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Arafat SMY, Menon V, Khan MAS, Htay MNN, Singh R, Biyyala D, Krishnamoorthy Y, Mynampally K. Marital status and suicidal behavior in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1781. [PMID: 38130329 PMCID: PMC10733573 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The connection between marital status and suicidal behavior has been poorly assessed in South Asia. We aimed to see the proportion of marital status in individuals with suicidal behavior in South Asian countries. Methods We followed PRISMA guidelines and registered the protocol in advance (PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023399906). A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO. Meta-analyses were performed to pool the proportion of married individuals with suicidal behavior (total [suicide + suicide attempts], suicide, and suicide attempt) in South Asian countries. We considered suicidal behavior consist of suicide and suicide attempts (nonfatal). Results Our search identified 47 studies for this review from 6 countries published from 1999 to 2022 with a sample size ranging from 27 to 89,178. The proportion of married individuals was 55.4% (95% CI: 50.1-60.5) for suicidal behavior, 52.7% (95% CI: 44.5-60.7) for suicides, and 43.1 (95% CI: 32.9-53.9) for suicide attempts. The proportion of married persons among suicide attempts varied significantly across countries (p = 0.016) which was highest (61.8%; 95% CI: 57.2-66.2) in India, followed by Bangladesh (52.5%; 95% CI: 41.8%-62.9%) and Pakistan (45.1%; 95% CI: 30.9-59.9). The pooled proportions did not differ significantly in relation to the quality of the studies (p = 0.633). Conclusion This review identified married persons died more than others by suicide in South Asian countries while single persons attempted suicide than married. As the current study did not assess any cause-and-effect association, a cautious interpretation is warranted while considering married marital status as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Yasir Arafat
- Department of PsychiatryEnam Medical College and HospitalDhakaBangladesh
| | - Vikas Menon
- Department of PsychiatryJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Md Abdullah Saeed Khan
- Department of Community MedicineNational Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Mila Nu Nu Htay
- Department of Community MedicineManipal University College Malaysia, Faculty of MedicineMelakaMalaysia
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Research – Transcultural Psychosocial Organization NepalKathmanduNepal
| | | | | | - Keerthana Mynampally
- Department of PsychiatryJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
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Kaur S, Chowdhary S, Kumar D, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Molecular toxicology and laboratory testing. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 551:117584. [PMID: 37805177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Population and food requirements are increasing daily throughout the world. To fulfil these requirements application of pesticides is also increasing. Organophosphorous (OP) and Organocarbamate (OC) compounds are widely used pesticides. These pesticides are used for suicidal purposes too. Both inhibit Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinergic symptoms are mainly used for the diagnosis of pesticide poisoning. Although the symptoms of the intoxication of OP and OC are similar, recent research has described different targets for OP and OC pesticides. Researchers believe the distinction of OP/OC poisoning will be beneficial for the management of pesticide exposure. OP compounds produce adducts with several proteins. There is a new generation of OP compounds like glyphosate that do not inhibit AChE. Therefore, it's high time to develop biomarkers that can distinguish OP poisoning from OC poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanpreet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sheemona Chowdhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Naveed S, Tahir SM, Imran N, Rafiq B, Ayub M, Haider II, Khan MM. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Patterns of Suicide in Pakistan: An Analysis of Current Trends. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:1064-1070. [PMID: 36609784 PMCID: PMC9825092 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-01086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a global phenomenon with about 79% of suicides occurring in low and middle-income countries. This study investigated current trends, demographics, and characteristics of completed suicides based on reports from leading Pakistani Newspapers. This study performed a qualitative analysis of completed suicides in Pakistan's four newspapers from January 1st, 2019, through December 31st, 2020. Data about socio-demographic characteristics, methods of suicide, possible motives, and associated features were analyzed. 2295 suicides were reported in Pakistan during 2019 and 2020. About 61.87% were completed by men, and 38.12% by women. The most suicides occurred in individuals ages < 30 years. The predominant method of suicide in this group was ingestion of poisonous substances. The most commonly reported reasons for suicide were domestic conflicts, financial problems, and failure in love/marriage. By providing insight into characteristics of suicide, this study highlights the need for effective suicide prevention policies and programs to tackle rising rates of suicide in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq Naveed
- Eastern Health Connecticut Network, Manchester, CT, USA.
| | | | - Nazish Imran
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bariah Rafiq
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ayub
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Menon V, Cherian AV, Gnanadas J, Kar SK, Vijayakumar L. NCRB Indian suicide data 2021: The key trends and their implications. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 84:103568. [PMID: 36996676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Menon
- Dept of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India.
| | - Anish V Cherian
- Dept of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Jilisha Gnanadas
- Dept of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Sujita Kumar Kar
- Dept of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Lakshmi Vijayakumar
- Founder SNEHA, Chennai-600028, Head, Dept of Psychiatry, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai-600113, Honorary Associate Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia, Honorary Adjunct Professor, University of Griffith, Australia
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Siddiq H, Elhaija A, Wells K. An Integrative Review of Community-Based Mental Health Interventions Among Resettled Refugees from Muslim-Majority Countries. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:160-174. [PMID: 35751790 PMCID: PMC9244342 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-00994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resettled refugees from Muslim-majority countries are underrepresented in research and meeting their mental health needs remains a challenge for countries of resettlement. In this integrative review, we synthesize community-based mental health interventions using an ecological framework. Eleven relevant studies were identified using PubMed and PsychInfo database. Most interventions focus on micro-system level factors like promoting integration and social connections suggest improvement of outcomes including depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. Studies suggest how mental health programs addressing psychosocial wellbeing improves outcomes across ecological levels through: (1) early screening upon resettlement; (2) education and raising awareness of mental health; and (3) engagement of refugees in local community social support systems. Largely qualitative studies suggest benefits of engagement and education program for refugees, but there is a need for high quality, rigorous mental health intervention studies with resettled refugees with explicit attention to equitable and collaborative partnerships across multiple sectors in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafifa Siddiq
- School of Nursing, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1748 E. 118th St., Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave. Suite 900, Los Angeles, 90024, USA.
| | - Ahmad Elhaija
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave. Suite 900, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Kenneth Wells
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , Los Angeles, 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Lee KS, Lim D, Paik JW, Choi YY, Jeon J, Sung HK. Suicide attempt-related emergency department visits among adolescents: a nationwide population-based study in Korea, 2016-2019. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:418. [PMID: 35733111 PMCID: PMC9215032 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of adolescent suicide in Korea is increasing; however, nationwide data regarding short-term prediction of suicide attempts (SAs) is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence of SA-related annual emergency department (ED) visits among adolescents in Korea from 2016 to 2019 and to summarize the corresponding demographic and clinical characteristics based on the dispositions of SA-related ED visits. METHODS Most referral hospitals provide relevant essential ED information to the National Emergency Medical Center through the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS). We analyzed NEDIS data on adolescent visits (aged < 20 years) for a 4-year period from 2016 to 2019. Patients were classified into the discharge and hospitalization groups for comparison, and jointpoint regression analysis was used to identify the years in which there was a change in annual percentage change (APC) in age- and sex-standardized incidence rates of SA-related ED visits. The characteristics of patients in the discharge group and hospitalization group subgroups were also compared. RESULTS The APC in the incidence rate of SA-related ED visits in the 4-year study period revealed a 35.61% increase. The incidence rate increase was higher among females (APC: 46.26%) than among males (APC: 17.95%). Moreover, the incidence rate increased faster in mid-adolescence patients (APC: 51.12%) than in late-adolescence patients (APC: 26.98%). The proportion of poisoning as the SA method was 69.7% in the hospitalization group and 34.5% in the discharge group (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that an increase in the number of SA-related ED visits among female and mid-adolescent patients represented the largest increase in SA-related ED visits from 2016 to 2019. Accordingly, evidence-based suicide prevention programs need to be customized based on sex and age, and further diversification of health care systems is needed through analysis of the characteristics of the dispositions of SA-related ED visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Shin Lee
- grid.415619.e0000 0004 1773 6903Research Institute for Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daesung Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Paik
- grid.411231.40000 0001 0357 1464Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Young Choi
- grid.415619.e0000 0004 1773 6903Research Institute for Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea ,grid.415619.e0000 0004 1773 6903Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Jeon
- grid.415619.e0000 0004 1773 6903Research Institute for Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea ,grid.415619.e0000 0004 1773 6903Division of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Sung
- Research Institute for Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. .,National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, 245 Eulgi-ro, Jung-gu, 04564, Seoul, Korea.
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Alrasheed FK, Alowairdhi YA, Alkharashi YM, Alomar AO, Alqirnas MQ, Alhussaini NA, Albassam A, Almosa AS, Alkhars AZ, Alhelail M. Suicide Attempts by Poisoning: An Experience From a High-Volume Emergency Department. Cureus 2022; 14:e23330. [PMID: 35464598 PMCID: PMC9015061 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a tremendous increase in self-poisoning behavior worldwide, with different trends depending on cultural and geographic aspects. Objectives Our study aims to assess the trends, outcomes, and predictors in patients of suicide attempts by poisoning at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) ED. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study took place at KAMC. Frequencies and percentages were used to display categorical variables. Minimum, maximum, mean, and SD were used to display continuous variables. Chi-squared test and independent t-test were utilized to test for factors associated with suicidal intention. Results A total of 130 cases were identified. The participants were mostly females (73.8%, n = 96). Most of the participants were pediatric patients (57.7%, n = 75). The most consumed agents were acetaminophen in 59 (45.83%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in 22 (16.92%). The ICU admission rate was 8.5% (n = 11). The management for both populations was unspecific, involving observation, supportive measures, and symptomatic treatment. BMI (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.012), and a history of neuropsychiatric disorders (p < 0.001) were associated factors. Conclusion It is crucial that the trends and risk factors of self-poisoning suicide attempts are identified to provide support to those in need. Several variables of interest were noted since the two most observed agents share several key features, such as accessibility and availability. However, contradicting literature reports warrant further investigation to confirm or negate the evidence.
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8
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Ilic M, Ilic I. Trends in suicide by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation in Serbia, 1991-2020: A joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:505-520. [PMID: 35433320 PMCID: PMC8968500 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hanging is one of the most commonly used methods for suicide in both sexes worldwide. In a number of countries, hanging mortality has increased over the last decades. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of studies that have explored the patterns and trends for mortality of suicide by hanging on global, regional and national levels, as most evaluations are limited to certain populations.
AIM To assess the trends of suicide mortality by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation in Serbia, from 1991 to 2020.
METHODS This nationwide study, with epidemiological descriptive study design, was carried out based on official data. The age-standardized rates (ASRs, expressed per 100000 persons) were calculated by direct standardization, using the World Standard Population. Mortality trends from suicide by hanging were assessed using the joinpoint regression analysis: The average annual percent change (AAPC) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated. Age-period-cohort analysis was performed to address the possible underlying reasons for the observed suicide trends.
RESULTS Over the 30-year period studied, there were 24340 deaths by hanging (17750 males and 6590 females) in Serbia. In 2020, the ASR of deaths by hanging was 4.5 per 100000 persons in both sexes together (7.6 in males vs 1.7 in females). The trends of suicide mortality by hanging decreased significantly between 1991 and 2020 in both males (AAPC = -1.7% per year; 95%CI: -2.0 to -1.4) and females (AAPC = - 3.5% per year; 95%CI: -3.9 to -3.1). Mortality rates of suicide by hanging had a continuously decreasing tendency in both sexes together in all age groups: The only exception was among males in 40-49 age group, with an increasing trend of suicide by hanging from 1991 to 2011 (by +0.3% per year).
CONCLUSION The trends in suicide mortality by hanging have been decreasing in Serbia in the last three decades in both sexes, but this was more pronounced in women than in men. Despite the decreasing trends observed in mortality of suicide by hanging, further research is needed for better clarification of trends and help in suicide prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Irena Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Ramesh P, Taylor PJ, McPhillips R, Raman R, Robinson C. A Scoping Review of Gender Differences in Suicide in India. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:884657. [PMID: 35669273 PMCID: PMC9165759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much of the published literature on suicide comes from high income countries. In countries such as India, female suicide rates exceed the global suicide rate and suicide rates found in their male counterparts. Results from previous studies indicate that factors related to suicide among men and women in India are different from those seen in high-income countries. To date, no reviews have considered the relationship between gender and suicide in India. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of existing literature reporting gender differences in suicide rates, methods, risk factors and antecedent factors in India by reviewing published studies. METHOD A scoping review was conducted to map the existing literature on gender differences in suicide in India. To identify peer-reviewed publications, online databases PsycINFO and Embase were searched. The search terms were [suicid* AND India*]. The searches took place in November 2020 and May 2021, with no language restrictions. Articles published from 2014 onwards from India were included. Reference lists of selected studies were searched for studies that could meet the inclusion criteria. RESULTS This review identified 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The ratio between women and men who die by suicide in India is much lower than in high-income countries. Hanging was found to be a more commonly used method of suicide among both men and women, in comparison to high-income countries where hanging is more common among men. This review also identified several gaps in the literature. There were few studies that examined suicide among transgender Indians. There was limited literature on gender differences in risk and protective factors for suicide. Limitations such as the omission of a lack of gender-based analyses in several studies and under-reporting of suicide rates were identified. CONCLUSION Understanding suicide within the context of individual countries is essential in designing culture-appropriate suicide prevention strategies. This review identified an urgent need to establish and evaluate suicide surveillance systems in India. Furthermore, additional research is warranted to understand suicide among individuals who identify outside the gender binary, and gender-specific risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Ramesh
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McPhillips
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Raman
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India
| | - Catherine Robinson
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Ullah Z, Shah NA, Khan SS, Ahmad N, Scholz M. Mapping Institutional Interventions to Mitigate Suicides: A Study of Causes and Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010880. [PMID: 34682627 PMCID: PMC8535598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is an extreme, tragic act and an important subject for social inquiry. It is the rising public health issue prevalent in the Himalayan range of Pakistan. The young and educated population is more prone to suicide instead of using this prime phase of age productively. Unfortunately, the suicide problem remains unaddressed, the causes remain undefined, solutions are not in the works, and in situations when others play a part in driving someone to commit suicide, no one is being held accountable. This study is aimed at uncovering the root causes of suicide and proposing some preventive measures to mitigate the problem. Our team studied three years’ worth of data (2017–2019) on suicides from the office of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Chitral. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews of different stakeholders, including family members, neighbors, lawyers, and police personnel. The findings revealed that extended family pressures, the power dynamic between sustainers and dependents, family conflicts, and inheritance cases were the major causes of the domestic violence that preceded suicide attempts. Mental health issues, forced marriages, academic competitions, and flawed litigation processes were also among the leading causes of suicide. Awareness through education and religious sermons, strengthening healthcare organizations, restructuring family systems, establishing police complaint centers, effective prosecution processes, and imparting lifesaving skills have been identified as measures to prevent suicide. This study has theoretical and practical implications, as it adds certain novel variables regarding the causes and solutions of suicide to the existing body of literature and guides public authorities to strengthen institutions to intervene effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah
- Faculty of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | - Naveed Ahmad
- Faculty of Management Studies, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; or
- Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Miklas Scholz
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
- Department of Town Planning, Engineering Networks and Systems, South Ural State University (National Research University), 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (Z.U.); (M.S.)
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