roxana Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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15
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Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Adult Orbital Cellulitis in a Tertiary General Hospital. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:8889341. [PMID: 33520296 PMCID: PMC7803170 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8889341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adult orbital cellulitis (OC) occurs relatively rarely, and comprehensive studies that retrospectively evaluate OC are lacking. Here, we aimed to examine the clinical characteristics and prognosis of OC in a tertiary general hospital. Methods Between October 2010 and May 2019, patients presenting with clinical symptoms of OC in a tertiary general hospital were analyzed in this retrospective study. Twenty-six cases were identified for a detailed review. In these cases, 16 males and 10 females were diagnosed with orbital cellulitis by clinical characteristics and multimodal examinations. We divided patients into three groups: (1) patients secondary to rhinosinusitis, (2) patients secondary to endogenous infection(s) without endophthalmitis, and (3) patients secondary to endophthalmitis. For each group, age, gender, eye type, combined systemic diseases, clinical presentation, leukocyte count, blood culture, diagnostic imaging, therapeutic methods, length of stay, time of postoperation, and patient prognosis were analyzed in detail. Results There were no significant differences regarding age, gender, preoperative leukocyte count, exophthalmia, blood culture, treatment, or visual changes within the three groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences, however, in postoperative leukocyte count and ophthalmoplegia between the three groups (P < 0.05). The preoperative and postoperative logarithms of the minimum resolution angle scored by the best-corrected visual acuity (LogMAR BCVA) of group 3 were statistically significant compared to group 1 and group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion We confirmed that the prognosis of OC patients combined with systemic diseases was poor. Patients with OC secondary to endophthalmitis infrequently experience ophthalmoplegia; however, these patients still have poor visual outcomes. Patients cultured positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae infection may not be associated with liver abscess. The level of leukocytes may indicate the condition of the disease.
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