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Philipone E, Yoon AJ. Mucosal Soft Tissue Lesions. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2023; 26:596-608. [PMID: 37974086 DOI: 10.1177/10935266231198724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal soft tissue lesions are fairly common in the pediatric population. However, the precise prevalence is unknown. This is the result of the limited number of studies, the use of various diagnostic criteria in those studies, and the transient nature of commonly encountered lesions in this population. In this section, we seek to familiarize the pediatric pathologist with a sampling of mucosal soft tissue lesions encountered in pediatric patients, highlight key diagnostic features and correlations with systemic diseases should they exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Philipone
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela J Yoon
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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White Sponge Nevus Caused by Keratin 4 Gene Mutation: A Case Report. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122184. [PMID: 36553451 PMCID: PMC9777919 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant disease with a family history, often caused by mutations of the keratin 4 (K4) and keratin 13 (K13) genes in patients. It is characterized by frequently occurred white corrugated folds in the bilateral buccal mucosa with soft texture. On histopathological examination, hyperkeratosis of epithelial cells, edema, and vacuolar changes in the spinous cells are observed in the lesions, despite a normal layer of basal cells. WSN should be differentiated from other oral white spot diseases, mainly oral lichen planus, oral candidiasis, oral white edema, and Heck's disease, to reduce misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. At present, there is no specific treatment method. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical data of four WSN patients of the same family with the K4 gene mutation. The occurrence of WSN in a pair of monozygotic twins with very similar clinical presentations was identified for the first time. The gene sequencing results showed that there was a heterozygous deletion (C. 438_440delCAA) in exon 1 of the K4 gene, resulting in an aspartic acid loss in both the proband and his father. Finally, the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological manifestations, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and related treatment methods are discussed to provide a reference for clinical treatment of the disease.
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Schwartz Z, Magro C, Nuovo G. The molecular-based differentiation of Heck's disease from its mimics including oral condyloma and white sponge nevus. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 43:151402. [PMID: 31473371 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.151402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Heck's disease (focal or multifocal epithelial hyperplasia) is a benign, rare condition of the skin and mucous membranes induced by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Other entities that can induce large papillomatous lesions that involve the mucous membranes and skin include condyloma acuminatum, which is sexually transmitted, and white sponge nevus, often due to a mutation of cytokeratin 4 or 13. Six cases diagnosed as either Heck's disease (n = 2) or white sponge nevus (n = 4) and 6 oral condyloma were compared on histologic grounds and analyzed in situ for HPV DNA, including HPVs 6,11, and 13, as well as cytokeratins 4 and 13. Each case showed marked acanthosis, and para/hyperkeratosis. More variable histologic findings included rete ridge elongation, keratinocyte degeneration, and perinuclear halos. High copy HPV 13 DNA was evident in the squamous cells towards the surface in the two cases diagnosed as Heck's disease and in two cases diagnosed as white sponge nevus on clinical grounds. HPV 6/11 was found in each of the six condyloma. Marked decrease in either cytokeratin 4 or 13 was evident in the two cases diagnosed as white sponge nevus that were HPV DNA negative. It is concluded that in situ hybridization analyses including HPVs 6, 11, and 13 as well as immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins 4 and 13 can differentiate Heck's disease from condyloma and white sponge nevus, which can be difficult to differentiate on clinical and histologic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Schwartz
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Magro
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gerard Nuovo
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Discovery Life Sciences, Powell, OH, United States of America.
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Zhang J, Quan J, Ren Y, Chen M, Yang J, Zhang X. Keratin 4 regulates the development of human white sponge nevus. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:598-605. [PMID: 29738605 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of keratin 4 (KRT4) gene in the development of human white sponge nevus (WSN). METHODS Transgenic mice were created using the microinjection method with pcDNA3.1 vectors expressing KRT4 wild-type (WT) gene and E520K mutation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting were used to identify the genotype of transgenic founders and their filial generations. Expression of KRT4 in mouse oral mucosa was characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the whole epithelium layer of transgenic mice was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS The positive rate of KRT4 transgenic mice in F1 generation was 45.5%. Expression level of KRT4 protein was significantly higher in 2-month-old transgenic mice than WT mice. Furthermore, all the epithelial lamina of 3-month-old transgenic mice showed reduced staining of KRT4. The surface and spinous layers were full of hyalocytes and bubble cells, which are similar to the clinical symptoms of WSN. For the ultrastructure, both tonofilaments and Odland bodies increased. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated the mutated KRT4 gene may play important roles in the pathogenesis of WSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Quan
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomotology, Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- Plastic surgery Section, Tianjin Police Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengshan Chen
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Westin M, Rekabdar E, Blomstrand L, Klintberg P, Jontell M, Robledo-Sierra J. Mutations in the genes for keratin-4 and keratin-13 in Swedish patients with white sponge nevus. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 47:152-157. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Westin
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elham Rekabdar
- Genomics Core Facility; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lena Blomstrand
- Department of Surgical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Mats Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jairo Robledo-Sierra
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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de Haseth SB, Bakker E, Vermeer MH, el Idrissi H, Bosse T, Smit VT, Terron‐Kwiatkowski A, McLean WI, Peters AA, Hes FJ. A novel keratin 13 variant in a four-generation family with white sponge nevus. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1503-1509. [PMID: 28878914 PMCID: PMC5582238 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel KRT13 germ line variant that causes white sponge nevus (WSN) with mucosal dysplasia. Genital, vaginal, and cervical WSN were observed in four female patients, of whom two had premalignant cervical lesions at young age. Two of the 12 patients with oral WSN developed oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Egbert Bakker
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. Vermeer
- Department of DermatologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hakima el Idrissi
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - W.H. Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | | | - Frederik J. Hes
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Sanjeeta N, Nandini DB, Premlata T, Banerjee S. White sponge nevus: Report of three cases in a single family. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:300-3. [PMID: 27601826 PMCID: PMC4989564 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.185915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an interesting hereditary oral mucosal disorder that commonly manifests as bilaterally symmetrical, thickened white, corrugated or velvety, diffuse plaques that predominantly affects the buccal mucosa. The lesions may develop at birth or later in childhood or adolescence. Because it is asymptomatic and benign, WSN requires no treatment. Recognition of this disorder is important due to its potential confusion with other lesions that may be found in the oral cavity. Emphasis should be given to the early and correct diagnosis of this disorder to avoid unnecessary treatment. This report presents three affected members of a single family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngairangbam Sanjeeta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - D B Nandini
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Takhellambam Premlata
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Sumita Banerjee
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
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Cai W, Jiang B, Feng T, Xue J, Yang J, Chen Z, Liu J, Wei R, Zhao S, Wang X, Liu S. Expression profiling of white sponge nevus by RNA sequencing revealed pathological pathways. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:72. [PMID: 26062705 PMCID: PMC4474461 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare periodontal hereditary disease. To date, almost all WSN studies have focused on case reports or mutation reports. Thus, the mechanism behind WSN is still unclear. We investigated the pathogenesis of WSN using expression profiling. METHODS Sequence analysis of samples from a WSN Chinese family revealed a mutation (332 T > C) in the KRT13 gene that resulted in the amino acid change Leu111Pro. The pathological pathway behind the WSN expression profile was investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS Construction of a heatmap revealed 24 activated genes and 57 reduced genes in the WSN patients. The ribosome structure was damaged in the WSN patients. Moreover, the translation rate was limited in the WSN patients, whereas ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the abnormal degradation of the KRT13 protein in WSN patients may be associated with keratin 7 (KRT7) and an abnormal ubiquitination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Tienan Feng
- School of Life sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China.
| | - Jinfeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenghu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Rongbin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.
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Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) in the oral mucosa is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease. The involved mucosa is white or greyish, thickened, folded and spongy. The genes associated with WSN include mutant cytokeratin keratin 4 (KRT4) and keratin 13 (KRT13). In recent years, new cases of WSN and associated mutations have been reported. Here, we summarise the recent progress in our understanding of WSN, including clinical reports, genetics, animal models, treatment, pathogenic mechanisms and future directions. Gene-based diagnosis and gene therapy for WSN may become available in the near future and could provide a reference and instruction for treating other KRT-associated diseases.
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10
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Cai W, Chen Z, Jiang B, Yu F, Xu P, Wang M, Wan R, Liu J, Xue Z, Yang J, Liu S, Wang X. Keratin 13 mutations associated with oral white sponge nevus in two Chinese families. Meta Gene 2014; 2:374-83. [PMID: 25606422 PMCID: PMC4287858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease. Keratin 4 (KRT4) and Keratin 13 (KRT13) gene mutations were involved in the WSN. We recruited two WSN Chinese families, and oral lesion biopsy with hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that patients had significant pathological characteristics. The mutations of KRT4 and KRT13 gene were detected by PCR and direct sequencing. The multiple alignments of KRT13 from 23 diverse species homology analyses were performed by the ClustalW program. The KRT13 expression was measured by Real-Time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed two mutations of KRT13 gene: one mutation was 332T>C and amino acid change was Leu111Pro. Another mutation was 340C>T and amino acid change was Arg114Cys. The sequence of KRT13 was highly conserved. Real-Time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis results show that KRT13 expression level is lower in patient but keep almost no change in mRNA level. When cells were treated with MG132, KRT13 protein level was increased and kept almost the same in normal and patient cells. We identified two heritable mutations in the KRT13 gene, which were associated with the development of WSN. The abnormal degradation of KRT13 protein of WSN may probably associate with the abnormal ubiquitination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Cai
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghu Chen
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Beizhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Mu Wang
- School of Stomatology, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wan
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
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Liu X, Li Q, Gao Y, Song S, Hua H. Mutational analysis in familial and sporadic patients with white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:448-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Alberts R, Lu L, Williams RW, Schughart K. Genome-wide analysis of the mouse lung transcriptome reveals novel molecular gene interaction networks and cell-specific expression signatures. Respir Res 2011; 12:61. [PMID: 21535883 PMCID: PMC3105947 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lung is critical in surveillance and initial defense against pathogens. In humans, as in mice, individual genetic differences strongly modulate pulmonary responses to infectious agents, severity of lung disease, and potential allergic reactions. In a first step towards understanding genetic predisposition and pulmonary molecular networks that underlie individual differences in disease vulnerability, we performed a global analysis of normative lung gene expression levels in inbred mouse strains and a large family of BXD strains that are widely used for systems genetics. Our goal is to provide a key community resource on the genetics of the normative lung transcriptome that can serve as a foundation for experimental analysis and allow predicting genetic predisposition and response to pathogens, allergens, and xenobiotics. METHODS Steady-state polyA+ mRNA levels were assayed across a diverse and fully genotyped panel of 57 isogenic strains using the Affymetrix M430 2.0 array. Correlations of expression levels between genes were determined. Global expression QTL (eQTL) analysis and network covariance analysis was performed using tools and resources in GeneNetwork http://www.genenetwork.org. RESULTS Expression values were highly variable across strains and in many cases exhibited a high heritability factor. Several genes which showed a restricted expression to lung tissue were identified. Using correlations between gene expression values across all strains, we defined and extended memberships of several important molecular networks in the lung. Furthermore, we were able to extract signatures of immune cell subpopulations and characterize co-variation and shared genetic modulation. Known QTL regions for respiratory infection susceptibility were investigated and several cis-eQTL genes were identified. Numerous cis- and trans-regulated transcripts and chromosomal intervals with strong regulatory activity were mapped. The Cyp1a1 P450 transcript had a strong trans-acting eQTL (LOD 11.8) on Chr 12 at 36 ± 1 Mb. This interval contains the transcription factor Ahr that has a critical mis-sense allele in the DBA/2J haplotype and evidently modulates transcriptional activation by AhR. CONCLUSIONS Large-scale gene expression analyses in genetic reference populations revealed lung-specific and immune-cell gene expression profiles and suggested specific gene regulatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Alberts
- Department of Infection Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Inhoffenstr, Braunschweig, Germany
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Noguchi S, Sato K, Yamamoto G, Tonogi M, Tanaka Y, Tachikawa T, Yamane GY. Expression of cytokeratin 13 and 17 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Park EJ, Choi K, Park K. Induction of inflammatory responses and gene expression by intratracheal instillation of silver nanoparticles in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:299-307. [PMID: 21380814 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to human and environment have not been known well, although AgNPs are now widely applied to consumer products. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses including cytokine production and gene expression in mice after a single intratracheal instillation of AgNPs. As results, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6) and Th0 cytokine (IL-2) were progressively increased by the day 28 after a single instillation. The secretion of Th2 type cytokine was more dominant than that of Th1 type cytokine, and the increase of B cell distribution was also observed. But, histopathological changes in lung were observed only at day 1 after instillation. We identified the changes of gene expression induced by AgNPs in lung tissue using microarray. The 261 genes related to inflammation and tissue damages including Saa3, Krt 13, Lor, Krtdap, and Lcn 2 were up-regulated by over 2 fold, while 103 genes including H2-Ea, Chka, BC030476, Heg1 and Hbb-b1 were down-regulated. Based on the data, it is suggested that AgNPs may induce Th2 type dominant inflammatory responses and tissue damage in the lung of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Cutlan JE, Saunders N, Olsen SH, Fullen DR. White sponge nevus presenting as genital lesions in a 28-year-old female. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 37:386-9. [PMID: 19602060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A case is presented of white plaques occurring predominantly on the vulvar mucosa of a 28-year-old female diagnosed as white sponge nevus (WSN). WSN is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder involving mucous membranes. It predominantly affects the oral mucosa; however, it has been reported to rarely involve extraoral mucosal sites. In this case, histology and family history were key features leading to the correct diagnosis. WSN is an extremely rare cause of vulvar leukoplakia, yet it is important to recognize to allow for appropriate genetic counseling of this autosomal dominant disorder and to avoid misdiagnosis and the potential for subsequent exposure to ineffective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cutlan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Shabrawi-Caelen LE, McCalmont TH. Perinuclear eosinophilic bands: A clue to keratin gene mutation. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 37:718-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Zhang JM, Yang ZW, Chen RY, Gao P, Zhang YR, Zhang LF. Two new mutations in the keratin 4 gene causing oral white sponge nevus in Chinese family. Oral Dis 2008; 15:100-5. [PMID: 18992023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated white sponge nevus (WSN) in a Chinese family, and tried to find new mutation and demonstrated that this mutation is the causative mutation for WSN in this family and this condition affects a functionally important segment of the keratin 4 protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the affected family with the 32-year-old female patient, her mother, her younger sister and her daughter. Pathologic examinations were performed. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes, K4 and K13 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. RESULTS Direct sequencing of PCR products revealed two new mutations in the keratin 4 gene, the heterozygous missense mutation 1829G-->A in exon 2B, and 2324A-->G in non-coding region. No any mutation was found in the keratin 13 gene. CONCLUSIONS We found two new mutations in the keratin 4, which may be related with the development of WSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Stomatology Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Nishizawa A, Nakajima R, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Takayama K, Satoh T, Yokozeki H. A de novo missense mutation in the keratin 13 gene in oral white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:974-5. [PMID: 18616775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Nishizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Martelli H, Pereira SM, Rocha TM, Nogueira dos Santos PLA, Batista de Paula AM, Bonan PRF. White sponge nevus: report of a three-generation family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 103:43-7. [PMID: 17178493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that results in soft, white, and spongy plaques in the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, histopathologic, and genetic features of a family, spanning 3 generations, affected by WSN. STUDY DESIGN This study was performed using a cross-sectional layout analyzing a family with WSN. RESULTS Clinical examination of family members revealed that of 23 descendants, 8 (34.78%) had WSN features. Unaffected and affected members transmitted the disease to their offspring. The offspring recurrence risk was 0.34, and an incomplete level of penetrance was observed. The lesions showed many clinical and histopathologic similarities to cases previously reported. The most affected sites were buccal and labial mucosa, with a rare appearance in the palate. No extraoral lesion was found. Histological examination showed intense acanthosis and hyperparakeratosis-induced epithelial hyperplasia. Within the spinous layer, cells showing perinuclear eosinophilic condensation of the cytokeratin (CK) filaments were frequent. CONCLUSION The disease was transmitted by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, appearing mainly in the buccal and labial mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hercílio Martelli
- Dental Departament, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Polcari I, Chamlin SL. A 6-month-old boy with white oral lesions. Pediatr Ann 2006; 35:874, 876. [PMID: 17236434 DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-20061201-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Polcari
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Memorial Medical Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Li R, Johnson AB, Salomons G, Goldman JE, Naidu S, Quinlan R, Cree B, Ruyle SZ, Banwell B, D'Hooghe M, Siebert JR, Rolf CM, Cox H, Reddy A, Gutiérrez-Solana LG, Collins A, Weller RO, Messing A, van der Knaap MS, Brenner M. Glial fibrillary acidic protein mutations in infantile, juvenile, and adult forms of Alexander disease. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:310-26. [PMID: 15732097 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alexander disease is a progressive, usually fatal neurological disorder defined by the widespread and abundant presence in astrocytes of protein aggregates called Rosenthal fibers. The disease most often occurs in infants younger than 2 years and has been labeled a leukodystrophy because of an accompanying severe myelin deficit in the frontal lobes. Later onset forms have also been recognized based on the presence of abundant Rosenthal fibers. In these cases, clinical signs and pathology can be quite different from the infantile form, raising the question whether they share the same underlying cause. Recently, we and others have found pathogenic, de novo missense mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene in most infantile patients examined and in a few later onset patients. To obtain further information about the role of glial fibrillary acidic protein mutations in Alexander disease, we analyzed 41 new patients and another 3 previously described clinically, including 18 later onset patients. Our results show that dominant missense glial fibrillary acidic protein mutations account for nearly all forms of this disorder. They also significantly expand the catalog of responsible mutations, verify the value of magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis, indicate an unexpected male predominance for the juvenile form, and provide insights into phenotype-genotype relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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22
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Iwánczak F, Barancewicz-Łosek M, Iwánczak B, Kuryszko J, Baran E. Clinical quiz. White sponge nevus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:151, 226. [PMID: 14974467 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200402000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanciszek Iwánczak
- IInd Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University Wrocław, Poland
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Shibuya Y, Zhang J, Yokoo S, Umeda M, Komori T. Constitutional mutation of keratin 13 gene in familial white sponge nevus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 96:561-5. [PMID: 14600690 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(03)00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate a novel mutation in the keratin genes assumed to be responsible for a familial case of oral white sponge nevus. PATIENTS AND METHODS The affected family consisted of a 36-year-old woman, her 17-year-old daughter, and her 14-year-old son. Keratin 4 and 13 genes extracted from venous blood lymphocytes were amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. RESULTS Sequencing analysis of the 3 patients revealed the presence of a novel heterozygous T-to-C transition mutation in exon 1 of the keratin 13 gene, with no abnormalities detected in the keratin 4 gene. CONCLUSION We identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation at 332T>C in the keratin 13 gene believed to be related to the development of white sponge nevus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Shibuya
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Keratins are the type I and II intermediate filament proteins which form a cytoskeletal network within all epithelial cells. They are expressed in pairs in a tissue- and differentiation-specific fashion. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) was the first human disorder to be associated with keratin mutations. The abnormal keratin filament aggregates observed in basal cell keratinocytes of some EBS patients are composed of keratins K5 and K14. Dominant mutations in the genes encoding these proteins were shown to disrupt the keratin filament cytoskeleton resulting in cells that are less resilient and blister with mild physical trauma. Identification of mutations in other keratin genes soon followed with attention focussed on disorders showing abnormal clumping of keratin filaments in specific cells. For example, in bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, clumping of filaments in the suprabasal cells led to the identification of mutations in the suprabasal keratins, K1 and K10. Mutations have now been identified in 18 keratins, all of which produce a fragile cell phenotype. These include ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (K2e), epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (K1, K9), pachyonychia congenita (K6a, K6b, K16, K17), white sponge nevus (K4, K13), Meesmann's corneal dystrophy (K3, K12), cryptogenic cirrhosis (K8, K18) and monilethrix (hHb6, hHb1).In general, these disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant traits and the mutations act in a dominant-negative manner. Therefore, treatment in the form of gene therapy is difficult, as the mutant gene needs to be inactivated. Ways of achieving this are actively being studied. Reliable mutation detection methods from genomic DNA are now available. This enables rapid screening of patients for keratin mutations. For some of the more severe phenotypes, prenatal diagnosis may be requested and this can now be performed from chorionic villus samples at an early stage of the pregnancy. This review article describes the discovery of, to date, mutations in 18 keratin genes associated with inherited human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Chao SC, Tsai YM, Yang MH, Lee JYY. A novel mutation in the keratin 4 gene causing white sponge naevus. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:1125-8. [PMID: 12828738 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White sponge naevus (WSN) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder that predominantly affects noncornified stratified squamous epithelia, most commonly the buccal mucosa. Clinically, WSN manifests as thickened spongy mucosa with a white opalescent tint in the mouth and may be confused with other disorders that cause white lesions on oral mucosa. Recent studies have identified pathogenic mutations in KRT4 and KRT13, the genes encoding mucosa-specific keratins, in WSN. OBJECTIVES To search for possible mutations in KRT4 and KRT13. METHODS We report a case of WSN in a young man who presented with diffuse irregular whitish plaques involving the buccal and gingival mucosae and the tongue. Results Pathologically, the affected mucosa showed epithelial thickening, parakeratosis and extensive vacuolization of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Mutation analysis revealed a heterozygous missense mutation 1345G-->A in KRT4, predicting an amino acid change, E449K, in the 2B domain of the K4 polypeptide. CONCLUSIONS We report the first mutation analysis of a Taiwanese patient with WSN. Potentially this novel mutation could disrupt the stability of keratin filaments and result in WSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Chao
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
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Abstract
White lesions are frequently found during the examination of the oral cavity. Although some benign physiologic entities may present as white lesions, systemic conditions, infections, and malignancies may also present as white oral lesions. An appreciation of the many clinical entities that white lesions may represent is necessary if a differential diagnosis of white lesions is to be elucidated. The appreciation of subtle clinical findings associated with white lesions of the oral cavity permits clinicians to better care for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Messadi
- Section of Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Abstract
Alexander disease is a rare but often fatal disease of the central nervous system. Infantile, juvenile and adult forms have been described that present with different clinical signs, but are unified by the characteristic presence in astrocytes of Rosenthal fibers-protein aggregates that contain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and small stress proteins. The chance discovery that mice expressing a human GFAP transgene formed abundant Rosenthal fibers suggested that mutations in the GFAP gene are a cause of Alexander disease. Sequencing results from several laboratories have indeed now identified GFAP coding mutations in most cases of the disease, including both the infantile and juvenile forms. These mutations have been found in the 1A, 2A and 2B segments of the conserved central rod domain of GFAP, and also in the variable tail region. All changes detected are heterozygous missense mutations, and none has been found in any parent of a patient that has been tested. This indicates that most cases of Alexander disease arise through de novo, dominant, GFAP mutations. Many of these mutations are homologous to ones described in other intermediate filament diseases. These other diseases have been attributed to a dominant loss of function, as the intermediate filament network is usually disrupted and a similar phenotype is observed in mice in which the corresponding intermediate filament gene has been inactivated. However, astrocytes of Alexander disease patients have normal appearing intermediate filaments, and GFAP null mice do not display the symptoms or pathology of Alexander disease. Thus, Alexander disease likely results from a dominant gain of function. Drawing upon the homology of many of the Alexander disease mutations to those found in other intermediate filament diseases, it is suggested that the gain of function is due to a partial block of filament assembly that leads to accumulation of an intermediate that participates in toxic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
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