1
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Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, McComiskey AC, McCoy DT, Ming Y, Mülmenstädt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng X. Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi8594. [PMID: 38507486 PMCID: PMC10954212 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today's climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research-field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Will Cantrell
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Lebsock
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Ming
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Prasanth Prabhakaran
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica S. Wan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Fan Yang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xue Zheng
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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2
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Yang CK, Chiu JC, Marshak A, Feingold G, Várnai T, Wen G, Yamaguchi T, Jan van Leeuwen P. Near-Cloud Aerosol Retrieval Using Machine Learning Techniques, and Implied Direct Radiative Effects. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL098274. [PMID: 36582354 PMCID: PMC9787555 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of satellite-based aerosol retrievals in the vicinity of low-topped clouds, mainly because reflectance from aerosols is overwhelmed by three-dimensional cloud radiative effects. To account for cloud radiative effects on reflectance observations, we develop a Convolutional Neural Network and retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) with 100-500 m horizontal resolution for all cloud-free regions regardless of their distances to clouds. The retrieval uncertainty is 0.01 + 5%AOD, and the mean bias is approximately -2%. In an application to satellite observations, aerosol hygroscopic growth due to humidification near clouds enhances AOD by 100% in regions within 1 km of cloud edges. The humidification effect leads to an overall 55% increase in the clear-sky aerosol direct radiative effect. Although this increase is based on a case study, it highlights the importance of aerosol retrievals in near-cloud regions, and the need to incorporate the humidification effect in radiative forcing estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Kevin Yang
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - J. Christine Chiu
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | | | - Tamás Várnai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Joint Center for Earth System TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Guoyong Wen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- GESTAR/Morgan State UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Takanobu Yamaguchi
- NOAA Chemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Peter Jan van Leeuwen
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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3
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Diamond MS, Gristey JJ, Kay JE, Feingold G. Anthropogenic aerosol and cryosphere changes drive Earth's strong but transient clear-sky hemispheric albedo asymmetry. Commun Earth Environ 2022; 3:206. [PMID: 36118252 PMCID: PMC9466336 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the Earth system is that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres reflect identical amounts of sunlight. This hemispheric albedo symmetry comprises two asymmetries: The Northern Hemisphere is more reflective in clear skies, whereas the Southern Hemisphere is cloudier. Here we show that the hemispheric reflection contrast from differences in continental coverage is offset by greater reflection from the Antarctic than the Arctic, allowing the net clear-sky asymmetry to be dominated by aerosol. Climate model simulations suggest that historical anthropogenic aerosol emissions drove a large increase in the clear-sky asymmetry that would reverse in future low-emission scenarios. High-emission scenarios also show decreasing asymmetry, instead driven by declines in Northern Hemisphere ice and snow cover. Strong clear-sky hemispheric albedo asymmetry is therefore a transient feature of Earth's climate. If all-sky symmetry is maintained, compensating cloud changes would have uncertain but important implications for Earth's energy balance and hydrological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Diamond
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Jake J. Gristey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Jennifer E. Kay
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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4
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Gettelman A, Geer AJ, Forbes RM, Carmichael GR, Feingold G, Posselt DJ, Stephens GL, van den Heever SC, Varble AC, Zuidema P. The future of Earth system prediction: Advances in model-data fusion. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn3488. [PMID: 35385304 PMCID: PMC8985915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of the Earth system, such as weather forecasts and climate projections, require models informed by observations at many levels. Some methods for integrating models and observations are very systematic and comprehensive (e.g., data assimilation), and some are single purpose and customized (e.g., for model validation). We review current methods and best practices for integrating models and observations. We highlight how future developments can enable advanced heterogeneous observation networks and models to improve predictions of the Earth system (including atmosphere, land surface, oceans, cryosphere, and chemistry) across scales from weather to climate. As the community pushes to develop the next generation of models and data systems, there is a need to take a more holistic, integrated, and coordinated approach to models, observations, and their uncertainties to maximize the benefit for Earth system prediction and impacts on society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Geer
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
| | | | | | | | - Derek J. Posselt
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Graeme L. Stephens
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam C. Varble
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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5
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Christensen MW, Gettelman A, Cermak J, Dagan G, Diamond M, Douglas A, Feingold G, Glassmeier F, Goren T, Grosvenor DP, Gryspeerdt E, Kahn R, Li Z, Ma PL, Malavelle F, McCoy IL, McCoy DT, McFarquhar G, Mülmenstädt J, Pal S, Possner A, Povey A, Quaas J, Rosenfeld D, Schmidt A, Schrödner R, Sorooshian A, Stier P, Toll V, Watson-Parris D, Wood R, Yang M, Yuan T. Opportunistic experiments to constrain aerosol effective radiative forcing. Atmos Chem Phys 2022; 22:641-674. [PMID: 35136405 PMCID: PMC8819675 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-641-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs) are considered to be the most uncertain driver of present-day radiative forcing due to human activities. The nonlinearity of cloud-state changes to aerosol perturbations make it challenging to attribute causality in observed relationships of aerosol radiative forcing. Using correlations to infer causality can be challenging when meteorological variability also drives both aerosol and cloud changes independently. Natural and anthropogenic aerosol perturbations from well-defined sources provide "opportunistic experiments" (also known as natural experiments) to investigate ACI in cases where causality may be more confidently inferred. These perturbations cover a wide range of locations and spatiotemporal scales, including point sources such as volcanic eruptions or industrial sources, plumes from biomass burning or forest fires, and tracks from individual ships or shipping corridors. We review the different experimental conditions and conduct a synthesis of the available satellite datasets and field campaigns to place these opportunistic experiments on a common footing, facilitating new insights and a clearer understanding of key uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing. Cloud albedo perturbations are strongly sensitive to background meteorological conditions. Strong liquid water path increases due to aerosol perturbations are largely ruled out by averaging across experiments. Opportunistic experiments have significantly improved process-level understanding of ACI, but it remains unclear how reliably the relationships found can be scaled to the global level, thus demonstrating a need for deeper investigation in order to improve assessments of aerosol radiative forcing and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- Atmospheric Science & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jan Cermak
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guy Dagan
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Diamond
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyson Douglas
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Graham Feingold
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Franziska Glassmeier
- Department Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Goren
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Grosvenor
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edward Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph Kahn
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Po-Lun Ma
- Atmospheric Science & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, Washington, USA
| | - Florent Malavelle
- Met Office, Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality, Fitzroy Rd, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Isabel L. McCoy
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science (CPAESS), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daniel T. McCoy
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Greg McFarquhar
- Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations (CIWRO) and School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Johannes Mülmenstädt
- Atmospheric Science & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, Washington, USA
| | - Sandip Pal
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Anna Possner
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Povey
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Rosenfeld
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Philip Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Velle Toll
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Duncan Watson-Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Tianle Yuan
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technologies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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6
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Kazil J, Christensen MW, Abel SJ, Yamaguchi T, Feingold G. Realism of Lagrangian Large Eddy Simulations Driven by Reanalysis Meteorology: Tracking a Pocket of Open Cells Under a Biomass Burning Aerosol Layer. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2021; 13:e2021MS002664. [PMID: 35865715 PMCID: PMC9287006 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An approach to drive Lagrangian large eddy simulation (LES) of boundary layer clouds with reanalysis data is presented and evaluated using satellite (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, SEVIRI) and aircraft (Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation Interactions and Forcing, CLARIFY) measurements. The simulations follow trajectories of the boundary layer flow. They track the formation and evolution of a pocket of open cells (POC) underneath a biomass burning aerosol layer in the free troposphere. The simulations reproduce the evolution of observed stratocumulus cloud morphology, cloud optical depth, and cloud drop effective radius, and capture the timing of the cloud state transition from closed to open cells seen in the satellite imagery on the three considered trajectories. They reproduce a biomass burning aerosol layer identified by the in-situ aircraft measurements above the inversion of the POC. Entrainment of aerosol from the biomass burning layer into the POC is limited to the extent of having no impact on cloud- or boundary layer properties, in agreement with the CLARIFY observations. The two-moment bin microphysics scheme used in the simulations reproduces the in-situ cloud microphysical properties reasonably well. A two-moment bulk microphysics scheme reproduces the satellite observations in the non-precipitating closed-cell state, but overestimates liquid water path and cloud optical depth in the precipitating open-cell state due to insufficient surface precipitation. A boundary layer cold and dry bias occurring in LES can be counteracted by reducing the grid aspect ratio and by tightening the large scale wind speed nudging towards the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kazil
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationChemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | - Takanobu Yamaguchi
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationChemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Graham Feingold
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationChemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
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7
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Glassmeier F, Hoffmann F, Johnson JS, Yamaguchi T, Carslaw KS, Feingold G. Aerosol-cloud-climate cooling overestimated by ship-track data. Science 2021; 371:485-489. [PMID: 33510021 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of anthropogenic aerosol on the reflectivity of stratocumulus cloud decks through changes in cloud amount is a major uncertainty in climate projections. In frequently occurring nonprecipitating stratocumulus, cloud amount can decrease through aerosol-enhanced cloud-top mixing. The climatological relevance of this effect is debated because ship exhaust only marginally reduces stratocumulus amount. By comparing detailed numerical simulations with satellite analyses, we show that ship-track studies cannot be generalized to estimate the climatological forcing of anthropogenic aerosol. The ship track-derived sensitivity of the radiative effect of nonprecipitating stratocumulus to aerosol overestimates their cooling effect by up to 200%. The offsetting warming effect of decreasing stratocumulus amount needs to be taken into account if we are to constrain the cloud-mediated radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Glassmeier
- Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. .,Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.,Institut für Meteorologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Jill S Johnson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Takanobu Yamaguchi
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ken S Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graham Feingold
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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8
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Chiu JC, Yang CK, van Leeuwen PJ, Feingold G, Wood R, Blanchard Y, Mei F, Wang J. Observational Constraints on Warm Cloud Microphysical Processes Using Machine Learning and Optimization Techniques. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:e2020GL091236. [PMID: 33678926 PMCID: PMC7900997 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce new parameterizations for autoconversion and accretion rates that greatly improve representation of the growth processes of warm rain. The new parameterizations capitalize on machine-learning and optimization techniques and are constrained by in situ cloud probe measurements from the recent Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program field campaign at Azores. The uncertainty in the new estimates of autoconversion and accretion rates is about 15% and 5%, respectively, outperforming existing parameterizations. Our results confirm that cloud and drizzle water content are the most important factors for determining accretion rates. However, for autoconversion, in addition to cloud water content and droplet number concentration, we discovered a key role of drizzle number concentration that is missing in current parameterizations. The robust relation between autoconversion rate and drizzle number concentration is surprising but real, and furthermore supported by theory. Thus, drizzle number concentration should be considered in parameterizations for improved representation of the autoconversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christine Chiu
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - C. Kevin Yang
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Peter Jan van Leeuwen
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Yann Blanchard
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesESCER Centre, University of Quebec at MontrealMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fan Mei
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMOUSA
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9
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Bellouin N, Quaas J, Gryspeerdt E, Kinne S, Stier P, Watson‐Parris D, Boucher O, Carslaw KS, Christensen M, Daniau A, Dufresne J, Feingold G, Fiedler S, Forster P, Gettelman A, Haywood JM, Lohmann U, Malavelle F, Mauritsen T, McCoy DT, Myhre G, Mülmenstädt J, Neubauer D, Possner A, Rugenstein M, Sato Y, Schulz M, Schwartz SE, Sourdeval O, Storelvmo T, Toll V, Winker D, Stevens B. Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. Rev Geophys 2020; 58:e2019RG000660. [PMID: 32734279 PMCID: PMC7384191 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol-driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of -1.6 to -0.6 W m-2, or -2.0 to -0.4 W m-2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bellouin
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - J. Quaas
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - E. Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics GroupImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Kinne
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - P. Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. Watson‐Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - O. Boucher
- Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - A.‐L. Daniau
- EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS‐Université de BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - J.‐L. Dufresne
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Ecole PolytechniqueParisFrance
| | - G. Feingold
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences DivisionBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Now at Institut für Geophysik und MeteorologieUniversität zu KölnKölnGermany
| | - P. Forster
- Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. Gettelman
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. M. Haywood
- CEMPSUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- UK Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - T. Mauritsen
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - D. T. McCoy
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - G. Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)OsloNorway
| | - J. Mülmenstädt
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - D. Neubauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - A. Possner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCAUSA
- Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Y. Sato
- Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Now at Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - M. Schulz
- Climate Modelling and Air Pollution Section, Research and Development DepartmentNorwegian Meteorological InstituteOsloNorway
| | - S. E. Schwartz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentUptonNYUSA
| | - O. Sourdeval
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Laboratoire d'Optique AtmosphériqueUniversité de LilleVilleneuve d'AscqFrance
| | - T. Storelvmo
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - V. Toll
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Now at Institute of PhysicsUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - D. Winker
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - B. Stevens
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
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Pope CA, Gosling JP, Barber S, Johnson JS, Yamaguchi T, Feingold G, Blackwell PG. Gaussian Process Modeling of Heterogeneity and Discontinuities Using Voronoi Tessellations. Technometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.2019.1692696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart Barber
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jill S. Johnson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Takanobu Yamaguchi
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO
| | - Graham Feingold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO
| | - Paul G. Blackwell
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Grosvenor DP, Sourdeval O, Zuidema P, Ackerman A, Alexandrov MD, Bennartz R, Boers R, Cairns B, Chiu JC, Christensen M, Deneke H, Diamond M, Feingold G, Fridlind A, Hünerbein A, Knist C, Kollias P, Marshak A, McCoy D, Merk D, Painemal D, Rausch J, Rosenfeld D, Russchenberg H, Seifert P, Sinclair K, Stier P, van Diedenhoven B, Wendisch M, Werner F, Wood R, Zhang Z, Quaas J. Remote Sensing of Droplet Number Concentration in Warm Clouds: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives. Rev Geophys 2018; 56:409-453. [PMID: 30148283 PMCID: PMC6099364 DOI: 10.1029/2017rg000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cloud droplet number concentration (N d) is of central interest to improve the understanding of cloud physics and for quantifying the effective radiative forcing by aerosol-cloud interactions. Current standard satellite retrievals do not operationally provide N d, but it can be inferred from retrievals of cloud optical depth (τ c) cloud droplet effective radius (r e) and cloud top temperature. This review summarizes issues with this approach and quantifies uncertainties. A total relative uncertainty of 78% is inferred for pixel-level retrievals for relatively homogeneous, optically thick and unobscured stratiform clouds with favorable viewing geometry. The uncertainty is even greater if these conditions are not met. For averages over 1° ×1° regions the uncertainty is reduced to 54% assuming random errors for instrument uncertainties. In contrast, the few evaluation studies against reference in situ observations suggest much better accuracy with little variability in the bias. More such studies are required for a better error characterization. N d uncertainty is dominated by errors in r e, and therefore, improvements in r e retrievals would greatly improve the quality of the N d retrievals. Recommendations are made for how this might be achieved. Some existing N d data sets are compared and discussed, and best practices for the use of N d data from current passive instruments (e.g., filtering criteria) are recommended. Emerging alternative N d estimates are also considered. First, new ideas to use additional information from existing and upcoming spaceborne instruments are discussed, and second, approaches using high-quality ground-based observations are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Odran Sourdeval
- Leipzig Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceMiamiFLUSA
| | | | - Mikhail D. Alexandrov
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied MathematicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ralf Bennartz
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
- Space Science and Engineering CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Reinout Boers
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological InstituteDe BiltThe Netherlands
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - J. Christine Chiu
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Matthew Christensen
- Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwellUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Hartwig Deneke
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Michael Diamond
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
| | - Ann Fridlind
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anja Hünerbein
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Pavlos Kollias
- School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | | | - Daniel McCoy
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Daniel Merk
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | | | - John Rausch
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Daniel Rosenfeld
- Institute of Earth SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Herman Russchenberg
- Department of Geoscience and Remote SensingDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Patric Seifert
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Kenneth Sinclair
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Philip Stier
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
- Center for Climate Systems ResearchColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Manfred Wendisch
- Leipzig Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Frank Werner
- Joint Center for Earth Systems TechnologyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Johannes Quaas
- Leipzig Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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12
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Koren I, Tziperman E, Feingold G. Exploring the nonlinear cloud and rain equation. Chaos 2017; 27:013107. [PMID: 28147495 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine stratocumulus cloud decks are regarded as the reflectors of the climate system, returning back to space a significant part of the income solar radiation, thus cooling the atmosphere. Such clouds can exist in two stable modes, open and closed cells, for a wide range of environmental conditions. This emergent behavior of the system, and its sensitivity to aerosol and environmental properties, is captured by a set of nonlinear equations. Here, using linear stability analysis, we express the transition from steady to a limit-cycle state analytically, showing how it depends on the model parameters. We show that the control of the droplet concentration (N), the environmental carrying-capacity (H0), and the cloud recovery parameter (τ) can be linked by a single nondimensional parameter (μ=N/(ατH0)), suggesting that for deeper clouds the transition from open (oscillating) to closed (stable fixed point) cells will occur for higher droplet concentration (i.e., higher aerosol loading). The analytical calculations of the possible states, and how they are affected by changes in aerosol and the environmental variables, provide an enhanced understanding of the complex interactions of clouds and rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; and Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Eli Tziperman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; and Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; and Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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13
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Zhang Z, Ackerman AS, Feingold G, Platnick S, Pincus R, Xue H. Effects of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity and drizzle on remote sensing of cloud droplet effective radius: Case studies based on large-eddy simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Wonaschuetz A, Sorooshian A, Ervens B, Chuang PY, Feingold G, Murphy SM, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Jonsson HH. Aerosol and gas re-distribution by shallow cumulus clouds: An investigation using airborne measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Ervens B, Feingold G, Sulia K, Harrington J. The impact of microphysical parameters, ice nucleation mode, and habit growth on the ice/liquid partitioning in mixed-phase Arctic clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Sorooshian A, Feingold G, Lebsock MD, Jiang H, Stephens GL. Deconstructing the precipitation susceptibility construct: Improving methodology for aerosol-cloud precipitation studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Lu ML, Sorooshian A, Jonsson HH, Feingold G, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Marine stratocumulus aerosol-cloud relationships in the MASE-II experiment: Precipitation susceptibility in eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
It is thought that changes in the concentration of cloud-active aerosol can alter the precipitation efficiency of clouds, thereby changing cloud amount and, hence, the radiative forcing of the climate system. Despite decades of research, it has proved frustratingly difficult to establish climatically meaningful relationships among the aerosol, clouds and precipitation. As a result, the climatic effect of the aerosol remains controversial. We propose that the difficulty in untangling relationships among the aerosol, clouds and precipitation reflects the inadequacy of existing tools and methodologies and a failure to account for processes that buffer cloud and precipitation responses to aerosol perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Stevens
- Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, KlimaCampus, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Lance S, Nenes A, Mazzoleni C, Dubey MK, Gates H, Varutbangkul V, Rissman TA, Murphy SM, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Feingold G, Jonsson HH. Cloud condensation nuclei activity, closure, and droplet growth kinetics of Houston aerosol during the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Parrish DD, Allen DT, Bates TS, Estes M, Fehsenfeld FC, Feingold G, Ferrare R, Hardesty RM, Meagher JF, Nielsen-Gammon JW, Pierce RB, Ryerson TB, Seinfeld JH, Williams EJ. Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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McComiskey A, Feingold G, Frisch AS, Turner DD, Miller MA, Chiu JC, Min Q, Ogren JA. An assessment of aerosol‐cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Lu ML, Feingold G, Jonsson HH, Chuang PY, Gates H, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Aerosol-cloud relationships in continental shallow cumulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Jiang H, Feingold G, Jonsson HH, Lu ML, Chuang PY, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Statistical comparison of properties of simulated and observed cumulus clouds in the vicinity of Houston during the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Sorooshian A, Ng NL, Chan AWH, Feingold G, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Particulate organic acids and overall water‐soluble aerosol composition measurements from the 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Nga L. Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Arthur W. H. Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory NOAA Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
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26
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Sorooshian A, Lu ML, Brechtel FJ, Jonsson H, Feingold G, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. On the source of organic acid aerosol layers above clouds. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:4647-54. [PMID: 17695910 DOI: 10.1021/es0630442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the July 2005 Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) and the August-September 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS), the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter probed aerosols and cumulus clouds in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of northern California and in southeastern Texas, respectively. An on-board particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) quantified inorganic and organic acid species with < or = 5-min time resolution. Ubiquitous organic aerosol layers above cloud with enhanced organic acid levels were observed in both locations. The data suggest that aqueous-phase reactions to produce organic acids, mainly oxalic acid, followed by droplet evaporation is a source of elevated organic acid aerosol levels above cloud. Oxalic acid is observed to be produced more efficiently relative to sulfate as the cloud liquid water content increases, corresponding to larger and less acidic droplets. As derived from large eddy simulations of stratocumulus underthe conditions of MASE, both Lagrangian trajectory analysis and diurnal cloudtop evolution provide evidence that a significant fraction of the aerosol mass concentration above cloud can be accounted for by evaporated droplet residual particles. Methanesulfonate data suggest that entrainment of free tropospheric aerosol can also be a source of organic acids above boundary layer clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Ervens B, Cubison M, Andrews E, Feingold G, Ogren JA, Jimenez JL, DeCarlo P, Nenes A. Prediction of cloud condensation nucleus number concentration using measurements of aerosol size distributions and composition and light scattering enhancement due to humidity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Michael Cubison
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Elisabeth Andrews
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John A. Ogren
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Peter DeCarlo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Schools of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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28
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Lee YS, Collins DR, Li R, Bowman KP, Feingold G. Expected impact of an aged biomass burning aerosol on cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Pahlow M, Müller D, Tesche M, Eichler H, Feingold G, Eberhard WL, Cheng YF. Retrieval of aerosol properties from combined multiwavelength lidar and sunphotometer measurements. Appl Opt 2006; 45:7429-42. [PMID: 16983432 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.007429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Simulation studies were carried out with regard to the feasibility of using combined observations from sunphotometer (SPM) and lidar for microphysical characterization of aerosol particles, i.e., the retrieval of effective radius, volume, and surface-area concentrations. It was shown that for single, homogeneous aerosol layers, the aerosol parameters can be retrieved with an average accuracy of 30% for a wide range of particle size distributions. Based on the simulations, an instrument combination consisting of a lidar that measures particle backscattering at 355 and 1574 nm, and a SPM that measures at three to four channels in the range from 340 to 1020 nm is a promising tool for aerosol characterization. The inversion algorithm has been tested for a set of experimental data. The comparison with the particle size distribution parameters, measured with in situ instrumentation at the lidar site, showed good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pahlow
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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30
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Sorooshian A, Varutbangkul V, Brechtel FJ, Ervens B, Feingold G, Bahreini R, Murphy SM, Holloway JS, Atlas EL, Buzorius G, Jonsson H, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Oxalic acid in clear and cloudy atmospheres: Analysis of data from International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Varuntida Varutbangkul
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Fred J. Brechtel
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Barbara Ervens
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Earth System Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Shane M. Murphy
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - John S. Holloway
- Earth System Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Gintas Buzorius
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies; Naval Postgraduate School; Marina California USA
| | - Haflidi Jonsson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies; Naval Postgraduate School; Marina California USA
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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31
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Pahlow M, Feingold G, Jefferson A, Andrews E, Ogren JA, Wang J, Lee YN, Ferrare RA, Turner DD. Comparison between lidar and nephelometer measurements of aerosol hygroscopicity at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Feingold G, Furrer R, Pilewskie P, Remer LA, Min Q, Jonsson H. Aerosol indirect effect studies at Southern Great Plains during the May 2003 Intensive Operations Period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Ferrare R, Feingold G, Ghan S, Ogren J, Schmid B, Schwartz SE, Sheridan P. Preface to special section: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program May 2003 Intensive Operations Period examining aerosol properties and radiative influences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Jiang H, Feingold G. Effect of aerosol on warm convective clouds: Aerosol-cloud-surface flux feedbacks in a new coupled large eddy model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Feingold G, Setcos J. Oral health in Israel--a review of surveys over several decades. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim (1993) 2004; 21:15-21, 91. [PMID: 15503978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This review covers oral health surveys carried out in various communities in Israel over four decades. The general trends were for increasing caries prevalence from early surveys in the 1950s and 1960s up to the 1980s as evidenced by the rising DMFT. Treatment levels had increased since the 1980s, and there is a national decrease in caries experience. But there were still some communities and social groups with levels of untreated caries and other treatment needs. There is a continued need for strengthened oral health promotion and other preventive oral health measures at a community and public health level.
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37
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Jiang H, Feingold G, Cotton WR. Simulations of aerosol‐cloud‐dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Graham Feingold
- Environmental Technology Laboratory NOAA Boulder Colorado USA
| | - William R. Cotton
- Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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38
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Feingold G, Kreidenweis SM. Cloud processing of aerosol as modeled by a large eddy simulation with coupled microphysics and aqueous chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Feingold
- Environmental Technology Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Sonia M. Kreidenweis
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
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39
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40
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Feingold G, Remer LA, Ramaprasad J, Kaufman YJ. Analysis of smoke impact on clouds in Brazilian biomass burning regions: An extension of Twomey's approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Jiang H, Feingold G, Cotton WR, Duynkerke PG. Large-eddy simulations of entrainment of cloud condensation nuclei into the Arctic boundary layer: May 18, 1998, FIRE/SHEBA case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Wulfmeyer V, Feingold G. On the relationship between relative humidity and particle backscattering coefficient in the marine boundary layer determined with differential absorption lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Feingold G, Frisch AS, Stevens B, Cotton WR. On the relationship among cloud turbulence, droplet formation and drizzle as viewed by Doppler radar, microwave radiometer and lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Zhang Y, Kreidenweis SM, Feingold G. Stratocumulus processing of gases and cloud condensation nuclei: 2. Chemistry sensitivity analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Frisch AS, Feingold G, Fairall CW, Uttal T, Snider JB. On cloud radar and microwave radiometer measurements of stratus cloud liquid water profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Feingold G, Kreidenweis SM, Zhang Y. Stratocumulus processing of gases and cloud condensation nuclei: 1. Trajectory ensemble model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Feingold G, Boers R, Stevens B, Cotton WR. A modeling study of the effect of drizzle on cloud optical depth and susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Feingold G, Kreidenweis SM, Stevens B, Cotton WR. Numerical simulations of stratocumulus processing of cloud condensation nuclei through collision-coalescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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