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Al-Adhami M, Berglund E, Wångdahl J, Salari R. A cross-sectional study of health and well-being among newly settled refugee migrants in Sweden-The role of health literacy, social support and self-efficacy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279397. [PMID: 36534679 PMCID: PMC9762600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural barriers such as inadequate housing, lack of employment opportunities, and discrimination are known to adversely affect the health of newly settled refugee migrants. However, these barriers remain largely unresolved and unaddressed. Thus, there is a need to better understand how other factors, such as individual-level health resources, may influence health and mitigate ill health in the early post-migration phase. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between health outcomes and individual health resources including health literacy, social support, and self-efficacy in newly settled refugee migrants. Survey data was collected from 787 refugee migrants in Sweden. Logistical regression analysis showed that limited health literacy, lack of emotional support, and low self-efficacy were consistently associated with poor health outcomes. Demographic variables such as gender, education, and type of residence permit were not as imperative. Individual-level health resources may play an important role in the general and psychological well-being of newly settled migrants. Promoting health literacy and facilitating the attainment of social support may buffer for structural challenges in the establishment phase and enhance the prospects of later health and social integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maissa Al-Adhami
- Research and Learning for Sustainable Development and Global Health (SWEDESD) Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Erik Berglund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Wångdahl
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raziye Salari
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Souto EP, Moreno AB, Chor D, Melo ECP, Barreto SM, Nunes MA, Griep RH. Social Capital and Depressive Episodes: Gender Differences in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort. Front Public Health 2021; 9:657700. [PMID: 34079785 PMCID: PMC8165187 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.657700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The association between social capital and depression is a frequent research topic in developed countries, often with inconclusive results. Furthermore, for both social capital and depression, there are gender differences established in the literature. This study investigates gender differences in the association of social capital with the incidence and maintenance of depressive episodes. Methods: Baseline and second wave data (4 years of follow-up) from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort of civil servants with 15,105 workers aged 35–74 years, were used. Social capital was assessed using the Resource Generator, a scale composed of two different dimensions: “social support” and “prestige and education.” Depressive episodes were assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R). The statistical analysis was performed using multinomial regression with adjustments for possible confounding factors. Results: Among men, low social capital in the “social support” dimension was associated with the incidence of depressive episodes (RR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.01–2.72). Among women, social support was associated with the maintenance of depressive episodes (RR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.61–4.41). Social capital was not associated with the incidence or maintenance of depressive episodes in the “prestige and education” dimension in both genders. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of the dimension “social support” in both genders in its association with mental health. The resource-based social capital approach proved to be adequate for investigating mental health and confirms the idea that social networks can be useful in the treatment and prevention of depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Paiva Souto
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arlinda B Moreno
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dóra Chor
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enirtes C Prates Melo
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandhi M Barreto
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosane Harter Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Souza J, de Almeida LY, de Oliveira JLG, Miasso AI, Pillon SC, Moll MF. The Social Support Buffering Effect in the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Alcohol Use Among Brazilian Women. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:1186-1193. [PMID: 31175517 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study interviewed Brazilian women regularly attending primary care to investigate whether the relationship between social support and alcohol use is direct or is mediated by stress, in order to support the development of recommendations related to health prevention and mental health promotion actions. The results suggest that social support affects the outcome alcohol use in the women studied by buffering the effect of stress. Based on these results, recommendations are made for amplifying the social support network that prevents stress-induced alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Souza
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, University of São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-902, Brasil.
| | - Letícia Yamawaka de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Inocenti Miasso
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, University of São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-902, Brasil
| | - Sandra Cristina Pillon
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, University of São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-902, Brasil
| | - Marciana Fernandes Moll
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.,University of Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
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de Souza J, Magalhães RC, Saint Arnault DM, Oliveira JLD, Barbosa SP, Assad FB, Saeki T, de Andrade LS. The Role of Social Support for Patients with Mental Disorders in Primary Care in Brazil. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:425-434. [PMID: 28448226 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1271483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to identify the health care providers and other agencies in a given region where psychiatric patients included in the study reside. In addition, we evaluated how these patients perceive social support for specific needs related to mental health. This study was carried out using fieldwork and face-to-face semistructured interviews with 25 patients who were receiving psychiatric treatment through primary health care. We performed structural analysis of the data focusing on relationship structure. We identified that a significant number of health care providers were involved with the patients; however, some of them were ignored by patients interviewed. Participants cited mostly general practitioners, psychiatrists, and nurses, as professional references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de Souza
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Raisa Chaves Magalhães
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Denise M Saint Arnault
- b Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Jaqueline Lemos de Oliveira
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sara Pinto Barbosa
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Francine Baltazar Assad
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Toyoko Saeki
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luciane Sá de Andrade
- a Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences , College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Corker E, Hamilton S, Robinson E, Cotney J, Pinfold V, Rose D, Thornicroft G, Henderson C. Viewpoint survey of mental health service users' experiences of discrimination in England 2008-2014. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134 Suppl 446:6-13. [PMID: 27426641 PMCID: PMC6681145 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discrimination reported by mental health service users in England is high. The study aims to determine changes in mental health-related discrimination from 2008 to 2014. METHODS Samples of mental health service users were interviewed from 2008 to 2014 using the Discrimination and Stigma Scale version 12. Social capital in terms of access to social resources is a marker of discrimination in terms of effects on social connections, and so from 2011, social capital also measured using the Resource Generator-UK. RESULTS Fewer participants reported discrimination in one or more life areas in 2014 compared to 2008 (OR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.94 P = 0.03). A weighted multiple regression model found a decrease in overall discrimination in 2014 compared to 2008 (mean difference: -13.55, 95% CI: -17.32 to -9.78, P < 0.001). There was not a consistent in discrimination decline between each year. No differences in access to social resources were found. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination has fallen significantly over 2008-2014, although there was not a consistent decline between years. There is no evidence that social capital has increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Corker
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - E. Robinson
- Department of BiostatisticsInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - D. Rose
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Thornicroft
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - C. Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Abstract
ABSTRACTNo study based on the Resource Generator has explored the association between individual social capital and health-related quality of life among older adults. This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the adapted Resource Generator-China, and examine the association between individual social capital measured by the Resource Generator-China and health-related quality of life of older rural-dwelling Chinese people. A field survey including 975 rural-dwelling people aged between 60 and 75 years was conducted in three counties of the Shandong Province of China in 2013. Quality of life was measured by the Chinese version of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): scores of Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary. Cumulative scale analyses were performed to analyse the homogeneity and reliability of the Resource Generator-China. We constructed generalised linear models by gender to examine the associations of social capital with health-related quality of life. Our findings suggest that the adapted instrument for older rural-dwelling Chinese people can be a reliable and valid measure of access to individual social capital. There were positive associations between individual social capital (total scores and sub-scale scores) and health-related quality of life. Individual social capital had a stronger association with mental health among women than men. Future studies should be improved through a longitudinal design with a larger and randomised sample covering large geographical rural areas in China.
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Lecerof SS, Stafström M, Westerling R, Östergren PO. Does social capital protect mental health among migrants in Sweden? Health Promot Int 2015; 31:644-52. [PMID: 26048867 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dav048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor mental health is common among migrants. This has been explained by migration-related and socio-economic factors. Weak social capital has also been related to poor mental health. Few studies have explored factors that protect mental health of migrants in the post-migration phase. Such knowledge could be useful for health promotion purposes. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse associations between financial difficulties, housing problems and experience of discrimination and poor mental health; and to detect possible effect modification by social capital, among recently settled Iraqi migrants in Sweden. A postal questionnaire in Arabic was sent to recently settled Iraqi citizens. The response rate was 51% (n = 617). Mental health was measured by the GHQ-12 instrument and social capital was defined as social participation and trust in others. Data were analysed by means of logistic regression. Poor mental health was associated with experience of discrimination (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.73-4.79), housing problems (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.84-4.22), and financial difficulties (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.44-3.19), after adjustments. Trust in others seemed to have a protective effect for mental health when exposed to these factors. Social participation had a protective effect when exposed to experience of discrimination. Social determinants and social capital in the host country play important roles in the mental health of migrants. Social capital modifies the effect of risk factors and might be a fruitful way to promote resilience to factors harmful to mental health among migrants, but must be combined with policy efforts to reduce social inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sundell Lecerof
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmoe, CRC, Lund University, 205 02 Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Martin Stafström
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmoe, CRC, Lund University, 205 02 Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Westerling
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 564, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Östergren
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmoe, CRC, Lund University, 205 02 Malmoe, Sweden
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Stolk Y, Sevar K, Tran N, Mancuso SG, Chopra P, Castle D. A comparative study of the economic and social functioning of Vietnamese-Australians with low English proficiency living with psychotic illness. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61:319-29. [PMID: 25080442 DOI: 10.1177/0020764014543710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because national surveys of people living with psychotic disorders tend to exclude people with low English proficiency (LEP), little is known of their economic and social functioning. Culturally influenced explanatory models may result in delayed presentation and poorer functioning. AIMS The study aimed to compare the functioning of LEP Vietnamese-Australian and Australian-born patients with psychosis and to investigate the Vietnamese-Australians' pathways to care. METHOD In all, 19 LEP Vietnamese-Australians, previously excluded from the Australian Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP), were matched with 15 Australian-born controls, and interviewed by a Vietnamese bilingual mental health professional using the SHIP Interview Schedule. RESULTS The Vietnamese-Australian patients were significantly more likely to live with family, rate spirituality as important and participate in community rehabilitation programs. Their work, social and independent functioning, was better than the controls. The groups did not differ in mental health services received and satisfaction with services. Although half of Vietnamese-Australians attributed mental illness to supernatural, among other causes, none had consulted traditional healers. CONCLUSIONS Despite LEP, Vietnamese-Australians with psychosis showed comparable or better functioning than Australian-born patients. Further investigation is recommended into LEP patients' clinical and social recovery and the role of language communities' support networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Stolk
- Transcultural Psychology Consultant, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Sevar
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nga Tran
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Serafino G Mancuso
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Prem Chopra
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - David Castle
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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Stratta P, de Cataldo S, Bonanni RL, Rossi A. Community mental health service utilization after the L'Aquila earthquake. Community Ment Health J 2015; 51:504-8. [PMID: 25540028 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-014-9822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of the facilities for the mental health by the population affected by the L'Aquila (Italy) 2009 earthquake. The data about the activities of the Mental Health Centre of L'Aquila during the years from 2008 to 2010 were obtained by the service Information System. In the months following the event the percentage of referrals was reduced. Failure to use specialized facilities after disasters should not be seen as reassuring. It is conceivable that a relevant rate of frank or sub-threshold psychopathology is present that the traditional mental health facilities may not be able to intercept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stratta
- National Mental Health Care Service (NMHCS), L'Aquila, Italy,
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Thomson G, Balaam MC, Hymers K. Building social capital through breastfeeding peer support: insights from an evaluation of a voluntary breastfeeding peer support service in North-West England. Int Breastfeed J 2015; 10:15. [PMID: 25897318 PMCID: PMC4404123 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-015-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peer support is reported to be a key method to help build social capital in communities. To date there are no studies that describe how this can be achieved through a breastfeeding peer support service. In this paper we present findings from an evaluation of a voluntary model of breastfeeding peer support in North-West England to describe how the service was operationalized and embedded into the community. This study was undertaken from May, 2012 to May, 2013. Methods Interviews (group or individual) were held with 87 participants: 24 breastfeeding women, 13 peer supporters and 50 health and community professionals. The data contained within 23 monthly monitoring reports (January, 2011 to February 2013) compiled by the voluntary peer support service were also extracted and analysed. Results Thematic analysis was undertaken using social capital concepts as a theoretical lens. Key findings were identified to resonate with’bonding’, ‘bridging’ and ‘linking’ forms of social capital. These insights illuminate how the peer support service facilitates ‘bonds’ with its members, and within and between women who access the service; how the service ‘bridges’ with individuals from different interests and backgrounds, and how ‘links’ were forged with those in authority to gain access and reach to women and to promote a breastfeeding culture. Some of the tensions highlighted within the social capital literature were also identified. Conclusions Horizontal and vertical relationships forged between the peer support service and community members enabled peer support to be embedded into care pathways, helped to promote positive attitudes to breastfeeding and to disseminate knowledge and maximise reach for breastfeeding support across the community. Further effort to engage with those of different ethnic backgrounds and to resolve tensions between peer supporters and health professionals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Thomson
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Nurture Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Marie-Clare Balaam
- Research in Childbirth and Health Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Kirsty Hymers
- East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Road, Blackburn, Lancashire BB2 3HH UK
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Webber M, Reidy H, Ansari D, Stevens M, Morris D. Enhancing social networks: a qualitative study of health and social care practice in UK mental health services. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2015; 23:180-189. [PMID: 25441461 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
People with severe mental health problems such as psychosis have access to less social capital, defined as resources within social networks, than members of the general population. However, a lack of theoretically and empirically informed models hampers the development of social interventions which seek to enhance an individual's social networks. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study, which used ethnographic field methods in six sites in England to investigate how workers helped people recovering from psychosis to enhance their social networks. This study drew upon practice wisdom and lived experience to provide data for intervention modelling. Data were collected from 73 practitioners and 51 people who used their services in two phases. Data were selected and coded using a grounded theory approach to depict the key themes that appeared to underpin the generation of social capital within networks. Findings are presented in four over-arching themes - worker skills, attitudes and roles; connecting people processes; role of the agency; and barriers to network development. The sub-themes which were identified included worker attitudes; person-centred approach; equality of worker-individual relationship; goal setting; creating new networks and relationships; engagement through activities; practical support; existing relationships; the individual taking responsibility; identifying and overcoming barriers; and moving on. Themes were consistent with recovery models used within mental health services and will provide the basis for the development of an intervention model to enhance individuals' access to social capital within networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Webber
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Pinfold V, Sweet D, Porter I, Quinn C, Byng R, Griffiths C, Billsborough J, Enki DG, Chandler R, Webber M, Larsen J, Carpenter J, Huxley P. Improving community health networks for people with severe mental illness: a case study investigation. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPolicy drivers in mental health to address personal recovery, stigma and poor physical health indicate that new service solutions are required. This study aimed to understand how connections to people, places and activities were utilised by individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) to benefit health and wellbeing.MethodsA five-module mixed-methods design was undertaken in two study sites. Data were collected from 150 network-mapping interviews and 41 in-depth follow-up interviews with people with SMI; in-depth interviews with 30 organisation stakeholders and 12 organisation leaders; and 44 telephone interviews with practitioners. We undertook a three-stage synthesis process including independent lived experience feedback, and a patient and public involvement team participated in tool design, data collection, analysis and write-up.ResultsThree personal network types were found in our study using the community health network approach: diverse and active; family and stable; formal and sparse. Controlled for other factors we found only four variables significantly associated with which network type a participant had: living alone or not; housing status; formal education; long-term sickness or disability. Diagnosis was not a factor. These variables are challenging to address but they do point to potential for network change. The qualitative interviews with people with SMI provided further understanding of connection-building and resource utilisation. We explored individual agency across each network type, and identified recognition of the importance and value of social support and active connection management alongside the risks of isolation, even for those most affected by mental illness. We identified tensions in personal networks, be that relationships with practitioners or families, dealing with the impact of stigma, or frustrations of not being in employment, which all impact on network resources and well-being. The value of connectedness within personal networks of people, place and activity for supporting recovery was evident in shaping identity, providing meaning to life and sense of belonging, gaining access to new resources, structuring routines and helping individuals ‘move on’ in their recovery journey.Health-care practitioners recognised that social factors were important in recovery but reported system-level barriers (workload, administrative bureaucracy, limited contact time with clients) in addressing these issues fully. Even practitioners working in third-sector services whose remit involved increasing clients’ social connection faced restrictions due to being evaluated by outcome criteria that limited holistic recovery-focused practices. Service providers were keen to promote recovery-focused approaches. We found contrasts between recovery ideology within mental health policy and recovery practice on the ground. In particular, the social aspects of supporting people with SMI are often underprioritised in the health-care system. In a demanding and changing context, strategic multiagency working was seen as crucial but we found few examples of embedded multisector organisation partnerships.ConclusionWhile our exploratory study has limitations, findings suggest potential for people with SMI to be supported to become more active managers of their personal networks to support well-being regardless of current network type. The health and social care system does not currently deliver multiagency integrated solutions to support SMI and social recovery.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Porter
- Primary Care Group, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Cath Quinn
- Primary Care Group, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Richard Byng
- Primary Care Group, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | - Doyo Gragn Enki
- Primary Care Group, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ruth Chandler
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, West Sussex, UK
| | - Martin Webber
- International Centre for Mental Health Social Research, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - John Carpenter
- Department of Social Work and Applied Social Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Huxley
- Centre for Social Work and Social Care Research, University of Swansea, Swansea, UK
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Henderson RC, Corker E, Hamilton S, Williams P, Pinfold V, Rose D, Webber M, Evans-Lacko S, Thornicroft G. Viewpoint survey of mental health service users' experiences of discrimination in England 2008-2012. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1599-608. [PMID: 25038739 PMCID: PMC4165871 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research suggests levels of discrimination among mental health service users in England are high, but fell over the course of the first phase of the Time to Change programme to reduce stigma and discrimination (2008-2011). The aim of this study was to determine changes in discrimination levels, both overall and by the area of life in which discrimination is experienced, since Time to Change began and over the first year of its second phase (2011-2012). METHOD Separate samples of mental health service users were interviewed annually from 2008 to 2012 using the Discrimination and Stigma Scale. In 2011 and 2012, social capital was also measured using the Resource Generator-UK. RESULTS Sample percentages of participants reporting the experience of discrimination in one or more life areas for years 2008-2012 were 91.4, 86.5, 86.2, 87.9 and 91.0 %, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to test for significant differences by study year, weighted to match the study population and adjusted for employment status and diagnosis as potential confounding factors. The odds of reporting discrimination in one or more life areas were significantly lower as compared to 2008 for all subsequent years except for 2012 (0.76, 95 % CI 0.49-1.19). However, a weighted multiple regression model provided evidence of decreased mean overall discrimination in 2012 as compared to 2008 (mean decrease -7.57, 95 % CI -11.1 to -4.0, p < 0.001). The weighted mean number of social resources was 13.5 in 2012 as compared to 14.0 in 2011 (mean difference -0.60, 95 % CI -1.25 to 0.06). CONCLUSIONS While the overall level of discrimination across the life areas studied has fallen over 2008-2012, there is no evidence that more people using mental health services experience no discrimination. We suggest that the pattern suggesting a recent rise in discrimination following an earlier reduction may be linked to economic austerity. Further, the welfare benefits system has become an increasing source of discriminatory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, David Goldberg Centre P029, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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14
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Zoppei S, Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Van Bortel T, Nyqvist F, Webber M, Aromaa E, Van Weeghel J, Lanfredi M, Harangozó J, Wahlbeck K, Thornicroft G. Social capital and reported discrimination among people with depression in 15 European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1589-98. [PMID: 24638892 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social capital is a protective factor for mental health. People with depression are vulnerable to discrimination and its damaging impact. No previous studies have explored the link between social capital and experienced or anticipated discrimination in people with depression. This study aims to test the hypothesis that levels of self-reported discrimination in people with depression are inversely associated with social capital levels. METHOD A total of 434 people with major depression recruited in outpatient settings across 15 European countries participated in the study. Multivariable regression was used to analyse relationships between discrimination and interpersonal and institutional trust, social support and social network. RESULTS Significant inverse association was found between discrimination and social capital in people with major depression. Specifically, people with higher levels of social capital were less likely to have elevated or substantially elevated levels of experienced discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Higher level of social capital may be closely associated with lower level of experienced discrimination among patients with major depression. It is important to explore these associations more deeply and to establish possible directions of causality in order to identify interventions that may promote social capital and reduce discrimination. This may permit greater integration in society and more access to important life opportunities for people with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zoppei
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Policlinico "G.B. Rossi", P.le Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy,
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15
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Griep RH, Santos SM, Cardoso LDO, Fonseca MDJMD, Alves MGDM, Souto EP, Chor D. [Social capital in ELSA-Brasil: test-retest reliability of the Resource Generator scale]. Rev Saude Publica 2014; 47 Suppl 2:131-9. [PMID: 24346730 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the test-retest reliability of items of the Resource Generator scale for assessing social capital in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS The social capital was applied in a subsample of 281 participants from six ELSA investigation centers, on two occasions with an interval of seven to 14 days. The instrument consists of 31 items that represent concrete situations to evaluate the access to different types of resources. In addition, it evaluates the strength of ties (family, friends or acquaintances) for the available resources. Statistical analyses were performed through use of the kappa statistic (k) and prevalence-adjusted kappa (ka). RESULTS A high frequency was found for social resources (above 50%). Regarding the presence or absence of resources, prevalence-adjusted reliability (ka) varied from 0.54 to 0.97. With regard to the source for the resource, the reliability estimates ranged from ka = 0.45 ("someone who has good contacts with the media") to ka = 0.86 ("someone who completed secondary education"). CONCLUSIONS The scale presented adequate levels of reliability, which varied according to the type of resource.
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16
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Henderson C, O'Hara S, Thornicroft G, Webber M. Corporate social responsibility and mental health: the Premier League football Imagine Your Goals programme. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014; 26:460-6. [PMID: 25137112 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2014.924486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Football is increasingly used to facilitate recovery in mental health services, often in partnership with football clubs. However, few clubs have made mental health part of their corporate social responsibility programmes until recently. We report the impact on participants of the 'Imagine Your Goals' programme, run by 16 Premier League football clubs in conjunction with England's Time to Change programme to reduce mental health-related stigma and discrimination. Mixed methods evaluation used pre/post measures of well-being, access to social capital, focus groups held early on and towards the end of the two-year programmes, and questionnaires for coaching staff. There were no significant changes to participants' mental well-being scores between baseline and follow-up, nor to the total number of social resources accessible through their networks. However, there was a statistically significant increase at follow-up in the mean score of the personal skills subscale of the Resource Generator-UK. Participants' individual skills were also higher at follow-up. Qualitative data showed programmes had largely met participants' expectations in terms of socializing, providing structure and improving fitness levels, exceeded expectations in relationships with coaching staff and additional activities, but did not always meet them in improving football skills. Participants varied in their knowledge of exit opportunities, depending on which club's programme they attended. A minority of clubs reported difficulties in recruitment and concerns about planning for the future of the projects. Football clubs and the charitable foundations they set up can successfully deliver programmes to people with mental health problems which improve access to personal skills social capital and have other potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , UK
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17
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Webber M, Corker E, Hamilton S, Weeks C, Pinfold V, Rose D, Thornicroft G, Henderson C. Discrimination against people with severe mental illness and their access to social capital: findings from the Viewpoint survey. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2014; 23:155-65. [PMID: 23683403 PMCID: PMC6998171 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796013000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. Discrimination against people with severe mental illness is an international problem. It is associated with reduced social contact and hinders recovery. This paper aims to evaluate if experienced or anticipated discrimination is associated with social capital, a known correlate of mental health. Methods. Data from the annual viewpoint cross-sectional survey of people with severe mental illness (n = 1016) were analysed. Exploratory univariate analysis was used to identify correlates of social capital in the sample, which were then evaluated in linear regression models. Additional hypotheses were tested using t tests. Results. Experienced discrimination made a modest contribution to the explained variance of social capital. Experienced discrimination from friends and immediate family was associated with reduced access to social capital from these groups, but this was not found for wider family, neighbours or mental health staff. Experience of discrimination in finding or keeping a job was also associated with reduced access to social capital. Conclusions. Further longitudinal research is needed to determine how resources within people's networks can help to build resilience, which reduces the harmful effect of discrimination on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Webber
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - E. Corker
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | - C. Weeks
- The McPin Foundation, London, UK
| | | | - D. Rose
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - G. Thornicroft
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - C. Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Webber M. From ethnography to randomized controlled trial: an innovative approach to developing complex social interventions. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK 2014; 11:173-182. [PMID: 24405141 DOI: 10.1080/15433714.2013.847265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evidence base for mental health social work is vastly under-developed in contrast to medicine and psychology. Without randomized controlled trial evidence of effectiveness, social work interventions are largely absent from UK clinical guidelines and are increasingly difficult to defend in multidisciplinary teams. This article will discuss an innovative and thorough approach to developing a social intervention which will be amenable to evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Using ethnography to capture practice wisdom, underpinned by social capital theory with its own rich evidence base, the intervention will help people recovering from an episode of psychosis to connect, or reconnect, with other people. It is envisaged that by ensuring the intervention is grounded in the lived experience of workers and service users it will be more amenable to implementation in routine practice, and produce better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Webber
- a Department of Social Policy and Social Work , University of York , York , United Kingdom
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Latent variable model for suicide risk in relation to social capital and socio-economic status. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47:1205-19. [PMID: 21874524 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-011-0429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little evidence on the association between suicide outcomes (ideation, attempts, self-harm) and social capital. This paper investigates such associations using a structural equation model based on health survey data, and allowing for both individual and contextual risk factors. METHODS Social capital and other major risk factors for suicide, namely socioeconomic status and social isolation, are modelled as latent variables that are proxied (or measured) by observed indicators or question responses for survey subjects. These latent scales predict suicide risk in the structural component of the model. Also relevant to explaining suicide risk are contextual variables, such as area deprivation and region of residence, as well as the subject's demographic status. The analysis is based on the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey and includes 7,403 English subjects. A Bayesian modelling strategy is used. RESULTS Models with and without social capital as a predictor of suicide risk are applied. A benefit to statistical fit is demonstrated when social capital is added as a predictor. Social capital varies significantly by geographic context variables (neighbourhood deprivation, region), and this impacts on the direct effects of these contextual variables on suicide risk. In particular, area deprivation is not confirmed as a distinct significant influence. The model develops a suicidality risk score incorporating social capital, and the success of this risk score in predicting actual suicide events is demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Social capital as reflected in neighbourhood perceptions is a significant factor affecting risks of different types of self-harm and may mediate the effects of other contextual variables such as area deprivation.
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