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Sun Y, Kinsella EL, Igou ER. On Cultural Differences of Heroes: Evidence From Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:841-856. [PMID: 36727610 PMCID: PMC11080389 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on earlier research that examined the characteristics people associate with heroes, our research examined similarities and differences of the hero stereotype across cultures. Specifically, in Study 1 (N = 209) and Study 2 (N = 298), we investigated lay perceptions of heroes among participants from a collectivistic culture. In Study 3 (N = 586), we examined whether group membership could be determined by participants' centrality ratings of the combined set of hero features. In Study 4 (N = 197), we tested whether the hero features that distinguish American and Chinese participants, when used to describe a target person, influence the impression that the target person is a hero. In Study 5 (N = 158) and Study 6 (N = 591), we investigated cultural differences in perceptions of different types of heroes (e.g., social, martial, civil) and the influence of individualism and collectivism on the perception of those heroes.
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Toussaint L, Lee JA, Hyun MH, Shields GS, Slavich GM. Forgiveness, rumination, and depression in the United States and Korea: A cross-cultural mediation study. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:143-157. [PMID: 35700333 PMCID: PMC11216058 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although substantial research has separately investigated forgiveness, rumination, and depression in the United States, few studies have investigated all three constructs in the same sample and we know of no studies that have examined how forgiveness, rumination, and depression are interrelated across cultures. METHOD To address this issue, we conducted a cross-cultural study wherein 204 and 297 healthy young adults from Korea and the United States, respectively, completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Ruminative Response Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. RESULTS Compared to US participants, Korean participants exhibited more forgiveness, similar levels of rumination, and slightly more depression. Two-group structural equation models revealed that forgiveness was directly related to depressive symptoms, and that forgiveness was indirectly related to depressive symptoms through rumination, in both the United States (proportion mediated = 0.363) and Korea (proportion mediated = 0.394). This indirect association did not differ across cultures. CONCLUSION Considered together, these results suggest that forgiveness appears to have beneficial effects on depression that are mediated through forgiveness-related reductions in rumination, and, importantly, that these effects are similar across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Toussaint
- Department of Psychology, Luther College, Decorah, Iowa, USA
| | - Jiahn A. Lee
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Hyun
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Grant S. Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cook KV, Kurniati NMT, Suwartono C, Widyarini N, Worthington Jr. EL, Cowden RG. Differential effects of decisional and emotional forgiveness on distress and well-being: A three-wave study of Indonesian adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:918045. [PMID: 36275245 PMCID: PMC9582772 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that interpersonal forgiveness is beneficial to individual functioning, but few longitudinal studies have explored the independent contributions of decisional and emotional forgiveness to reducing different forms of distress and improving multidimensional well-being. In this three-wave (T1: December 2020; T2: January 2021; T3: February 2021) prospective study of predominantly young Indonesian adults (n = 595), we examined the associations of decisional and emotional forgiveness with three indicators of distress and 10 components of well-being. Applying the outcome-wide analytic template for longitudinal designs, our primary analysis involved estimating two sets of linear regression models (one set for decisional forgiveness and one set for emotional forgiveness) in which the outcomes were regressed on each interpersonal forgiveness process (one outcome at a time). Adjusting for a range of covariates (including prior values of decisional forgiveness, emotional forgiveness, and all 13 outcomes) assessed at T1, decisional forgiveness assessed at T2 was associated with an increase in seven components of well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, physical health, sense of purpose, promote good, delayed gratification, content with relationships, satisfying relationships) approximately 1 month later at T3. In contrast, emotional forgiveness assessed at T2 was associated with an increase in a single component of well-being (i.e., satisfying relationships) assessed at T3. Neither decisional nor emotional forgiveness assessed at T2 showed evidence of associations with any of the subsequent indicators of distress assessed at T3. Our findings suggest that, at least within a principally collectivistic cultural context such as Indonesia, decisional forgiveness in the aftermath of a transgression may have greater short-term benefits for well-being compared to emotional forgiveness. Implications of the findings for research and interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaye V. Cook
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kaye V. Cook,
| | | | - Christiany Suwartono
- Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nilam Widyarini
- Faculty of Psychology, Gunadarma University, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Richard G. Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Chen X, Zhao H, Zhang D. Forgiveness as a Mediator between Psychological Suzhi and Prosocial Behavior in Chinese Adolescents. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12090330. [PMID: 36135134 PMCID: PMC9495528 DOI: 10.3390/bs12090330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior contributes to the well-being of individuals as well as the harmonious development of society. This research aimed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the psychological suzhi and prosocial behavior of Chinese adolescents with the consideration of time. A total of 477 adolescents (228 boys, 49.1%; Mage = 14.04 and SD = 1.77) from southwest China completed three questionnaires during waves 1 and 2. Results showed that psychological suzhi and forgiveness were positively correlated with prosocial behavior in both waves 1 and 2; psychological suzhi significantly predicted both current and three months later prosocial behavior and forgiveness played a mediating role in both immediate and lasting effects of psychological suzhi on prosocial behavior. Psychological suzhi and forgiveness are vital predictors of adolescents' prosocial behaviors in China. Interventions based on psychological suzhi and forgiveness are essential to promote the development of pro-social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Normal College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Normal College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Psychology Department, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Rajendrakumar J, Manjula V, George TS, Wesley MS. The Universal Dimensions of Change: A Systematic Review of Couple Techniques. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-022-09645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cabras C, Kaleta K, Mróz J, Loi G, Sechi C. Gender and age differences in forgivingness in Italian and Polish samples. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09771. [PMID: 35785230 PMCID: PMC9241033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores gender and age differences in forgivingness using the crosscultural and stress-and-coping perspective. Polish and Italian versions of the Heartland Forgiveness scale (HFS) were used. The sample consisted of 1957 individuals aged 18–80 (61% females and 39% males). A 3-way between groups ANOVA was used to examine the main effects and interactions of country, age and gender as they relate to total HFS score. Post-hoc analyses were performed where appropriate. The results revealed that Polish and Italian respondents did not differ in the level of the general tendency to forgive. Gender differences in trait forgiveness were reported in whole sample and in Italian subsample, showing males to be more forgiving than females. Further, our results for all study participants, in Polish subsample and among Italian males showed that older adults were more forgiving than young respondents, which is consistent with the previous findings showing an increase in forgivingness with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cabras
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kinga Kaleta
- The Jan Kochanowski University, Department of Psychology, Kielce, Poland
| | - Justyna Mróz
- The Jan Kochanowski University, Department of Psychology, Kielce, Poland
| | - Giorgia Loi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Sechi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
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Wu DC, Kim HS, Collins NL. Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delancey C. Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Heejung S. Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Nancy L. Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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Haroon Z, Iftikhar R, Kim JJ, Volk F, Enright RD. A randomized controlled trial of a forgiveness intervention program with female acid attack survivors in Pakistan. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:917-928. [PMID: 33386619 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the traumatic effects of acid violence on its victims, treatment options are very limited. The present study was aimed at examining the efficacy of a forgiveness intervention with female survivors of acid attack violence in Pakistan. Female acid attack victims in Pakistan were randomized to either a forgiveness group (n = 8) or a treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 8) control group. The forgiveness group received twice-a-week forgiveness sessions for 4 months, whereas the TAU group either received typical psychological treatment sessions for acid attack victims or no treatment. All participants were assessed on their levels of forgiveness, anger, anxiety, depression, and hope four times prior to the 4-month intervention period, twice after the intervention period, and once at the 1-year follow-up. Posttreatment, the forgiveness intervention group showed greater improvement in hope, anger, anxiety, and depression when compared with the TAU group. Upon further examinations, both groups improved on forgiveness from pretreatment to posttreatment, but the forgiveness group had a higher baseline. From pretreatment to the 12-month follow-up, the forgiveness group, when compared with the TAU group, showed greater improvement in all areas except for depression. This is the first study that examined the effects of a forgiveness intervention for acid attack victims in Pakistan. Results showing the improvement posttreatment as well as over a 1-year period posttreatment are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaineb Haroon
- Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Iftikhar
- Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jichan J Kim
- Department of Psychology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Fred Volk
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert D Enright
- Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,International Forgiveness Institute, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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