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Kong X, Brook CA, Li J, Li Y, Schmidt LA. Shyness subtypes and associations with social anxiety: A comparison study of Canadian and Chinese children. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13369. [PMID: 36640049 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that there are distinct types of children's shyness within eastern and western cultures, with different origins, developmental courses, and outcomes. However, the measures used to examine children's shyness in eastern contexts have been developed almost exclusively in the North American context. Whether shyness subtypes and their predictive associations are conserved between western and eastern cultures on a children's shyness measure developed in an eastern context is an empirical question. Here we examined (a) whether two subtypes from the Chinese Shyness Scale (i.e., anxious and regulated) were identified in a western context, and (b) whether cultural context moderated the relation between the two subtypes of shy behavior and a widely used western characterized social anxiety measure. The participants were children aged 3-5 years from China (Mage = 4.46 years, SD = 0.64, n = 182, 53.8% boys) and Canada (Mage = 3.99 years, SD = 0.82, n = 201, 42.3% boys). The results indicated that the two shyness subtypes and the one-factor social anxiety construct were identified in both cultures. Subsequently, latent moderation structural equation modelling revealed that anxious shyness was significantly and positively related to social anxiety in children from both countries, but more strongly in Canada. Conversely, regulated shyness was significantly and positively related to social anxiety in Canadian children, but not in Chinese children. Findings are discussed regarding possible cultural explanations for why the relations between two Chinese shyness subtypes and social anxiety are different in Chinese and Canadian contexts and their implications to understanding cross-cultural differences in developmental shyness. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Two subtypes of shyness (anxious and regulated shyness) reported in China were identified in both China and Canada Country/culture moderated the relation between shyness subtypes and social anxiety Anxious shyness was positively related to social anxiety in both countries Regulated shyness was positively related to social anxiety in Canadian children, but not in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Kong
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Christina A Brook
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Juan Li
- College of Preschool Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Preschool Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
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2
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Medina-Craven MN, Ostermeier K, Sigdyal P, McLarty BD. Personality research in the 21st century: new developments and directions for the field. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT HISTORY 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jmh-06-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to systematically examine and classify the multitude of personality traits that have emerged in the literature beyond the Big Five (Five Factor Model) since the turn of the 21st century. The authors argue that this represents a new phase of personality research that is characterized both by construct proliferation and a movement away from the Big Five and demonstrates how personality as a construct has substantially evolved in the 21st century.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of personality research from 2000 to 2020 across 17 management and psychology journals. This search yielded 1,901 articles, of which 440 were relevant and subsequently coded for this review.
Findings
The review presented in this study uncovers 155 traits, beyond the Big Five, that have been explored, which the authors organize and analyze into 10 distinct categories. Each category comprises a definition, lists the included traits and highlights an exemplar construct. The authors also specify the significant research outcomes associated with each trait category.
Originality/value
This review categorizes the 155 personality traits that have emerged in the management and psychology literature that describe personality beyond the Big Five. Based on these findings, this study proposes new avenues for future research and offers insights into the future of the field as the concept of personality has shifted in the 21st century.
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3
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Hu B, Meng L. Understanding awe elicitors in the workplace: a qualitative inquiry. JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jmp-04-2021-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeDespite its practical importance, the emotion of awe has received scant research attention in the organizational literature. To facilitate future scholarship on this important topic, the authors explore and compare the elicitors of awe at work in three countries representing two culture clusters, including the USA and Canada (the Anglo cluster) and China (the Confucian Asia cluster).Design/methodology/approachThe authors gathered responses from 163 working adults from the USA and Canada and 126 working adults from China using open-response survey, and analyzed each response following the guidance of grounded theory.FindingsAcross cultures, there are 10 common elicitors of awe, including virtue of organization, ability and achievement of organization, beauty of workplace, virtue of colleagues, ability and achievement of colleagues, dedication of colleagues, charisma of colleagues, status and power of colleagues, personal growth and achievement and perceived meaningfulness. Looking within cultures, the authors found two awe elicitors that are specific to China: status and power of organization, and work content.Practical implicationsOrganizations and supervisors wishing to induce the emotion of awe would be well-advised to pay attention to the design of their workplace, as well as their attitudes and behaviors toward employees, customers and the general public.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the emotion literature, organizational literature and cross-cultural literature by demonstrating elicitors of awe in the workplace across the Anglo cluster and the Confucian Asia cluster.
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Peng H. Similar or Different Effects? Quantifying the Effects of Humility and Modesty on Job Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:809841. [PMID: 35645918 PMCID: PMC9133792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Humility and modesty are both emphasized in Eastern and Western societies. However, people usually conflate them in everyday usage. To reduce the confusion of the two constructs, it is very vital to carefully differentiate the two constructs and examine whether they lead to similar or different effects on job performance. In this study, we scrutinized the effects of the two constructs on four dimensions of job performance simultaneously, including task performance, citizenship behavior (helping and voicing), unethical pro-organizational behavior, and innovative behavior. Using a dataset of 239 employees and 77 supervisors, we showed that modesty is not related to task performance and voicing, but that it is positively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and negatively related to helping and innovative behavior. In contrast, we showed that humility is negatively related to unethical pro-organizational behavior and positively related to task performance, helping, voicing, and innovative behavior. Our findings reveal that modesty and humility can lead to very divergent work outcomes. The results strongly support the idea that modesty and humility are distinct constructs embedded in separate nomological networks and strongly suggest that organizations should encourage employees’ humility rather than modesty. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed.
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Whitney JM, Henry SE, Bradley BH. Maybe It Is Who You Know: Social Networks and Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221086327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing literature on leader–member exchange differentiation (LMXD) offers a meaningful view into the multilevel outcomes associated with leader follower relationships. However, despite the rapid growth of literature on LMXD, scholars lack a complete understanding of its antecedents or the processes that cause leaders to differentiate among team members. We address this issue by using social capital theory to propose that leaders perceive their followers’ social networks as potential resources to grow their own social capital. Because each follower has unique social networks, we propose that leaders differentiate LMX among followers depending on which followers provide them with access to the most social resources. In this conceptual paper, we posit that as leaders gain information about their followers’ social networks, they attribute status to each follower depending on their perception of that follower’s social capital. We then propose that key contingencies, such as a team’s psychological safety climate or a leader’s ambition, influence the relationship between social network characteristics and LMXD. Overall, our model provides a unique multilevel perspective of LMXD and provides important insights for both researchers and practitioners alike.
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Psychometric properties of a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale and its relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis investigation aimed to validate a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale (MBS-J) to measure the behavioral aspects of modesty as a self-presentation tactic. Two preliminary surveys and three studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the factorial validity, construct validity, and internal consistency of the MBS, adding emic items generated from the Japanese sample in the preliminary surveys. The results confirmed a three-factor structure of Self-Effacement, Other-Enhancement, and Avoidance of Attention-Seeking, with good internal consistency for each subscale. Studies 1 and 3 also evinced appropriate correlations between the MBS-J subscales and theoretically related constructs, namely, trait modesty, independent and interdependent self-construal, self-efficacy, self-esteem, approval motivation, and dialectical self, suggesting good construct validity. Using a two-wave survey, Study 2 showed good test–retest reliability for the MBS-J. In Study 3, it was hypothesized that those with higher Self-Effacement tend to report lower explicit self-esteem owing to a self-presentation strategy instead of actual lower self-regard. The results showed that Self-Effacement was strongly negatively correlated with explicit self-esteem but not correlated with implicit self-esteem, supporting the hypothesis. These findings confirm the construct validity of this scale for modest behavior performed as self-presentation.
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Wang H, Lou X. A meta-analysis on the social relationship outcome of being compassionate towards oneself: The moderating role of individualism-collectivism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Hao Y, Hong S, Su Y. Chinese children showed self‐deprecating modest behavior at ages of 7–8. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
| | - Skylar Hong
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
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Yoon L, Kim K, Jung D, Kim H. Roles of the MPFC and insula in impression management under social observation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:474-483. [PMID: 33449108 PMCID: PMC8095000 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
People often engage in impression management by presenting themselves and others as socially desirable. However, specific behavioral manifestations and underlying neural mechanisms of impression management remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neural mechanism of impression management during self- and friend-evaluation. Only participants assigned to the observation (OBS) group, not the control (CON) group, were informed that their responses would be monitored. They answered how well positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves or their friends. The behavioral results showed that the OBS group was more likely to reject negative traits for self-evaluation and to accept positive traits for friend-evaluation. An independent study revealed that demoting negative traits for oneself and promoting positive traits for a friend helps manage one’s impression. In parallel with the behavioral results, in the OBS vs the CON group, the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) activity showed a greater increase as the negativity of negatively valenced adjectives increased during self-evaluation and also showed a greater increase as the positivity of positively valenced adjectives increased during friend-evaluation. The present study suggests that rmPFC and AI are critically involved in impression management, promoting socially desirable target evaluations under social observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leehyun Yoon
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyun Jung
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hackjin Kim
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ganotice FA, Gill H, Fung JTC, Wong JKT, Tipoe GL. Autonomous motivation explains interprofessional education outcomes. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 55:701-712. [PMID: 33247454 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to the observations that interprofessional education (IPE) is seemingly atheoretical or under-theorised, this quantitative research seeks to uncover students' motivational mechanisms which could explain their behavioural and collaborative outcomes using self-determination theory (SDT). While SDT has been studied in various contexts, its applicability to IPE remains underexplored. This study aims to integrate a new perspective in understanding students' motivation in IPE by exploring how the fulfilment of a need for sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness is linked to desirable IPE outcomes. METHODS Utilising quantitative methods, we involved 255 health care students in Hong Kong from the medical, nursing and pharmacy disciplines enrolled in IPE anticoagulation therapy module. They were invited to respond to the Psychological Need Satisfaction Questionnaire and other measures as part of the post-test. RESULTS Sense of autonomy emerged as the strongest positive predictor of behavioural (collective dedication, behavioural engagement) and collaboration outcomes (team effectiveness, goal achievement). There were no significant program-level differences across these outcomes except for behavioural engagement for which nursing students had a higher perception than medicine students. CONCLUSIONS We were able to demonstrate that SDT is a meaningful framework in understanding behavioural and collaboration outcomes in IPE. The major theoretical contribution of this study refers to the ability of students' motivation to explain variance in their behavioural outcomes. That is, sense of autonomy consistently predicted team effectiveness, collective dedication, behavioural engagement and goal achievement. Autonomous motivation among a sample of health care students can explain behavioural outcomes. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraide A Ganotice
- Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Harinder Gill
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - John Tai Chun Fung
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Janet K T Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - George L Tipoe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Bau Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Education, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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11
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Lynch BP, vanDellen MR. A
multi‐motive
framework for predicting variability in
self‐enhancement. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Lee A, Ji LJ, Li Y, Zhang Z. Fear Goliath or David? Inferring Competence From Demeanor Across Cultures. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:1074-1089. [PMID: 31889473 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219893999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined cultural differences in people's lay theories of demeanor-how demeanor may be perceived as a straightforward and reliable reflection of reality (convergence theory) or as a deviating reflection of reality (divergence theory). Across different domains of competition, Euro-Canadians perceived greater competence in an opponent with a competent demeanor, whereas Chinese paradoxically perceived greater competence in an opponent with no signs of competence (Studies 1-4b). The results, unexplained by attributional styles (Study 1), likability (Study 3), or modesty (Study 3), suggest that Euro-Canadians endorse a stronger convergence theory than Chinese in their inferences of competence. Corroborated with qualitative data (Study 4a), such cultural differences were explained by the beliefs that demeanor can be a misleading reflection of reality, verified in college and community (Study 4b) samples. We discuss the implications for social perception, intergroup dynamics, and self-presentation in competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lee
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Li-Jun Ji
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ye Li
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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13
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A modest proposal to link shyness and modesty: Investigating the relation within the framework of Big Five personality traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Xu F, Xu B, Anderson V, Caldwell C. Humility as enlightened leadership: a Chinese perspective. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/jmd-11-2018-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeHumility as an important factor for leaders was identified by Collins (2001) and his colleagues in an extensive research project about the leadership qualities of the leaders of companies that transitioned from “good” to “great.” This paper is an empirical study of six factors closely associated with humility and leadership and the purpose of this paper is to identify how Chinese business students and Chinese employees perceive the importance of six factors associated with humility as enlightened leadership.Design/methodology/approachThis paper summarizes recent research about humility and leadership and suggests seven hypotheses about the importance of six factors associated with humility as enlightened leadership.FindingsThis study confirms that Chinese respondents affirmed the value of all six factors and identified the statistical significance of three of the factors studied.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this study is that it is exploratory in nature and contained many factors that made conducting factor analysis indeterminable. The practical implications of this study are that it provides confirming information about understanding the value system and priorities of Chinese employees and future workers when multi-national companies interact with Chinese partners.Originality/valueThis study provides valuable information about the six factors associated with humility as enlightened leadership. This study is the first of its kind that empirically tests Chinese attitudes associated with humility and leadership.
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Padela AI, Nageeb S, Vu M, Quinn MT. The Development and Validation of a Modesty Measure for Diverse Muslim Populations. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:408-425. [PMID: 30465264 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the multi-phase development of an English-language modesty measure for use among Muslim populations. The process yielded a 10-item measure that has high levels of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α of 0.83), and has acceptable discriminant and predictive validity. Specifically although our modesty measure for Muslim women was found to be significantly correlated with measures of positive and negative religious (Islamic) coping, it was not significantly correlated with religious practice-based religiosity (discriminant validity). Further logistic modeling revealed higher modesty levels positively associated with forgoing mammography because of concerns about lack of same-sex providers (predictive validity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim I Padela
- Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Section of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Shaheen Nageeb
- Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Milkie Vu
- Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael T Quinn
- Section of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Balkaya M, Cheah CSL, Yu J, Hart CH, Sun S. Maternal Encouragement of Modest Behavior, Temperamental Shyness, and Anxious Withdrawal Linkages to Chinese American Children's Social Adjustment: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 27:876-890. [PMID: 32201457 PMCID: PMC7083586 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past studies have revealed potential differences in the functional meaning and social evaluation of children's temperamental shyness between Chinese interdependence-oriented and North American independence-oriented cultural contexts. However, very little is known about shy Chinese American children's adjustment in Western school contexts and potential pathways underlying their adjustment. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the associations between Chinese American children's temperamental shyness and their social adjustment outcomes, including peer exclusion, prosocial behavior, and assertiveness/leadership skills. In addition, the mediating role of children's display of anxious-withdrawn behavior and the moderating role of first-generation Chinese immigrant mothers' encouragement of modesty in their parenting practices as applied to associations between temperamental shyness and social adjustment outcomes were explored. Path analyses indicated that the impact of Chinese American children's temperamental shyness on their socio-emotional adjustment was mediated by their display of anxious-withdrawn behavior in school. However, when Chinese immigrant mothers encouraged their children to be more modest, children's temperamental shyness was less strongly related to negative social adjustment outcomes through diminished anxious-withdrawn behavior. These results highlighted the importance of culturally-emphasized parenting practices in fostering Chinese American children's adjustment in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Balkaya
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Charissa S L Cheah
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Jing Yu
- Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Craig H Hart
- Brigham Young University, 155 East 1230 North, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Shuyan Sun
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250
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Xiong M, Wang F, Cai R. Development and Validation of the Chinese Modesty Scale (CMS). Front Psychol 2018; 9:2014. [PMID: 30405496 PMCID: PMC6206587 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the development and method of validation of the Chinese Modesty Scale (CMS). Based on Wang's dualistic model for value and instrumental modesty, our study employed a review of the literature, in-depth interviews, open-ended investigations, and feedback from experts. An initial 14-item scale for analyzing the issue of "Chinese modesty" was developed. Then we explored the dimensions and final items of this CMS using item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with sample 1 (n = 406). After that, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to replicate the factor structure obtained through EFA with a refined, independent, 12-item scale (n = 662). Results confirmed the dualistic model (for value and instrumental modesty) on which this scale was based. That is, we found that there are two kinds of "Chinese modesty": value modesty and instrumental modesty. As a valid, reliable scale, the CMS can therefore be used to measure the "Chinese modesty" of/in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Xiong
- Institute of Moral Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengyan Wang
- Institute of Moral Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixue Cai
- School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Grandey AA, Ferris DL, Melloy RC. A dual signal model of pride displays in organizations. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Zheng C, Wu Q, Jin Y, Wu Y. Regional gray matter volume is associated with trait modesty: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14920. [PMID: 29097734 PMCID: PMC5668286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modesty when defined as a personality trait, is highly beneficial to interpersonal relationship, group performance, and mental health. However, the potential neural underpinnings of trait modesty remain poorly understood. In the current study, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the structural neural basis of trait modesty in Chinese college students. VBM results showed that higher trait modesty score was associated with lager regional gray matter volume in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left superior temporal gyrus/left temporal pole, and right posterior insular cortex. These results suggest that individual differences in trait modesty are linked to brain regions associated with self-evaluation, self-regulation, and social cognition. The results remained robust after controlling the confounding factor of global self-esteem, suggesting unique structural correlates of trait modesty. These findings provide evidence for the structural neural basis of individual differences in trait modesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhua Zheng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Pipere A, Mieriņa I. Exploring non-cognitive predictors of mathematics achievement among 9th grade students. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao N, Shi Y, Xin Z, Zhang J. The impact of traditionality/modernity on identification- and calculus-based trust. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 54:237-246. [PMID: 28758195 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We conducted three studies to explore how trust is perceived, displayed or changed by participants in China, which as a country has undergone substantial cultural and historical transition. Traditionality showed a significant positive correlation with identification-based trust (IBT) and modernity was significantly associated with calculus-based trust (CBT; Study 1). Compared to those primed with modern Chinese culture stimuli, participants primed with traditional icons exhibited a higher level of IBT and a lower level of CBT (Study 2). The study further demonstrated more trust behaviour based on identification with traditional culture priming and more trust behaviour based on calculus when primed with modern culture (Study 3). In sum, the present findings suggest that, along with substantial social changes and economic development, people exhibit their trust differently depending on cultural context, shedding light on the trust crisis in contemporary China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Psychology at School of Social Development, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Faculty of Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziqiang Xin
- Department of Psychology at School of Social Development, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shi Y, Sedikides C, Cai H, Liu Y, Yang Z. Disowning the Self: The Cultural Value of Modesty can Attenuate Self-Positivity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:1023-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1099711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Western participants endorse a higher number of positive traits as self-descriptive, but endorse a lower number of negative traits as self-descriptive. They also respond quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive, but respond slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. Is this self-positivity bias qualified by the cultural value of modesty? We induced modesty (vs. punctuality) and assessed self-descriptiveness judgments and response times among Chinese participants. We replicated the self-positivity bias in regards to both self-descriptiveness judgments and response times. In the case of self-descriptiveness judgments, however, the bias was partially qualified by modesty. Relative to control participants, those in the modesty condition endorsed fewer positive traits as self-descriptive and manifested a tendency toward endorsing more negative traits as self-descriptive. In the case of response times, the self-positivity bias was unqualified by modesty. Within both conditions, participants were quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive and were slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. The results speak to the relation between the self-positivity bias and the self-reference effect and illustrate the malleability of self-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen SX, Ng JCK, Buchtel EE, Guan Y, Deng H, Bond MH. The added value of world views over self-views: Predicting modest behaviour in Eastern and Western cultures. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 56:723-749. [PMID: 28436083 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Personality research has been focused on different aspects of the self, including traits, attitudes, beliefs, goals, and motivation. These aspects of the self are used to explain and predict social behaviour. The present research assessed generalized beliefs about the world, termed 'social axioms' (Leung et al., ), and examined their additive power over beliefs about the self in explaining a communal behaviour, that is, modesty. Three studies predicted reported modest behaviour among Mainland Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, East Asian Canadians, and European Canadians. In addition to self-reports in Studies 1 and 2, informant reports from participants' parents and close friends were collected in Study 3 to construct a behavioural composite after examining the resulting multitrait-multimethod matrix and intraclass correlations. World views (operationalized as social axioms) explained additional variance in modest behaviour over and above self-views (operationalized as self-efficacy, self-construals, and trait modesty) in both Eastern and Western cultures. Variation in reports on three factors of modest behaviour was found across self-, parent, and friend perspectives, with significant differences across perspectives in self-effacement and other-enhancement, but not in avoidance of attention-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jacky C K Ng
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emma E Buchtel
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Hong Deng
- Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Harris Bond
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Heim E, Scholten S, Maercker A, Xiu D, Cai D, Gao ZH, Lu S, Sang ZQ, Wei J, Kochetkov Y, Margraf J. Students’ Value Orientations in Contemporary China: Analysis of Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Differences in Comparison With Students From Germany and Russia. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117696800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined Chinese students’ personal value orientations according to the Schwartz value theory in comparison with students from Germany and Russia. The theory postulates 10 value orientations grouped into four higher-order factors: conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Schwartz’ value orientations have been extensively investigated in Europe but less in East Asian countries such as China. We hypothesized that Chinese students would score higher on conservation and self-enhancement than German and Russian students, but lower on self-transcendence. Regarding openness to change, a null hypothesis was formulated. Students from China ( n = 9,601), Germany ( n = 1,118), and Russia ( n = 3,890) completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). To ensure methodological preconditions for cross-cultural comparison, measurement invariance of the PVQ-21 was tested. In a first step, confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted separately for each country. Due to the high correlation between the 10 values, the four higher-order dimensions were studied separately. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance models were tested using multigroup CFA. Full metric and partial scalar invariance models held for all higher-order factors. Thereafter, latent means of values were compared across samples. As a result, Chinese students scored highest on the four higher-order dimensions when compared with Russian and German samples, thus the hypotheses were only partly confirmed. Results of this study could reflect the value conflicts emerging from various cultural influences in contemporary China: Young people are confronted with daily negotiation between Confucian tradition and the rapid economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Heim
- University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - D. Xiu
- University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D. Cai
- Shanghai Normal University, China
| | - Z. H. Gao
- North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - S. Lu
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - J. Wei
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, China
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Na J, McDonough IM, Chan MY, Park DC. Social-Class Differences in Consumer Choices: Working-Class Individuals Are More Sensitive to Choices of Others Than Middle-Class Individuals. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:430-43. [PMID: 26984010 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216634043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research shows that, when making choices, working-class Americans are more affected by others' opinions than middle-class Americans due to differences in independent versus interdependent self-construal. Experiment 1 revealed that when working-class Americans made decisions to buy products, they were more influenced by the choices of others than middle-class Americans. In contrast, middle-class Americans were more likely to misremember others' choices to be consistent with their own choices. In other words, working-class Americans adjusted their choices to the preference of others, whereas middle-class Americans distorted others' preferences to fit their choices. Supporting our prediction that this social-class effect is closely linked to the independent versus interdependent self-construal, we showed that the differences in self-construal across cultures qualified the social-class effects on choices (Experiment 2). Moreover, when we experimentally manipulated self-construal in Experiment 3, we found that it mediated the corresponding changes in choices regardless of social class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micaela Y Chan
- University of Texas at Dallas, USA Center for Vital Longevity, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise C Park
- University of Texas at Dallas, USA Center for Vital Longevity, Dallas, TX, USA
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Heim E, Steinmetz H, Zeigenfuse MD, Maercker A, Margraf J. The circular structure of values: The case of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 53:339-348. [PMID: 27709607 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the circular structure of values in China. The circular structure is a central element of Schwartz value theory and visualises the idea that some values are similar while others conflict with one another. Whereas numerous studies addressed the question whether the circular structure of values can be generalised cross-culturally, results for China are inconclusive. In this paper, we argue that taking a closer look at China provides a challenge to the circular structure and allows for drawing conclusions regarding the limits versus generalizability of Schwartz' theory. For this purpose, we first conduct a re-analysis of Chinese data from a former meta-analysis (Study 1) and second, present results from a large study of 10,652 Chinese college students (Study 2). Results of Study 1 revealed that graphical representation of the circular structure matched theoretical expectations but five out of six samples showed relatively bad fit to the theorised structure. By contrast, data in Study 2 showed a good model fit. As an overall conclusion, the circular structure is well supported in the Chinese context, and small sample sizes in previous studies might have caused the imperfect match to the prototypical circular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Heim
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Steinmetz
- Department of Management, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Matthew D Zeigenfuse
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Margraf
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Wang Y, Highhouse S. Different consequences of supplication and modesty: Self-effacing impression management behaviors and supervisory perceptions of subordinate personality. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08959285.2016.1204302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Diekmann C, Blickle G, Hafner K, Peters L. Trick or trait? The combined effects of employee impression management modesty and trait modesty on supervisor evaluations. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Du H, Jonas E. Being modest makes you feel bad: effects of the modesty norm and mortality salience on self-esteem in a collectivistic culture. Scand J Psychol 2014; 56:86-98. [PMID: 25346396 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terror management research shows that existential terror motivates people to live up to social norms. According to terror management theory (TMT), people can achieve a sense of self-worth through compliance with social norms. However, this has not yet been empirically tested. Modesty has long been known as an important social norm in Eastern cultures, such as China, Japan, and Korea. The current research examined whether conforming to the modesty norm in response to reminders of death concerns increases self-esteem for Chinese. In Study 1, following the modesty norm (i.e., explicit self-effacement) led to decreased implicit self-esteem, however, this was only the case if mortality was salient. In Study 2, violating the modesty norm (i.e., explicit self-enhancement) increased implicit self-esteem - however - again, this was only the case when mortality was salient. These findings indicate that self-esteem cannot be maintained through compliance with the modesty norm. Implications of this research for understanding the interplay between self-esteem and social norms in terror management processes are discussed.
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Kim S, Knight BG. Adaptation of the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context. Int Psychogeriatr 2014; 27:1-12. [PMID: 25338745 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610214002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Previous research on wisdom has suggested that wisdom is comprised of cognitive, reflective, and affective components and has developed and validated wisdom measures based on samples from Western countries. To apply the measurement to Eastern cultures, the present study revised an existing wisdom scale, the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS, Ardelt, 2003) for the Korean cultural context. Methods: Participants included 189 Korean heritage adults (age range 19-96) living in Los Angeles. We added a culturally specific factor of wisdom to the 3D-WS: Modesty and Unobtrusiveness (Yang, 2001), which captures an Eastern aspect of wisdom. The structure and psychometrics of the scale were tested. By latent cluster analysis, we determined acculturation subgroups and examined group differences in the means of factors in the revised wisdom scale (3D-WS-K). Results: Three factors, Cognitive Flexibility, Viewpoint Relativism, and Empathic Modesty were found using confirmatory factor analysis. Respondents with high biculturalism were higher on Viewpoint Relativism and lower on Empathic Modesty. Conclusion: This study discovered that a revised wisdom scale had a distinct factor structure and item content in a Korean heritage sample. We also found acculturation influences on the meaning of wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoun Kim
- Davis School of Gerontology,University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center,3715 McClintock Avenue,Los Angeles,California,USA
| | - Bob G Knight
- Davis School of Gerontology,University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center,3715 McClintock Avenue,Los Angeles,California,USA
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31
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The Conscientiousness Paradox: Cultural Mindset Shapes Competence Perception. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing personality across cultures have found inconsistencies between self–reports and measures of national character or behaviour, especially on evaluative traits such as Conscientiousness. We demonstrate that self–perceptions and other–perceptions of personality vary with cultural mindset, thereby accounting for some of this inconsistency. Three studies used multiple methods to examine perceptions of Conscientiousness and especially its facet Competence that most characterizes performance evaluations. In Study 1, Mainland Chinese reported lower levels of self–efficacy than did Canadians, with the country effect partially mediated by Canadian participants’ higher level of independent self–construal. In Study 2, language as a cultural prime induced similar effects on Hong Kong bilinguals, who rated themselves as more competent and conscientious when responding in English than in Chinese. Study 3 demonstrated these same effects on ratings of both self–perceived and observer–perceived competence and conscientiousness, with participants changing both their competence–communicating behaviours and self–evaluations in response to the cultural primes of spoken language and ethnicity of an interviewer. These results converge to show that self–perceptions and self–presentations change to fit the social contexts shaped by language and culture. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Chen SX. Toward a social psychology of bilingualism and biculturalism. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong
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Heimann M, Girotto V, Legrenzi P, Bonnefon JF. Decision makers use norms, not cost-benefit analysis, when choosing to conceal or reveal unfair rewards. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73223. [PMID: 24066040 PMCID: PMC3774730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce the Conceal or Reveal Dilemma, in which individuals receive unfair benefits, and must decide whether to conceal or to reveal this unfair advantage. This dilemma has two important characteristics: it does not lend itself easily to cost-benefit analysis, neither to the application of any strong universal norm. As a consequence, it is ideally suited to the study of interindividual and intercultural variations in moral-economic norms. In this paper we focus on interindividual variations, and we report four studies showing that individuals cannot be swayed by financial incentives to conceal or to reveal, and follow instead fixed, idiosyncratic strategies. We discuss how this result can be extended to individual and cultural variations in the tendency to display or to hide unfair rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heimann
- Institut d'Administration des Entreprises and Laboratoire Cognition Langues Langage Ergonomie, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Vittorio Girotto
- Dipartimento di Culture del progetto, University IUAV of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Paolo Legrenzi
- Dipartimento di Filosofia e Beni Culturali, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Jean-François Bonnefon
- Laboratoire Cognition Langues Langage Ergonomie, University of Toulouse and Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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Blickle G, Diekmann C, Schneider PB, Kalthöfer Y, Summers JK. When modesty wins: Impression management through modesty, political skill, and career success—a two-study investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2011.603900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Lee J. Trait desirability and cultural difference in the better-than-average effect. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongtaek Lee
- General Education Programs; Dongyang Mirae University; Seoul; Korea
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Bond MH, Lun VMC, Chan J, Chan WWY, Wong D. Enacting modesty in Chinese culture: The joint contribution of personal characteristics and contextual features. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2011.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen SX, Bond MH. Two languages, two personalities? Examining language effects on the expression of personality in a bilingual context. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2010; 36:1514-28. [PMID: 20944020 DOI: 10.1177/0146167210385360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The issue of whether personality changes as a function of language is controversial. The present research tested the cultural accommodation hypothesis by examining the impact of language use on personality as perceived by the self and by others. In Study 1, Hong Kong Chinese-English bilinguals responded to personality inventories in Chinese or English on perceived traits for themselves, typical native speakers of Chinese, and typical native speakers of English. Study 2 adopted a repeated measures design and collected data at three time points from written measures and actual conversations to examine whether bilinguals exhibited different patterns of personality, each associated with one of their two languages and the ethnicity of their interlocutors. Self-reports and behavioral observations confirmed the effects of perceived cultural norms, language priming, and interlocutor ethnicity on various personality dimensions. It is suggested that use of a second language accesses the perceived cultural norms of the group most associated with that language, especially its prototypic trait profiles, thus activating behavioral expressions of personality that are appropriate in the corresponding linguistic-social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Cai H, Sedikides C, Gaertner L, Wang C, Carvallo M, Xu Y, O’Mara EM, Jackson LE. Tactical Self-Enhancement in China. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550610376599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Is self-enhancement culturally universal or relativistic? This article highlights a nuanced dynamic in East Asian culture. Modesty is a prevailing norm in China. The authors hypothesized that because of socialization practices and prohibitive cultural pressures, modesty would be associated with and lead to low explicit self-enhancement but high implicit self-enhancement, that Chinese participants would deemphasize explicitly the positivity of the self when high on modesty or situationally prompted to behave modestly but would capitalize on their modest disposition or situationally induced behavior to emphasize implicitly the positivity of the self. In support of the hypotheses, dispositionally or situationally modest Chinese participants manifested low explicit self-esteem while manifesting high implicit self-esteem. Modesty among American participants constrained explicit self-esteem but yielded no associations with implicit self-esteem. The results showcase the tactical nature of self-enhancement in Chinese culture and call for research on when and how self-enhancement is pursued tactically in different cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yiyuan Xu
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, HI, USA
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