1
|
Wu B, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Maertens T, Kuang T, Fan P, Chen F, Zhong M, Tan J, Yang J. Preparation and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane foams with bimodal structure based on TPU/PDMS blends. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
2
|
Oluwabunmi KE, Zhao W, D’Souza NA. Carbon Capture Utilization for Biopolymer Foam Manufacture: Thermal, Mechanical and Acoustic Performance of PCL/PHBV CO 2 Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152559. [PMID: 34372162 PMCID: PMC8347200 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer foams manufactured using CO2 enables a novel intersection for economic, environmental, and ecological impact but limited CO2 solubility remains a challenge. PHBV has low solubility in CO2 while PCL has high CO2 solubility. In this paper, PCL is used to blend into PBHV. Both unfoamed and foamed blends are examined. Foaming the binary blends at two depressurization stages with subcritical CO2 as the blowing agent, produced open-cell and closed-cell foams with varying cellular architecture at different PHBV concentrations. Differential Scanning Calorimetry results showed that PHBV had some solubility in PCL and foams developed a PCL rich, PHBV rich and mixed phase. Scanning Electron Microscopy and pcynometry established cell size and density which reflected benefits of PCL presence. Acoustic performance showed limited benefits from foaming but mechanical performance of foams showed a significant impact from PHBV presence in PCL. Thermal performance reflected that foams were affected by the blend thermal conductivity, but the impact was significantly higher in the foams than in the unfoamed blends. The results provide a pathway to multifunctional performance in foams of high performance biopolymers such as PBHV through harnessing the CO2 miscibility of PCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayode E. Oluwabunmi
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (K.E.O.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weihuan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (K.E.O.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nandika Anne D’Souza
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (K.E.O.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-940-565-2979
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen H, Jia Y, Xiang B, Zhang W, Luo S, Liu T. A facile preparation of the superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane materials and its performances based on the supercritical fluid foaming. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yalan Jia
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Bin Xiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Wenhuan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Preparation and properties of silicone rubber materials with foam/solid alternating multilayered structures. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, silicone rubber materials with foam/solid alternating multilayered structures were successfully constructed by combining the two methods of multilayered hot-pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) foaming. The cellular morphology and mechanical properties of the foam/solid alternating multilayered silicone rubber materials were systematically studied. The results show that the growth of the cell was restrained by the solid layer, resulting in a decrease in the cell size. In addition, the introduction of the solid layer effectively improved the mechanical properties of the microcellular silicone rubber foam. The tensile strength and compressive strength of the foam/solid alternating multilayered silicone rubber materials reached 5.39 and 1.08 MPa, which are 46.1% and 237.5% of the pure silicone rubber foam, respectively. Finite element analysis (FEA) was applied and the results indicate that the strength and proportion of the solid layer played important roles in the tensile strength of the foam/solid alternating multilayered silicone rubber materials. Moreover, the small cellular structures in silicone rubber foam can provided a high supporting counterforce during compression, meaning that the microcellular structure of silicone rubber foam improved the compressive property compared to that for the large cellular structure of silicone rubber foam.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sencadas V, Tawk C, Searle T, Alici G. Low-Hysteresis and Ultrasensitive Microcellular Structures for Wearable Electronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1632-1643. [PMID: 33375786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies offer the opportunity to record human physiological signals in real time, in a noninvasive way, and the data can be used to aid in the early detection of abnormal health conditions. Here, we demonstrate how the interconnected porosity can be used to increase the sensitivity and linearity of capacitive pressure sensors. The finite element analysis supports the experimental observation that the movement of air during the dynamic mechanical loading is responsible for the high sensitivity observed (0.18 ± 0.01 kPa-1) when compared with the solid poly(glycerol sebacate) sensor (0.0042 ± 0.0002 kPa-1). The porous sensors present strain insensitivity and remarkable linearity over the entire range of applied mechanical pressure (0-6 kPa), capable of detecting both static and dynamic mechanical stimuli (17 nm/s), and a response time of 50 ms, without evidence of fatigue or electrical hysteresis over 10,000 mechanical cycles. The outstanding features of the porous sensors can find a broad range of applications in real-time health monitoring, from demanding movements like walking/running, to small deformations resulting from breathing or heart beating. The ultrasensitive microcellular structures synthesized in this study can be applied to other types of sensing transductions to obtain tunable and function-specific sensors with high sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Sencadas
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Charbel Tawk
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Thomas Searle
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Striking effect of carbon nanotubes on adjusting sc-CO2 foaming performance of PS/LLDPE blends and forming semi-open cellular structure. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Zhu J, Tan D, Li L, Zhang S, Chen Y. Formation of novel “coral reef-like” structures for polycarbonate microcellular foam via asphalt-based microporous organic polymers and supercritical CO2. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
8
|
Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Recent advancements in manufacturing technologies of microcellular polymers: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Qiu J, Wang Y, Xing H, Li M, Liu J, Wang J, Tang T. Preparation of Polypropylene Foams with Bimodal Cell Structure Using a Microporous Molecular Sieve as a Nucleating Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haiping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Minggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bimodal Microcellular Morphology Evaluation in ABS‐Foamed Composites Developed Using Step‐Wise Depressurization Foaming Process. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Ju J, Gu Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Peng X, Kuang T. Fabrication of bimodal open-porous poly (butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystals composite scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:1164-1173. [PMID: 31751685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of porous tissue engineering scaffold with multiscale open-pore architecture (i.e., bimodal structure) promotes cell attachment and growth, which facilitates nutrient and oxygen diffusion. In this study, a porous poly (butylene succinate) (PBS)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composite scaffold with a well-defined controllable bimodal open-pore interconnected structure was successfully fabricated. The bimodal open-porous scaffold architecture was designed by synergistic control of temperature variation and a two-step depressurization in a supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) foaming process. The microstructure and properties of the bimodal open-porous PBS/CNCs scaffold, such as morphology, open porosity, hydrophilic and degradation performance, and mechanical compression properties, were analyzed. In the experiments, the scaffold with unimodal pore structure was used for comparison. The results showed that the bimodal open-porous PBS5 scaffold displayed a well-defined bimodal open-pore structure composed of large pore (~68.9 μm in diameter) and small pore (~11.0 μm in diameter), with a high open porosity (~95.2%). In addition, the scaffolds exhibited good mechanical compressive properties (compressive strength of 2.76 MPa at 50% strain), hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 71.7 °C) and in vitro degradation rate. Moreover, in vitro biocompatibility was determined with NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells using MTT assay and live/dead cell viability assay. Results indicated that the obtained bimodal open-porous scaffolds had a good biocompatibility and the viability of cells grown on the scaffolds reached up to 98% after 7th day of culture. Therefore, our work provides new insights into the use of biodegradable polymeric composite scaffolds with bimodal open-pore structure and balanced properties in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Ju
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Xianhu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Shuidong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, PR China; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Structure-tunable thermoplastic polyurethane foams fabricated by supercritical carbon dioxide foaming and their compressive mechanical properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Chen Y, Weng C, Wang Z, Maertens T, Fan P, Chen F, Zhong M, Tan J, Yang J. Preparation of polymeric foams with bimodal cell size: An application of heterogeneous nucleation effect of nanofillers. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Mechanical properties of microcellular and nanocellular silicone rubber foams obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Yeh SK, Liu WH, Huang YM. Carbon Dioxide-Blown Expanded Polyamide Bead Foams with Bimodal Cell Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
A cooling and two-step depressurization foaming approach for the preparation of modified HDPE foam with complex cellular structure. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
17
|
Bahreini E, Aghamiri SF, Wilhelm M, Abbasi M. Influence of molecular structure on the foamability of polypropylene: Linear and extensional rheological fingerprint. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The foaming structure and rheological properties of four different isotactic homo-polypropylenes with various molecular weights and an isotactic long chain branched polypropylene were investigated to find a suitable rheological fingerprint for PP foams. The molecular weight distribution and thermal properties were measured using GPC-MALLS and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Small amplitude oscillatory shear data and uniaxial extensional experiments were analyzed using the frameworks of van Gurp-Palmen plot (δ vs. | G*|) and the molecular stress function model, respectively. These analyses were used to find a correlation between the molecular structure, rheological properties and foaming structures of linear and long chain branching polypropylenes. Two linear viscoelastic characteristics, | G*| at δ = 60° and | η*| at ω = 5 rad/s were used as criteria for foamability of these polymers, where decreasing of both parameters by increasing the long chain branching content results in smaller cell size and higher cell density. The molecular stress function model was able to quantify the strain hardening properties of long chain branching blends using small amplitude oscillatory shear data and two nonlinear material parameters, 1 ≤ β ≤ 2.2 and 1 ≤ [Formula: see text] ≤ 600, where the minimum and maximum values of these parameters belong to the linear and long chain branched polypropylene, respectively. Increasing the long chain branched polypropylene content of the PP blends increased strain hardening, and therefore improved the foaming characteristics significantly by suppressing the coalescence of cells. Dilution of linear PP with only 10 wt% of long chain branched polypropylene enhanced the cell density from 5.7 × 106 to 2.7 × 107 cell/cm3 and reduced the average cell diameter from 58 to 26 µm, respectively, while their volume expansion ratio remained in the same range of 2–3. Increasing of long chain branching to 50 and 100 wt% enhanced the V.E.R. to 6.2 and 7.8, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bahreini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Foad Aghamiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Mahdi Abbasi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Zhang G, Fan X, Fan X, Zhou L, Li J, Shi X, Zhang H. Preparation and mechanical properties of thermosetting epoxy foams based on epoxy/ 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol system with different curing agent contents. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17695095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy/2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol system with different curing agent content was completely cured for foaming, and the effect of a systematic variation in 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol content on the crosslinking density of cured epoxy resins was investigated. It was found that the crosslinking density of completed cured epoxy reduced as the 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol content increased in certain range of contents (10–50 mol%). Then the precursors were foamed by a batch foaming process with supercritical carbon dioxide. The cellular morphologies of foamed epoxy resins were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the reduced crosslinking density would improve the foamability of cured epoxy resin. The microcellular epoxy foams could be obtained by maintaining a moderate crosslinking density, which can be controlled by varying 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol content. For the completely cured epoxy with different curing agent content, when the crosslinking density of epoxy resin was 232.40 mol m–3 (the 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazol content was 35 mol%) or lower, microcellular structure was obtained by adjusting the foaming conditions. The effects of foaming on the mechanical properties were also discussed. The results indicated that microcellular epoxy foams had higher impact strength but lower tensile strength and tensile modulus, validating that the introduction of microcellular structure in epoxy matrix was conducive to the improvement of the ductility of epoxy foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xun Fan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, MOE Key Lab of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space, College of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|