1
|
Watterson TL, Chui MA. Subjective Perceptions of Occupational Fatigue in Community Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2023; 11:84. [PMID: 37218966 PMCID: PMC10204370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community retail pharmacists are experiencing unsafe levels of stress and excessive demands within the workplace. One aspect of workload stress that has been overlooked among pharmacists is occupational fatigue. Occupational fatigue is a characteristic of excessive workload including increased work demands and reduced capacity and resources to complete the work. The goal of this study is to describe the subjective perceptions of occupational fatigue in community pharmacists by using (Aim 1) a previously developed Pharmacist Fatigue Instrument and (Aim 2) semi-structured interviews. METHODS Wisconsin community pharmacists were eligible to participate in the study and recruited via a practice-based research network. Participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, a Pharmacist Fatigue Instrument, and semi-structured interview. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative deductive content analysis. RESULTS Totally, 39 pharmacists participated in the study. From the Pharmacist Fatigue Instrument, 50% of the participants stated they had times where they were not able to go above and beyond standard patient care on more than half of the days they worked. A total of 30% of the participants reported that they found it necessary to take short-cuts when providing patient care on more than half of the days they worked. Pharmacist interviews were separated into overarching themes including mental fatigue, physical fatigue, active fatigue, and passive fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlighted the pharmacists' feelings of despair and mental fatigue, fatigue's connectedness to interpersonal relationships, and the complex nature of pharmacy work systems. Interventions aimed at improving occupational fatigue in community pharmacies should consider key themes of fatigue that pharmacists are experiencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Watterson
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michelle A. Chui
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paradissis C, De Guzman KR, Barras M, La Caze A, Winckel K, Taufatofua N, Falconer N. Experiences and learnings of pharmacists, students, and clinical assistants working collaboratively in a COVID-19 vaccination clinic: a qualitative study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100241. [PMID: 36923065 PMCID: PMC9991331 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of pharmacists and pharmacy clinical assistants (CAs) in hospital clinics has demonstrated benefits for improving medication safety and care delivery. Internationally, pharmacy staff played a crucial role in the safe storage, provision and administration of vaccines, as well as reinforcement of pharmacovigilance efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Australia, healthcare providers collaborated to rapidly facilitate a phased COVID-19 vaccination program. The perspectives of the pharmacy team, including pharmacy students, involved in implementing novel health services are underexplored in the literature. Objective To describe the key learnings in how a team of pharmacists, CAs and pharmacy students contributed to the COVID-19 vaccine service, and to explore their preparedness and experiences working at a vaccination clinic within a quaternary hospital. Method This study involved semi-structured interviews with pharmacy students, CAs and pharmacists. All pharmacy staff who worked in the clinic were invited to participate in the study and a snowball strategy was used to maximise recruitment. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using inductive thematic techniques to identify major themes. Results A total of 11 participants were interviewed including: four pharmacists, four CAs and three undergraduate students. Using thematic analysis, five main themes were identified: (1) Potential for student value and experiential learning; (2) Adaptive procedures and work practices in a rapidly changing environment; (3) Clear leadership, with role clarity, role expansion and interchangeability; (4) Supportive learning environment and (5) Stakeholder drivers for service delivery and to optimise societal benefit. These five themes often interacted with each other, highlighting the complexities of implementing and operating the service. Conclusions The vaccine clinic service provided a novel and valuable opportunity for students, CAs, and pharmacists to work collaboratively, extending their scope of practice to contribute to better national health outcomes. Participants expressed their support for future initiatives involving pharmacy students and healthcare staff collaborating in hospital settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keshia R De Guzman
- Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Barras
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam La Caze
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karl Winckel
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha Taufatofua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nazanin Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watterson TL, Hernandez SE, Stone JA, Gilson A, Ramly E, Chui MA. CancelRx implementation: Observed changes to medication discontinuation workflows over time. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100108. [PMID: 35478523 PMCID: PMC9031435 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction When patients are seen in an ambulatory outpatient clinic, such as their primary care provider's office, the prescriber often stops or discontinues medications. Although medication discontinuations are documented in the clinic's health record, this information may not be communicated to the pharmacy. Within the last decade, CancelRx has attempted to address this issue by sending a message from the clinic to the pharmacy when a medication has been discontinued or changed. Objectives This project studied pharmacy medication discontinuation workflows and pharmacists' perspectives at 3 UW Health outpatient pharmacies before and after implementation of CancelRx. Methods CancelRx was implemented at UW Health in October 2017. Pharmacists from 3 outpatient pharmacies were observed at 3 distinct time points. The research team conducted 9 observations 3-months before CancelRx implementation (July 2017). Additionally, 9 observations were completed at 3-months after CancelRx implementation (January 2018) and at 9-months after CancelRx implementation (July 2018). Collective case study and comparative workflow modeling were used in this study. Observation field notes were deductively coded and aggregated to determine task frequency, occurrence, and patterns using an interpretivist theoretical approach. Results During the study, 106 medication discontinuation instances (referred to as cases) were observed; 28 cases 3-months prior to CancelRx, 59 cases 3-months after CancelRx, and 16 cases 9-months after CancelRx. Medication discontinuation tasks aligned with the predetermined workflow: receiving and investigating the discontinuation messages, matching the message to the medication in the patient's profile and discontinuing it, documenting and communicating the message to others as necessary. After implementing CancelRx, the workflow changed as most pharmacists eliminated the investigating and documenting tasks. Conclusions This study provided insight into the medication discontinuation workflow in community pharmacies, especially after implementing CancelRx. Organizations are recommended to proactively consider the implications for novel health information technology before implementation to anticipate workflow and pharmacy practice changes and improve acceptance and effectiveness.
Collapse
|
4
|
DeMarco M, Carter C, Houle SKD, Waite NM. The role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services: a scoping review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:15-26.e11. [PMID: 34663566 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A busy pharmacy workload may limit a pharmacist's ability to meet the needs of vaccine-willing patients and also contribute to missed opportunities to engage with vaccine hesitant individuals. Opportunities for pharmacy technicians to support vaccination services may play a role in addressing increasing patient vaccination needs. PURPOSE This research aims to review the role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services that is supported by pharmacy practice research to date. METHODS In compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols, systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, and CINAHL. Articles published through June 2020, in French, English, and Spanish, were screened for eligibility. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for inclusion. Data extraction of included study methodologies and results was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. RESULTS A total of 656 records were identified through the search of published literature. Full-text screening of 145 records identified 14 articles for inclusion. Most articles evaluated emerging pharmacy technician roles in patient screening (n = 8, 53%) and vaccine administration (n = 5, 36%). Implementation of both emerging roles demonstrated positive patient outcomes (n = 10, 72%). Screening activities were complicated by the complexity of the role, as well as its potential to increase overall time spent on vaccination services. Pharmacists and technicians advocated for accredited vaccine administration training owing to consistent benefits in pharmacy workflow efficiency, pharmacist clinical time, and pharmacy technician job satisfaction. CONCLUSION This review supports the effective deployment of pharmacy technicians in delivering vaccination services. Despite pharmacy technician vaccine administration roles being highly regulated, professional advocacy by pharmacists and technicians can use the advantageous training, workflow, and patient outcomes benefits presented in this review. Early adopters of professional practice advancements for pharmacy technician vaccine administration may expand vaccination service capacity efficiently and safely, thereby reaching more patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
APhA HOD addresses serious issues facing pharmacy, health care, and society. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Murray E, Bieniek K, Del Aguila M, Egodage S, Litzinger S, Mazouz A, Mills H, Liska J. Impact of pharmacy intervention on influenza vaccination acceptance: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 43:1163-1172. [PMID: 34047881 PMCID: PMC8161720 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccination plays an important role in the prevention of influenza. Channels that improve vaccination adherence can play a vital part in improving patient care. This study seeks to inform the design and implementation of pharmacy interventions at scale on improving influenza vaccination rates. Aim of the review The aim of this study was to identify key success factors for effective pharmacy intervention design and implementation to improve vaccination acceptance rates in influenza. Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed to find literature on influenza vaccinations delivered at pharmacies, pharmacist-delivered influenza vaccinations, or influenza vaccination campaigns originating in the pharmacy setting. A meta-analysis using a random effects model estimated the impact of pharmacy intervention on vaccination rates (assessed as relative risk [RR] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]). Results A total of 1221 studies were found that met the search criteria, of which 12 were selected for the literature review following eligibility screening. A meta-analysis of studies that contained binary total population and vaccination rate data was conducted on 6 studies, including 3182 participants, the vaccination rate was 24% higher in those who used the pharmacy-based intervention compared with those who used standard care [RR (95% CI) 1.24 (1.05, 1.47)]. Two separate sensitivity analyses were run for the vaccination rate. In participants aged ≥ 65 years, the vaccination rate was 3% higher in those who received the pharmacy-based intervention compared with those who received standard care; however, this change was not significant [RR (95% CI) 1.03 (0.86, 1.24)]. Additionally, a qualitative review showed that more successful pharmacy-based interventions were those with the more active involvement of pharmacists in routine care. This included regular checkup of vaccine status, proactive conversations and recommendations about vaccination, and pharmacy-based immunization programs, with specific vaccination days. In-pharmacy communication rather than passive information, such as through leaflets and posters was also more effective. Conclusion Pharmacists can play a significant role to improve patient treatment, adherence, and outcomes associated with influenza vaccines. Once pharmacy-based immunization is established, proactive involvement of is key to ensure successful program implementation and results. Expanding access for pharmacists and pharmacy intervention to provide vaccinations may increase vaccination acceptance and could be a valuable intervention in patient care. Additional studies should consider high-risk populations to inform optimal design and implementation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Assia Mazouz
- Global Vaccines Medical, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jan Liska
- Sanofi General Medicines, Paris, France, 54 rue La Boétie, Sanofi, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A review of hospital-based interventions to improve inpatient influenza vaccination uptake for high-risk adults. Vaccine 2020; 39:658-666. [PMID: 33357955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite positive steps towards transforming immunisation understanding and practice to better incorporate adults, coverage, especially those at higher risk, is not where it should be. One way to increase uptake is to take advantage of environments outside of primary care which present easy opportunities for vaccination. This study provides a narrative review of hospital-based strategies in acute care settings aimed at improving influenza vaccination rates for adult inpatients. METHODS A search was conducted using Scopus, Embase and PubMed databases for articles reporting on hospital-based interventions aimed at improving influenza vaccination for adults. Studies published in English were included and descriptively analysed. RESULTS A total of 31 articles were included. Tested interventions included 7 standing order protocols (SOP); 4 reminders; 4 assessment/administration programs; 1 patient education program; 1 organisational-based program; 7 multi-component strategies and 8 studies comparing SOPs with other strategies. One article was included in both SOPs and reminders categories. Studies were published between 1983 and 2017 and conducted in the USA, Canada, or Australia. 18 studies reported statistical significance. Individually, each type of intervention showed success. SOPs were significantly more effective than other individual interventions, but multi-component interventions (which included an SOP) were more effective than SOPs alone. Three articles reported no significant increase in uptake attributed mainly to patient refusals, even with a strategy involving patient education. Only three studies tested provider-level strategies including hospital campaigns, hospital reward programs and interdepartmental competitions, and showed success. CONCLUSIONS Hospital-based interventions are an effective means of improving opportunistic inpatient vaccination. Suggestions for future research include organisational or system-based interventions; qualitative review of barriers and enablers to inpatient vaccination programs; and re-examination of outpatient settings for vaccine delivery. Most studies were not randomised or controlled; therefore, we also recommend additional RCT studies to confirm existing findings on individual strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zaman FY, Nagalingam V, Wong C, Khu YL, Teng HWG, Janardan J, Ritchie E, Cheng AC, Aung AK. Opportunities to improve influenza vaccination rates in general medical inpatients. Intern Med J 2020; 49:662-665. [PMID: 31083800 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is an important preventative health measure. A significant proportion of general medical inpatients meets indications for annual inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV), as recommended by the Australian National Immunisation Programme. This study explores opportunities to provide IIV to eligible general medical inpatients and associated barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Y Zaman
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vathy Nagalingam
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yin Li Khu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Wen G Teng
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Janardan
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward Ritchie
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ar Kar Aung
- Department of General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurian S, Baloy B, Baird J, Burstein D, Xuan Z, Bratberg J, Tapper A, Walley A, Green TC. Attitudes and perceptions of naloxone dispensing among a sample of Massachusetts community pharmacy technicians. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:824-831. [PMID: 31582224 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is limited research on the attitudes of pharmacy technicians toward pharmacy naloxone provision, despite their widespread role in the pharmacy. We examined attitudes and perceptions of pharmacy technicians in the provision of naloxone in a sample of Massachusetts pharmacies. DESIGN Thirty-nine community retail pharmacies from 1 U.S. chain were purposely sampled in 13 municipalities across Massachusetts. Pharmacies were divided into high-risk municipalities (HRMs) versus low-risk municipalities (LRMs) based on the state average opioid-related death rate from 2011 to 2015. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A pharmacy technician working in each pharmacy was administered an in-person survey. Survey topics included technician beliefs about current naloxone provision practices; patient groups at greater risk of overdose; whether individuals filling prescriptions would benefit from naloxone; and whether individuals purchasing syringes would benefit from naloxone. OUTCOME MEASURES Closed-ended responses were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U, Fisher exact, and chi-square tests. Open-ended responses were summarized for themes and then contrasted by municipality risk status. RESULTS Technician participation was 100% (n = 39). Technicians in both groups believed they could identify patient groups at risk of overdose in their practice, but HRM technicians recognized the need for naloxone for more of their at-risk patients (81% in HRM vs. 33% in LRM believed > 25% of patients need naloxone, P < 0.01). A willingness to provide naloxone was high (> 89%) in both groups. Open-ended responses revealed commonalities between groups, including the belief that patients need lower-cost naloxone, and a lack of patient and technician awareness that naloxone could prevent overdose in individuals at risk through use of prescription opioids not just through use of illicit drugs. CONCLUSION Pharmacy technicians would benefit from overdose prevention training and are well positioned to recognize overdose risk and offer preventive interventions, such as naloxone. Among technicians, there is a high willingness to be involved in implementing broader naloxone access in pharmacies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wells C, Monte SV, Prescott WA, Danek M, Gargala E, Woodruff AE. A pharmacy resident‐driven pneumococcal vaccination protocol increases vaccination rates in hospitalized patients over 65 years. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey Wells
- Buffalo General Medical Center Buffalo New York
| | - Scott V. Monte
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York
| | - William A. Prescott
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York
| | | | - Emma Gargala
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York
| | - Ashley E. Woodruff
- Buffalo General Medical Center Buffalo New York
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bouza E, Ancochea-Bermúdez J, Campins M, Eirós-Bouza JM, Fargas J, García Rojas A, Gracia D, Gutiérrez Sánchez A, Limia A, López JA, Magro MC, Mirada G, Muñoz P, Olier E, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Urbiztondo L, Palomo E. The situation of vaccines for the prevention of infections in adults: An opinion paper on the situation in Spain. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2019; 32:333-364. [PMID: 31345005 PMCID: PMC6719651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The childhood immunization schedule is well known and generally well implemented in developed countries. For various reasons, the same is not true of vaccines aimed at preventing infections in adults, in which vaccination coverage is incomplete and generally very deficient. In order to assess the situation of adult vaccination in Spain, the Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud has brought together a series of experts in different fields, including doctors, nurses, representatives of patient associations, health managers and economists, health authorities and journalists to deal with this issue. The format was that of a round table in which a series of questions previously formulated by the coordinators were to be answered and debated. The document presented is not an exhaustive review of the topic, nor is it intended to make recommendations, but only to give a multidisciplinary opinion on topics that could be particularly debatable or controversial. The paper reviews the main vaccine-preventable adult diseases, their clinical and economic impact, the possibilities of reducing them with vaccination programmes and the difficulties in carrying them out. The role of nursing, pharmacy services, patient associations and the health administration itself in changing the current situation was discussed. Prospects for new vaccines were discussed and we speculated on the future in this field. Finally, particularly relevant ethical aspects in decision-making regarding vaccination were discussed, which must be faced by both individuals and states. We have tried to summarize, at the end of the presentation of each question, the environment of opinion that was agreed with all the members of the table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Emilio Bouza, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. C/ Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Palomo
- Esteban Palomo. Director. Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud. C/ Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos. Madrid, Spain. Phone +34 91 3530150
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huston SA, Ha DR, Hohmann LA, Hastings TJ, Garza KB, Westrick SC. Qualitative Investigation of Community Pharmacy Immunization Enhancement Program Implementation. J Pharm Technol 2019; 35:208-218. [DOI: 10.1177/8755122519852584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite widely available nonseasonal immunization services in community pharmacies, actual pharmacist-administered vaccines are not yet optimal. A flexible choice multicomponent intervention, the “We Immunize” program, was implemented in Alabama and California community pharmacies, with the goal to enhance pneumococcal and zoster immunization delivery. Limited research has been done to qualitatively understand factors influencing immunization service expansion. Objective: Explore pharmacist perceptions of the We Immunize program in terms of its acceptability, impact, and real-world feasibility, and pharmacist-perceived facilitators and barriers influencing success in immunization delivery enhancement. Methods: This practice-focused qualitative research used semistructured telephone interviews with 14 pharmacists at the completion of the 6-month intervention. Results: Major program implementation facilitators were technician inclusion, workflow changes, training and feedback, goal setting, and enhanced personal selling and marketing activities. Multiple pharmacies increased the number of delivered pneumococcal and zoster immunizations, and increased revenue. Many pharmacists felt professional image, knowledge, skills, roles, and personal satisfaction were enhanced, as were technician knowledge, skills, and roles. Program flexibility, along with multiple perceived benefits, increases the potential for success. Conclusions: The We Immunize program appears to have been viewed positively by participating pharmacists and was seen as having a beneficial impact on immunization delivery in the community pharmacies in which it was implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Huston
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - David R. Ha
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|