1
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Zhuang HT, Zhang L, Bao JB. Enhanced foaming behaviors and compression properties of thermoplastic polyurethane via constructing micro-crosslinking structure assisted by chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Natarajan M, Sabo RC, Stark NM, Matuana LM. Improving gas barrier properties of sugarcane‐based
LLDPE
with cellulose nanocrystals. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald C. Sabo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Nicole M. Stark
- School of Packaging Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison Wisconsin USA
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3
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Villamil Jiménez JA, Le Moigne N, Bénézet JC, Sauceau M, Sescousse R, Fages J. Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153408. [PMID: 32731388 PMCID: PMC7436275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known and commercially available biopolymer that can be produced from different sources. Its different characteristics generated a great deal of interest in various industrial fields. Besides, its use as a polymer matrix for foam production has increased in recent years. With the rise of technologies that seek to reduce the negative environmental impact of processes, chemical foaming agents are being substituted by physical agents, primarily supercritical fluids (SCFs). Currently, the mass production of low-density PLA foams with a uniform cell morphology using SCFs as blowing agents is a challenge. This is mainly due to the low melt strength of PLA and its slow crystallization kinetics. Among the different options to improve the PLA characteristics, compounding it with different types of fillers has great potential. This strategy does not only have foaming advantages, but can also improve the performances of the final composites, regardless of the implemented foaming process, i.e., batch, injection molding, and extrusion. In addition, the operating conditions and the characteristics of the fillers, such as their size, shape factor, and surface chemistry, play an important role in the final foam morphology. This article proposes a critical review on the different SCF-assisted processes and effects of operating conditions and fillers on foaming of PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Andrea Villamil Jiménez
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jean-Charles Bénézet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Sescousse
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jacques Fages
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
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4
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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) loaded alginate films against lipid oxidation of chicken breast. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Greco A, Ferrari F, Maffezzoli A. Compression behavior of soft PVC foams obtained by cardanol-derived plasticizer. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20912202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work is aimed to study the application of a bio-based plasticizer, obtained by acetylation and epoxydation of cardanol, for the production of soft PVC foams. The use of epoxidized cardanol acetate allowed obtaining a more efficient foaming of soft PVC compared to phthalate plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mainly due to the lower viscosity attained in the decomposition range of azodicarbonamide (AZDC). As a consequence, the foams produced by epoxidized cardanol acetate showed a lower density compared to those produced with DEHP. The lower density yielded lower values of compressive modulus. However, the modulus was shown to be not only dependent on the density, but also showed a direct dependence on the type of plasticizer used, in addition to processing temperature and AZDC content. As a consequence, the specific compressive modulus also showed a direct dependence on the type of plasticizer, processing temperature and AZDC content. Such dependence was explained by considering different cellular morphologies developed during foaming under different processing conditions, including type of plasticizer. In particular, it was shown that the lower viscosity attained by epoxidized cardanol acetate plasticized PVC involved an increase of the average pore size of the foam, which was shown to be the main cause of the variation of the specific compressive modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Greco
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maffezzoli
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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6
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Li R, Lee JH, Wang C, Howe Mark L, Park CB. Solubility and diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in TPU and their effects on cell nucleation in batch foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Kaewmesri W, Lee PC, Park CB, Pumchusak J. Effects of CO2 and Talc Contents on Foaming Behavior of Recyclable High-melt-strength PP. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x06066995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an experimental study on the foaming behavior of recyclable high-melt-strength (HMS) branched polypropylene (PP) with CO2 as a blowing agent. The foamability of branched HMS PP has been evaluated using a tandem foaming extruder system. The effects of CO2 and nucleating agent contents on the final foam characteristics have been thoroughly investigated. Low density (i.e., 12-14-fold), fine-celled (i.e., 107-109 cells/cm3) PP foams were successfully produced using a small amount of talc (i.e., 0.8 wt%) and 5 wt% CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrudee Kaewmesri
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8,
| | - Jantrawan Pumchusak
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
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8
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Li R, Zeng D, Pan Q, Fang T. Response surface optimization for producing microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam using supercritical CO2. J CELL PLAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14566206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A regression model constructed by response surface methodology was employed to optimize the relationships between the cell density of microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam and three independent variables: foaming pressure, temperature, and time. A Box–Behnken Design statistical approach was employed to fit the available response data to a second-order polynomial response surface model. The analysis of variance of the model indicated that the interactions between the foaming pressure and temperature, and that between the foaming temperature and the saturation time, both positively affect the cell density. Experimental verification of the predicted optimum conditions of foaming pressure = 21 MPa, foaming temperature = 313 K, and saturation time = 6.9 h gave an actual maximum cell density of 20.86 × 109 cells/cm3, which is close to the data predicted by the regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Wong A, Mark LH, Hasan MM, Park CB. The synergy of supercritical CO2 and supercritical N2 in foaming of polystyrene for cell nucleation. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Kim JH, Kim GH. Preparation and cell morphology of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/wood-flour foams with low density. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoo Kim
- Division of Energy and Bio Engineering; Dongseo University; Busan 617-716 South Korea
| | - Gue-Hyun Kim
- Division of Energy and Bio Engineering; Dongseo University; Busan 617-716 South Korea
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11
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Matuana LM, Diaz CA. Strategy To Produce Microcellular Foamed Poly(lactic acid)/Wood-Flour Composites in a Continuous Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4019462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. Matuana
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Carlos A. Diaz
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
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12
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Boissard CIR, Bourban PE, Plummer CJG, Neagu RC, Månson JAE. Cellular biocomposites from polylactide and microfibrillated cellulose. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x12448190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the production of “green” microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced polylactide cellular biocomposites using a wet mixing technique combined with supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. The effect of composition on the morphology, density and compression modulus of foams was investigated for different processing parameters, along with the use of a chain extender to modify the melt elasticity. Foams with mean densities ranging from 0.18 to 0.32 g/cm3 were obtained for the neat polylactide and polylactide/5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose, respectively, and there was a corresponding increase in compressive modulus from 25 to 47 MPa. The addition of the chain extender is argued to compensate the molar mass loss induced by the different processing steps, promoting more uniform foam structures and allowing a density reduction of up to 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole IR Boissard
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher John G Plummer
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Razvan Cristian Neagu
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Anders E Månson
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Kuboki T, Lee YH, Park CB, Sain M. Mechanical properties and foaming behavior of cellulose fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Matuana LM. Solid state microcellular foamed poly(lactic acid): morphology and property characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:3643-50. [PMID: 17855079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) or PLA is a plant-based biodegrable plastic which exhibits many properties that are equivalent to or better than many petroleum-based plastics. However, there have been few commercial applications due to its lower impact resistance and higher cost than synthetic plastics. In this paper, the concept of creating microcellular foamed structures in PLA as a means to improve its shortcomings is presented. The effect of the foaming conditions (temperature and time) on the void fraction, volume expansion ratio, impact strength and tensile properties of foamed PLA is discussed. Each step of microcellular processing is addressed including: the manufacture of PLA film; the saturation of the samples with gas; the microcellular foaming of PLA; the void fraction determination, volume expansion ratio calculation, impact and tensile property characterization of foamed samples. The microcellular morphologies developed in PLA samples were a strong function of the foaming conditions. Due to the presence of foamed microcells, a twofold expansion ratio and significant improvements in the impact resistance (twofold increase over unfoamed PLA), strain at break (up to twofold increase over unfoamed PLA) and toughness (up to fourfold increase over unfoamed PLA) were achieved in PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Matuana
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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15
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Kaewmesri W, Rachtanapun P, Pumchusak J. Effect of solvent plasticization on polypropylene microcellular foaming process and foam characteristics. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Guo G, Lee YH, Rizvi GM, Park CB. Influence of wood fiber size on extrusion foaming of wood fiber/HDPE composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Bledzki AK, Faruk O. Influence of Different Endothermic Foaming Agents on Microcellular Injection Moulded Wood Fibre Reinforced PP Composites. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/026248930602500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites, a new development using bio-fibre strengthened plastic, were prepared in an injection moulding process. The influence of three different endothermic chemical foaming agents was examined. The effects of various concentrations (1 to 4 wt.% of the composites) of the chemical foaming agent on the properties of the composites was studied with a view to establishing the concentration-structure-property relationships for these materials. The influence of wood fibre type (hard wood and soft wood) on the microcellular structure and physico-mechanical properties of the composites was also investigated. Microcell morphology (cell size, shape and distribution) was observed using scanning electron microscope. The chemical substance of different endothermic foaming agent affected the microcellular structure of hard and soft wood fibre-PP composites. Endothermic foaming agent with chemical substance polymeric microsphere (ESC 5313) showed finer microcellular structures compared to other foaming agents and 4 wt.% content of chemical foaming agent exhibits finer microcellular structures than the other contents. The reinforcing of soft wood fibre showed significantly finer microcellular structures than the hard wood fibre reinforcements. Density reduced maximum 30% and decreased up to 0.721 g/cm3 at soft wood fibre 30 wt.% content with coupling agent maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH-PP). With the addition of MAH-PP, specific tensile strength and specific flexural strength increased maximum 60% and 55% respectively with foaming agent ESC 5313 at soft wood fibre 30 wt.% content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej K. Bledzki
- Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Kunststoff- und Recyclingtechnik, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, D-34109 Kassel, Germany
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18
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Sun H, Mark JE, Tan SC, Venkatasubramanian N, Houtz MD, Arnold FE, Lee CYC. Microcellular foams from some high-performance composites. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Bledzki AK, Faruk O. Effects of the chemical foaming agents, injection parameters, and melt-flow index on the microstructure and mechanical properties of microcellular injection-molded wood-fiber/polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Rachtanapun P, Selke SEM, Matuana LM. CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCELLULAR FOAMED POLYOLEFIN BLEND COMPOSITES WITH WOOD FIBER. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030490516620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Matuana LM, Park CB, Balatinecz JJ. Processing and cell morphology relationships for microcellular foamed PVC/wood-fiber composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Rizvi GM, Park CB, Lin WS, Guo G, Pop-Iliev R. Expansion mechanisms of plastic/wood-flour composite foams with moisture, dissolved gaseous volatiles, and undissolved gas bubbles. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Doroudiani S, Park CB, Kortschot MT. Processing and characterization of microcellular foamed high-density polythylene/isotactic polypropylene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Effect of the high-density polyethylene melt index on the microcellular foaming of high-density polyethylene/polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Matuana LM, Park CB, Balatinecz JJ. Cell morphology and property relationships of microcellular foamed pvc/wood-fiber composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Rachtanapun P, Selke SEM, Matuana LM. Relationship between cell morphology and impact strength of microcellular foamed high-density polyethylene/polypropylene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Matuana LM, Balatinecz JJ, Park CB. Effect of surface properties on the adhesion between PVC and wood veneer laminates. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Li Q, Matuana LM. Foam extrusion of high density polyethylene/wood-flour composites using chemical foaming agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Guo G, Rizvi GM, Park CB, Lin WS. Critical processing temperature in the manufacture of fine-celled plastic/wood-fiber composite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Matuana L, Li Q. A Factorial Design Applied to the Extrusion Foaming of Polypropylene/Wood-Flour Composites. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2001. [DOI: 10.1177/026248930102000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A factorial design was performed to determine the statistical effects of material compositions and extrusion processing variables on the foamability of polypropylene (PP)/wood-flour composites. Two levels with centrepoint values of wood flour content, chemical foaming agent (CFA) content, extruder's die temperature and screw speed were employed. The isolated main and interaction effects of these variables on the void fraction of foamed composite samples were analysed using Design Expert software. Statistical analysis of data revealed that the void fraction data was best fit with a linear model. The extruder's screw speed showed no discernible effect within the narrow range studied (20 to 50 rpm) whereas the other three main factors showed significant effects (values of “Prob > F” less than 0.0001) on the void fraction. Wood flour content/CFA content and wood flour content/die temperature constitute the important interaction effects. The experimental results indicate that void fraction of extrusion foamed composites is a strong function of the extruder's die temperature. A large amount of gas molecules available for the cell growth is not the only requirement for the production of composite foams with a high void fraction. Processing at a high die temperature is also very important for the development of proper viscoelastic properties of the matrix suitable for cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Matuana
- School of Forestry and Wood Products Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | - Qingxiu Li
- School of Forestry and Wood Products Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
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31
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Chazeau L, Cavaill� JY, Canova G, Dendievel R, Boutherin B. Viscoelastic properties of plasticized PVC reinforced with cellulose whiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990314)71:11%3c1797::aid-app9%3e3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Chazeau L, Cavaill� JY, Canova G, Dendievel R, Boutherin B. Viscoelastic properties of plasticized PVC reinforced with cellulose whiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990314)71:11<1797::aid-app9>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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