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Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, McComiskey AC, McCoy DT, Ming Y, Mülmenstädt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng X. Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi8594. [PMID: 38507486 PMCID: PMC10954212 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today's climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research-field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Will Cantrell
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Lebsock
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Ming
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Prasanth Prabhakaran
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica S. Wan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Fan Yang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xue Zheng
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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2
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Ibáñez I, Petri L, Barnett DT, Beaury EM, Blumenthal DM, Corbin JD, Diez J, Dukes JS, Early R, Pearse IS, Sorte CJB, Vilà M, Bradley B. Combining local, landscape, and regional geographies to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2821. [PMID: 36806368 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species science has focused heavily on the invasive agent. However, management to protect native species also requires a proactive approach focused on resident communities and the features affecting their vulnerability to invasion impacts. Vulnerability is likely the result of factors acting across spatial scales, from local to regional, and it is the combined effects of these factors that will determine the magnitude of vulnerability. Here, we introduce an analytical framework that quantifies the scale-dependent impact of biological invasions on native richness from the shape of the native species-area relationship (SAR). We leveraged newly available, biogeographically extensive vegetation data from the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact as a function of factors acting across scales. We analyzed more than 1000 SARs widely distributed across the USA along environmental gradients and under different levels of non-native plant cover. Decreases in native richness were consistently associated with non-native species cover, but native richness was compromised only at relatively high levels of non-native cover. After accounting for variation in baseline ecosystem diversity, net primary productivity, and human modification, ecoregions that were colder and wetter were most vulnerable to losses of native plant species at the local level, while warmer and wetter areas were most susceptible at the landscape level. We also document how the combined effects of cross-scale factors result in a heterogeneous spatial pattern of vulnerability. This pattern could not be predicted by analyses at any single scale, underscoring the importance of accounting for factors acting across scales. Simultaneously assessing differences in vulnerability between distinct plant communities at local, landscape, and regional scales provided outputs that can be used to inform policy and management aimed at reducing vulnerability to the impact of plant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ibáñez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laís Petri
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David T Barnett
- Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Evelyn M Beaury
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Corbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Diez
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Regan Early
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Ian S Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Cascade J B Sorte
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Montserrat Vilà
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bethany Bradley
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Cao W, Wen H, Xantheas SS, Wang XB. The primary gas phase hydration shell of hydroxide. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf4309. [PMID: 36961895 PMCID: PMC10038337 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of water molecules in hydroxide's primary hydration shell has been long debated to be three from the interpretation of experimental data and four from theoretical studies. Here, we provide direct evidence for the presence of a fourth water molecule in hydroxide's primary hydration shell from a combined study based on high-resolution cryogenic experimental photoelectron spectroscopy and high-level quantum chemical computations. Well-defined spectra of OH-(H2O)n clusters (n = 2 to 5) yield accurate electron binding energies, which are, in turn, used as key signatures of the underlying molecular conformations. Although the smaller OH-(H2O)3 and OH-(H2O)4 clusters adopt close-lying conformations with similar electron binding energies that are hard to distinguish, the OH-(H2O)5 cluster clearly has a predominant conformation with a four-coordinated hydroxide binding motif, a finding that unambiguously determines the gas phase coordination number of hydroxide to be four.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Hui Wen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Sotiris S. Xantheas
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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4
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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5
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Ganzer PD, Loeian MS, Roof SR, Teng B, Lin L, Friedenberg DA, Baumgart IW, Meyers EC, Chun KS, Rich A, Tsao AL, Muir WW, Weber DJ, Hamlin RL. Dynamic detection and reversal of myocardial ischemia using an artificially intelligent bioelectronic medicine. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj5473. [PMID: 34985951 PMCID: PMC8730601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is spontaneous, frequently asymptomatic, and contributes to fatal cardiovascular consequences. Importantly, myocardial sensory networks cannot reliably detect and correct myocardial ischemia on their own. Here, we demonstrate an artificially intelligent and responsive bioelectronic medicine, where an artificial neural network (ANN) supplements myocardial sensory networks, enabling reliable detection and correction of myocardial ischemia. ANNs were first trained to decode spontaneous cardiovascular stress and myocardial ischemia with an overall accuracy of ~92%. ANN-controlled vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) significantly mitigated major physiological features of myocardial ischemia, including ST depression and arrhythmias. In contrast, open-loop VNS or ANN-controlled VNS following a caudal vagotomy essentially failed to reverse cardiovascular pathophysiology. Last, variants of ANNs were used to meet clinically relevant needs, including interpretable visualizations and unsupervised detection of emerging cardiovascular stress. Overall, these preclinical results suggest that ANNs can potentially supplement deficient myocardial sensory networks via an artificially intelligent bioelectronic medicine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Ganzer
- Medical Devices and Neuromodulation, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace #48, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Masoud S. Loeian
- Medical Devices and Neuromodulation, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Steve R. Roof
- QTest Labs, 6456 Fiesta Dr., Columbus, OH 43235, USA
| | - Bunyen Teng
- QTest Labs, 6456 Fiesta Dr., Columbus, OH 43235, USA
| | - Luan Lin
- Health Analytics, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - David A. Friedenberg
- Health Analytics, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Ian W. Baumgart
- Medical Devices and Neuromodulation, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Eric C. Meyers
- Medical Devices and Neuromodulation, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Keum S. Chun
- Medical Devices and Neuromodulation, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Adam Rich
- Health Analytics, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Allison L. Tsao
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William W. Muir
- QTest Labs, 6456 Fiesta Dr., Columbus, OH 43235, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Doug J. Weber
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Neuroscience, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert L. Hamlin
- QTest Labs, 6456 Fiesta Dr., Columbus, OH 43235, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
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6
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Harman-Ware AE, Sparks S, Addison B, Kalluri UC. Importance of suberin biopolymer in plant function, contributions to soil organic carbon and in the production of bio-derived energy and materials. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 33743797 PMCID: PMC7981814 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a hydrophobic biopolymer of significance in the production of biomass-derived materials and in biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we describe suberin structure and biosynthesis, and its importance in biological (i.e., plant bark and roots), ecological (soil organic carbon) and economic (biomass conversion to bioproducts) contexts. Furthermore, we highlight the genomics and analytical approaches currently available and explore opportunities for future technologies to study suberin in quantitative and/or high-throughput platforms in bioenergy crops. A greater understanding of suberin structure and production in lignocellulosic biomass can be leveraged to improve representation in life cycle analysis and techno-economic analysis models and enable performance improvements in plant biosystems as well as informed crop system management to achieve economic and environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Samuel Sparks
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Udaya C Kalluri
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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7
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Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AMQ, Harrach B, Harrison RL, Knowles NJ, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Mushegian AR, Nibert M, Sabanadzovic S, Sanfaçon H, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Varsani A, Zerbini FM, Gorbalenya AE, Davison AJ. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016). Arch Virol 2016; 161:2921-49. [PMID: 27424026 PMCID: PMC7086986 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article lists the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in April 2016.Changes to virus taxonomy (the Universal Scheme of Virus Classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]) now take place annually and are the result of a multi-stage process. In accordance with the ICTV Statutes ( http://www.ictvonline.org/statutes.asp ), proposals submitted to the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) undergo a review process that involves input from the ICTV Study Groups (SGs) and Subcommittees (SCs), other interested virologists, and the EC. After final approval by the EC, proposals are then presented for ratification to the full ICTV membership by publication on an ICTV web site ( http://www.ictvonline.org/ ) followed by an electronic vote. The latest set of proposals approved by the EC was made available on the ICTV website by January 2016 ( https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/proposals/ ). A list of these proposals was then emailed on 28 March 2016 to the 148 members of ICTV, namely the EC Members, Life Members, ICTV Subcommittee Members (including the SG chairs) and ICTV National Representatives. Members were then requested to vote on whether to ratify the taxonomic proposals (voting closed on 29 April 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), BBRB 276, 845 19th ST South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170 USA
| | | | - Balázs Harrach
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert L. Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg 007 Barc-West, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- NIH/NIAID/DCR Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Arcady R. Mushegian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA USA
| | - Max Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 100 Old Hwy 12 Mail Stop 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0 Canada
| | - Stuart G. Siddell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | | | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, E4-P, rm. E4-72, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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