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Min K, Bosma ML, John G, McGuire JA, DelSasso A, Milleman J, Milleman KR. Quantitative analysis of the effects of brushing, flossing, and mouthrinsing on supragingival and subgingival plaque microbiota: 12-week clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:575. [PMID: 38760758 PMCID: PMC11102210 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translational microbiome research using next-generation DNA sequencing is challenging due to the semi-qualitative nature of relative abundance data. A novel method for quantitative analysis was applied in this 12-week clinical trial to understand the mechanical vs. chemotherapeutic actions of brushing, flossing, and mouthrinsing against the supragingival dental plaque microbiome. Enumeration of viable bacteria using vPCR was also applied on supragingival plaque for validation and on subgingival plaque to evaluate interventional effects below the gingival margin. METHODS Subjects with gingivitis were enrolled in a single center, examiner-blind, virtually supervised, parallel group controlled clinical trial. Subjects with gingivitis were randomized into brushing only (B); brushing and flossing (BF); brushing and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Antiseptic (BA); brushing and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Zero (BZ); or brushing, flossing, and rinsing with Listerine® Cool Mint® Zero (BFZ). All subjects brushed twice daily for 1 min with a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Subjects who flossed used unflavored waxed dental floss once daily. Subjects assigned to mouthrinses rinsed twice daily. Plaque specimens were collected at the baseline visit and after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention. Bacterial cell number quantification was achieved by adding reference amounts of DNA controls to plaque samples prior to DNA extraction, followed by shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing. RESULTS 286 subjects completed the trial. The metagenomic data for supragingival plaque showed significant reductions in Shannon-Weaver diversity, species richness, and total and categorical bacterial abundances (commensal, gingivitis, and malodor) after 4 and 12 weeks for the BA, BZ, and BFZ groups compared to the B group, while no significant differences were observed between the B and BF groups. Supragingival plaque vPCR further validated these results, and subgingival plaque vPCR demonstrated significant efficacy for the BFZ intervention only. CONCLUSIONS This publication reports on a successful application of a quantitative method of microbiome analysis in a clinical trial demonstrating the sustained and superior efficacy of essential oil mouthrinses at controlling dental plaque compared to mechanical methods. The quantitative microbiological data in this trial also reinforce the safety and mechanism of action of EO mouthrinses against plaque microbial ecology and highlights the importance of elevating EO mouthrinsing as an integral part of an oral hygiene regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 31/10/2022. The registration number is NCT05600231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungrok Min
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, 199 Grandview Rd, Skillman, NJ, USA.
| | - Mary Lynn Bosma
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, 199 Grandview Rd, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Gabriella John
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, 199 Grandview Rd, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - James A McGuire
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, 199 Grandview Rd, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Alicia DelSasso
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, 199 Grandview Rd, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffery Milleman
- Salus Research, Inc, 1220 Medical Park Drive, Building 4, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Milleman
- Salus Research, Inc, 1220 Medical Park Drive, Building 4, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
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Álvarez S, Morales J, Tiozzo-Lyon P, Berrios P, Barraza V, Simpson K, Ravasio A, Monforte Vila X, Teuschl-Woller A, Schuh CMAP, Aguayo S. Microfabrication-based engineering of biomimetic dentin-like constructs to simulate dental aging. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1648-1657. [PMID: 38291999 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Human dentin is a highly organized dental tissue displaying a complex microarchitecture consisting of micrometer-sized tubules encased in a mineralized type-I collagen matrix. As such, it serves as an important substrate for the adhesion of microbial colonizers and oral biofilm formation in the context of dental caries disease, including root caries in the elderly. Despite this issue, there remains a current lack of effective biomimetic in vitro dentin models that facilitate the study of oral microbial adhesion by considering the surface architecture at the micro- and nanoscales. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a novel in vitro microfabricated biomimetic dentin surface that simulates the complex surface microarchitecture of exposed dentin. For this, a combination of soft lithography microfabrication and biomaterial science approaches were employed to construct a micropitted PDMS substrate functionalized with mineralized type-I collagen. These dentin analogs were subsequently glycated with methylglyoxal (MGO) to simulate dentin matrix aging in vitro and analyzed utilizing an interdisciplinary array of techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), elemental analysis, and electron microscopy. AFM force-mapping demonstrated that the nanomechanical properties of the biomimetic constructs were within the expected biological parameters, and that mineralization was mostly predominated by hydroxyapatite deposition. Finally, dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were grown and characterized on the biofunctionalized PDMS microchips, demonstrating biofilm-specific morphologic characteristics and confirming the suitability of this model for the study of early biofilm formation under controlled conditions. Overall, we expect that this novel biomimetic dentin model could serve as an in vitro platform to study oral biofilm formation or dentin-biomaterial bonding in the laboratory without the need for animal or human tooth samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Álvarez
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Morales
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Tiozzo-Lyon
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Berrios
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Barraza
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Kevin Simpson
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xavier Monforte Vila
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Teuschl-Woller
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Loewe MF, Doll-Nikutta K, Stiesch M, Schwestka-Polly R. Biofilm volume and acidification within initial biofilms formed in situ on buccally and palatally exposed bracket material. J Orofac Orthop 2024:10.1007/s00056-024-00515-4. [PMID: 38409443 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-024-00515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acidification by bacterial biofilms at the bracket/tooth interface is one of the most common problems in fixed orthodontic treatments, which can lead to white spot lesions (WSL) and caries. As lingual brackets were shown to exhibit reduced WSL formation clinically, the aim of this in situ study was to compare initial intraoral biofilm formation and acidification on bracket-like specimens placed buccally and palatally in the upper jaw as a possible cause for this observation. METHODS Intraoral biofilm was collected from splints equipped with buccally and palatally exposed test specimens, which were worn by 12 volunteers for a total of 48 h. The test specimens consisted of standard bracket material cylinders on top of a hydroxyapatite disc to represent the bracket/tooth interface. They were analyzed for three-dimensional biofilm volume and live/dead distribution by fluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as for acidification by fluorescence-based pH ratiometry. RESULTS Similar general biofilm morphology with regard to volume and viability could be detected for buccally and palatally exposed specimens. For pH values, biofilms from both positions showed increased acidification at the bottom layer. Interestingly, the pH value at the top layers of the biofilms was slightly lower on palatally than on buccally exposed specimens, which may likely be due to anatomic conditions. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, initial intraoral biofilm formation and acidification is almost similar on the bracket material/biomimetic tooth interface when placed buccally or palatally in the upper jaw. As lingual brackets were shown to exhibit reduced WSL formation clinically, future studies should investigate further factors like bracket geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Frederic Loewe
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katharina Doll-Nikutta
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwestka-Polly
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Wing JTF, Hayashi MAL, Redissi AF, Vickerman MM, Tenuta LMA, Fenno JC, Rickard AH. Time-lapse confocal microscopy to study in vitro Streptococcus mutans surface colonization. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae012. [PMID: 38331426 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans relates to its ability to form biofilms on dental surfaces. The aim of this work was to develop a flowcell system compatible with time-lapse confocal microscopy to compare the adhesion and accumulation of S. mutans cells on surfaces in unsupplemented media against media containing sucrose or sucralose (a non-metabolized sweetener) over a short period of time. Fluorescent S. mutans 3209/pVMCherry was suspended in unsupplemented media or media supplemented with 1% sucrose or 1% sucralose and passed through a 3D-printed flowcell system. Flowcells were imaged over 60 minutes using a confocal microscope. Image analysis was performed, including a newly developed object-movement-based method to measure biomass adhesion. Streptococcus mutans 3209/pVMCherry grown in 1% sucrose-supplemented media formed small, dense, relatively immobile clumps in the flowcell system measured by biovolume, surface area, and median object centroid movement. Sucralose-supplemented and un-supplemented media yielded large, loose, mobile aggregates. Architectural metrics and per-object movement were significantly different (P < 0.05) when comparing sucrose-supplemented media to either unsupplemented or sucralose-supplemented media. These results demonstrate the utility of a flowcell system compatible with time-lapse confocal microscopy and image analysis when studying initial biofilm formation and adhesion under different nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T F Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael A L Hayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Aneesa F Redissi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - M Margaret Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Denis H, Werth R, Greuling A, Schwestka-Polly R, Stiesch M, Meyer-Kobbe V, Doll K. Antibacterial properties and abrasion-stability: Development of a novel silver-compound material for orthodontic bracket application. J Orofac Orthop 2024; 85:30-42. [PMID: 35849137 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacteria-induced white spot lesions are a common side effect of modern orthodontic treatment. Therefore, there is a need for novel orthodontic bracket materials with antibacterial properties that also resist long-term abrasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the abrasion-stable antibacterial properties of a newly developed, thoroughly silver-infiltrated material for orthodontic bracket application in an in situ experiment. METHODS To generate the novel material, silver was vacuum-infiltrated into a sintered porous tungsten matrix. A tooth brushing simulation machine was used to perform abrasion equal to 2 years of tooth brushing. The material was characterized by energy dispersive X‑ray (EDX) analysis and roughness measurement. To test for antibacterial properties in situ, individual occlusal splints equipped with specimens were worn intraorally by 12 periodontal healthy patients for 48 h. After fluorescence staining, the quantitative biofilm volume and live/dead distribution of the initial biofilm formation were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS Silver was infiltrated homogeneously throughout the tungsten matrix. Toothbrush abrasion only slightly reduced the material's thickness similar to conventional stainless steel bracket material and did not alter surface roughness. The new silver-modified material showed significantly reduced biofilm accumulation in situ. The effect was maintained even after abrasion. CONCLUSION A promising, novel silver-infiltrated abrasion-stable material for use as orthodontic brackets, which also exhibit strong antibacterial properties on in situ grown oral biofilms, was developed. The strong antibacterial properties were maintained even after surface abrasion simulated with long-term toothbrushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Denis
- Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Werth
- Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Greuling
- Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwestka-Polly
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Meyer-Kobbe
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katharina Doll
- Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Wang X, Liu M, Yu C, Li J, Zhou X. Biofilm formation: mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:49. [PMID: 38097907 PMCID: PMC10721784 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex multicellular communities formed by bacteria, and their extracellular polymeric substances are observed as surface-attached or non-surface-attached aggregates. Many types of bacterial species found in living hosts or environments can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, which can act as persistent infectious hosts and are responsible for a wide range of chronic diseases as well as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, thereby making them difficult to eliminate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as a model organism for studying biofilm formation. In addition, other Pseudomonas utilize biofilm formation in plant colonization and environmental persistence. Biofilms are effective in aiding bacterial colonization, enhancing bacterial resistance to antimicrobial substances and host immune responses, and facilitating cell‒cell signalling exchanges between community bacteria. The lack of antibiotics targeting biofilms in the drug discovery process indicates the need to design new biofilm inhibitors as antimicrobial drugs using various strategies and targeting different stages of biofilm formation. Growing strategies that have been developed to combat biofilm formation include targeting bacterial enzymes, as well as those involved in the quorum sensing and adhesion pathways. In this review, with Pseudomonas as the primary subject of study, we review and discuss the mechanisms of bacterial biofilm formation and current therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the clinical issues associated with biofilm infections and focusing on current and emerging antibiotic biofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanjiang Yu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Choi W, Mangal U, Park JY, Kim JY, Jun T, Jung JW, Choi M, Jung S, Lee M, Na JY, Ryu DY, Kim JM, Kwon JS, Koh WG, Lee S, Hwang PTJ, Lee KJ, Jung UW, Cha JK, Choi SH, Hong J. Occlusive membranes for guided regeneration of inflamed tissue defects. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7687. [PMID: 38001080 PMCID: PMC10673922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration aided by the application of occlusive membranes is a promising therapy for diverse inflammatory periodontal diseases. Symbiosis, homeostasis between the host microbiome and cells, occurs in the oral environment under normal, but not pathologic, conditions. Here, we develop a symbiotically integrating occlusive membrane by mimicking the tooth enamel growth or multiple nucleation biomineralization processes. We perform human saliva and in vivo canine experiments to confirm that the symbiotically integrating occlusive membrane induces a symbiotic healing environment. Moreover, we show that the membrane exhibits tractability and enzymatic stability, maintaining the healing space during the entire guided bone regeneration therapy period. We apply the symbiotically integrating occlusive membrane to treat inflammatory-challenged cases in vivo, namely, the open and closed healing of canine premolars with severe periodontitis. We find that the membrane promotes symbiosis, prevents negative inflammatory responses, and improves cellular integration. Finally, we show that guided bone regeneration therapy with the symbiotically integrating occlusive membrane achieves fast healing of gingival soft tissue and alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Utkarsh Mangal
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Park
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhyun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Milae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeong Na
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84, Heukserok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick T J Hwang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Kee-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Won Jung
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kook Cha
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Salviatto LTC, Prates RA, Pavani C, Bussadori SK, Deana AM. The influence of growth medium on the photodynamic susceptibility of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to antimicrobial blue light. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:274. [PMID: 37993626 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether antimicrobial blue light (aBL) can cause the death of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and to determine the influence of different culture media, specifically brain heart infusion and blood agar, on bacterial survival fraction. An LED emitting at 403 ± 15 nm, with a radiant power of 1W, irradiance of 588.2 mW/cm2, and an irradiation time of 0 min, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min, was used. The plates were incubated in microaerophilic conditions at 37 °C for 48 h, and the colony-forming units were counted. The photosensitizers were investigated using spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. There was no significant difference between the culture media (p > 0.05). However, a statistical reduction in both media was observed at 30 min (1058 J/cm2) (p < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that aBL has the potential to kill bacteria regardless of the culture media used. Light therapy could be a promising and cost-effective strategy for preventing periodontal disease when used in combination with mechanical plaque control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leonov GE, Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Starodubova AV. The Complicated Relationship of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Microbiome: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2749. [PMID: 37893122 PMCID: PMC10604844 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral microbiome has emerged as a focal point of research due to its profound implications for human health. The involvement of short-chain fatty acids in oral microbiome composition, oral health, and chronic inflammation is gaining increasing attention. In this narrative review, the results of early in vitro, in vivo, and pilot clinical studies and research projects are presented in order to define the boundaries of this new complicated issue. According to the results, the current research data are disputable and ambiguous. When investigating the role of SCFAs in human health and disease, it is crucial to distinguish between their local GI effects and the systemic influences. Locally, SCFAs are a part of normal oral microbiota metabolism, but the increased formation of SCFAs usually attribute to dysbiosis; excess SCFAs participate in the development of local oral diseases and in oral biota gut colonization and dysbiosis. On the other hand, a number of studies have established the positive impact of SCFAs on human health as a whole, including the reduction of chronic systemic inflammation, improvement of metabolic processes, and decrease of some types of cancer incidence. Thus, a complex and sophisticated approach with consideration of origin and localization for SCFA function assessment is demanded. Therefore, more research, especially clinical research, is needed to investigate the complicated relationship of SCFAs with health and disease and their potential role in prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy E Leonov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurgita R Varaeva
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Livantsova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina V Starodubova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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G C B, Zhou P, Naha A, Gu J, Wu C. Development of a xylose-inducible promoter and riboswitch combination system for manipulating gene expression in Fusobacterium nucleatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0066723. [PMID: 37695289 PMCID: PMC10537658 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00667-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible gene expression systems are important for studying bacterial gene function, yet most exhibit leakage. In this study, we engineered a leakage-free hybrid system for precise gene expression controls in Fusobacterium nucleatum by integrating the xylose-inducible expression system with the theophylline-responsive riboswitch. This innovative method enables concurrent control of target gene expression at both transcription and translation initiation levels. Using luciferase and the indole-producing enzyme tryptophanase (TnaA) as reporters, we demonstrated that the hybrid system displays virtually no observable signal in the absence of inducers. We employed this system to express FtsX, a protein related to fusobacterial cytokinesis, in an ftsX mutant strain, unveiling a dose-dependent manner in FtsX production. Without inducers, cells form long filaments, while increasing FtsX levels by increasing inducer concentrations led to a gradual reduction in cell length until normal morphology was restored. Crucially, this system facilitated essential gene investigation, identifying the signal peptidase lepB gene as vital for F. nucleatum. LepB's essentiality stems from depletion, affecting outer membrane biogenesis and cell division. This novel hybrid system holds the potential for advancing research on essential genes and accurate gene regulation in F. nucleatum. IMPORTANCE Fusobacterium nucleatum, an anaerobic bacterium prevalent in the human oral cavity, is strongly linked to periodontitis and can colonize areas beyond the oral cavity, such as the placenta and gastrointestinal tract, causing adverse pregnancy outcomes and promoting colorectal cancer growth. Given F. nucleatum's clinical significance, research is underway to develop targeted therapies to inhibit its growth or eradicate the bacterium specifically. Essential genes, crucial for bacterial survival, growth, and reproduction, are promising drug targets. A leak-free-inducible gene expression system is needed for studying these genes, enabling conditional gene knockouts and elucidating the importance of those essential genes. Our study identified lepB as the essential gene by first generating a conditional gene mutation in F. nucleatum. Combining a xylose-inducible system with a riboswitch facilitated the analysis of essential genes in F. nucleatum, paving the way for potential drug development targeting this bacterium for various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek G C
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arindam Naha
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chenggang Wu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Makkar H, Lim CT, Tan KS, Sriram G. Modeling periodontal host-microbe interactions using vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045008. [PMID: 37473752 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ace935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Gingival connective tissue and its vasculature play a crucial role in the host's immune response against the periodontal microbiome and serve as a bridge between the oral and systemic environments. However, there is a lack of representative models that mimic the complex features of vascularized gingival connective tissue and its interaction with the periodontal microbiome, hindering our understanding of periodontal health and disease. Towards this pursuit, we present the characterization of vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents (CTEs) as a model to study the interactions between oral biofilm colonizers and gingival tissues in healthy and diseased states. Whole-mount immunolabeling and label-free confocal reflectance microscopy of human fibrin-based matrix embedded with gingival fibroblasts and microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated the generation of bi-cellular vascularized gingival CTEs. Next, we investigated the response of the vascularized gingival CTEs to early, intermediate, and late oral biofilm colonizers. Despite colonization, the early colonizers did not elicit any significant change in the production of the cytokines and chemokines by the CTEs representative of the commensal and homeostatic state. In contrast, intermediate and late colonizers representing a transition to a diseased state exhibited connective tissue and vascular invasion, and elicited a differential immune response accompanied by increased monocyte migration. The culture supernatants produced by the vascularized gingival CTEs in response to early and intermediate colonizers polarized macrophages towards an immunomodulatory M2-like phenotype which activates and protects the host, while the late colonizers polarized towards a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype. Lastly,in silicoanalysis showed a high strength of associations between the proteins and transcripts investigated with periodontitis and vascular diseases. In conclusion, the vascularized gingival CTEs provide a biomimeticin vitroplatform to study host-microbiome interactions and innate immune response in periodontal health and diseased states, which potentially paves the way toward the development and assessment of novel periodontal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Makkar
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Kai Soo Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore
- ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore
- ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore
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Sebag SC, Qian Q, Upara C, Ding Q, Cao H, Hong L, Yang L. A Medium Chain Fatty Acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), Protects Against Obesity and Insulin Resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549684. [PMID: 37502899 PMCID: PMC10370144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide health problem, increases the risk for developing metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes. It is well recognized that obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic metabolic dysfunction. Previously, we revealed an anti-inflammatory role for spent culture supernatants isolated from the oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii (Sg-SCS). Here, we identified that 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is the one of the key components of Sg-SCS . We found that treatment of 6-HHA in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly reduced HFD-mediated weight gain which was largely attributed to a decrease in fat mass. Systemically, 6-HHA improves obesity-associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, administration of 6-HHA suppressed obesity-associated systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. At the cellular level, treatment of 6-HHA ameliorated aberrant inflammatory and metabolic transcriptomic signatures in white adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity (HFD). Mechanistically, we found that 6-HHA suppressed adipocyte-proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis, the latter through Gαi-mediated signaling. This work provides direct evidence for the anti-obesity effects of a novel MCFA, which could be a new therapeutic treatment for combating obesity. KEY POINTS Hydroxyhexanoic medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are dietary and bacterial-derived energy sources, however, the outcomes of using MCFAs in treating metabolic disorders are diverse and complex. The MCFA 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a metabolite secreted by the oral bacterial commensal species Streptococcus gordonii; here we investigated its role in modulating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction. In a murine model of obesity, we found 6-HHA-mediated improvement of diet-mediated adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation were in part due to actions on white adipose tissue (WAT).6-HHA suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis through Gi-mediated signaling in differentiated white adipocytes.
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Shou Y, Deng L, Huang X, Peng X, Zhou X, Wang Z, Huang Y, Yang B, Wang H, Zhang M, Cheng L. Effects of Bio-Aging on Mechanical Properties and Microbial Behavior of Different Resin Composites. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1125. [PMID: 37509161 PMCID: PMC10377581 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Under challenging oral environments, the overall performance of resin composites is affected by bio-aging. This study investigated the effects of saliva biofilm-induced bio-aging on the mechanical properties and microbial behavior of composites with different filler types. Microhybrid, nanohybrid, nano-filled and nano-filled flowable composites were bio-aged with saliva biofilm for 30 days. Surface morphology, roughness, mechanical and aesthetic properties were determined. A 48 h saliva biofilm model was used to evaluate the microbial behavior of different composites in vitro. Biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid production and live/dead bacterial staining were tested. Six volunteers were selected to wear intra-oral appliances with composite slabs for 24 h and biofilms were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the biofilm formation over those materials in situ. Although there were increasing trends, surface roughness, water resorption and material solubility had no significant changes for all groups after bio-aging (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in elastic modulus for all groups after aging (p > 0.05). However, a decrease in flexural strength in all groups was observed (p < 0.05), except for the nanoflow composite group (p > 0.05). The Vickers hardness remained stable in all groups after aging (p > 0.05), except for the nano-filled group (p < 0.05). The nanoflow composite showed distinct color changes compared to the micro-hybrid group after aging (p < 0.05). Biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production in vitro increased slightly after bio-aging in all groups, but with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). The Shannon index diversity of biofilms in situ decreased after aging (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was shown in species composition at the genus level in all groups (p > 0.05). Resin composites with different sized fillers displayed a relatively stable mechanical performance and uncompromised microbial behavior both in vitro and in situ after 30 days of bio-aging. Based on the results, composites with different filler types can be selected flexibly according to clinical needs. However, a longer time for bio-aging is still needed to confirm the mechanical properties and microbial behaviors of composites in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lanzhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yannan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Basic A, Dahlén G. Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1210200. [PMID: 37388417 PMCID: PMC10300593 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true "dysbiosis". Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH3, CO, NO, H2S, H2). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.
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Castillo-Ruiz M, Daille LK, Machuca P, Bittner M. Antibacterial activity of a complex bacteriocin secreted by Staphylococcus epidermidis against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105730. [PMID: 37209589 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the inhibitory activity of a novel bacteriocin produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis against this periodontal pathogen. DESIGN The bacteriocin activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion method over a lawn of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. The bacteriocin was purified by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization -Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In addition, the bacteriocin host specificity, production on different media cultures and susceptibility to enzymes, pH, and heat treatment were determined. RESULTS The bacteriocin BAC 14990 was selective to P. gingivalis, suggesting a narrow activity range. The production during the growth curve indicated that S. epidermidis had a continued production of this antimicrobial, showing the highest concentration in the stationary phase. The purification of BAC 14990 showed that bacteriocin had a molecular mass of 5795 Da. BAC 14990 was partially resistant to the treatment with proteinase K and papain, however, was fully susceptible to amylase treatment indicating the presence of sugar residues in the protein, suggesting a conjugated type of bacteriocin. Also, this diffusible inhibitory substance was heat and pH treatment resistant. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the isolation of a new staphylococcal complex bacteriocin that is able to eliminate a Gram-negative bacterium. These results could contribute to the development of treatments directed against pathogens in mixed communities, as is the case with oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castillo-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile; Chile Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sazié 2320, Santiago 8370134, Chile
| | - Leslie K Daille
- Centro GEMA-Genómica, Ecología & Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Pamela Machuca
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biotecnología Oral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 237, 8370133 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Bittner
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biotecnología Oral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 237, 8370133 Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 237, Santiago 8370133, Chile.
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Hu J, Yu J, Liu H, Wang Z, Haapasalo M, Haney EF, Hancock REW, Deng S, Shen Y. Dynamic killing effectiveness of mouthrinses and a D-enantiomeric peptide on oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative material surfaces. J Dent 2023; 134:104552. [PMID: 37201774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the dynamics of killing of oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative materials by commercially available mouthrinses and a D-enantiomeric peptide. METHODS Four composite resins (3M Supreme, 3M Supreme flow, Kerr Sonicfill, and Shofu Beautifil II) and one glass ionomer (GC Fuji II) were used as restorative materials. Plaque biofilms were grown on the surfaces of restorative material discs for 1 week. The surface roughness and biofilm attachment were assessed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. One-week-old biofilms grown anaerobically at 37°C were exposed to each of five solutions for one minute (twice daily for seven days): Listerine Total care and Paroex Gum mouthrinses, 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.001% D-enantiomeric peptide DJK-5, and sterile water. The dynamic variation of the biovolume of the biofilms and the percentage of dead bacteria were monitored and analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS All restorative materials had similar surface roughness with intact biofilm attachment. The percentage of dead bacteria and biovolume of biofilms treated by each oral rinse solution remained constant between days 1 and 7, with no statistically significant difference. DJK-5 showed the highest percentage of dead bacteria (up to 75.7%; cf. ∼20-40% for other mouthrinses) of all solutions tested within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS DJK-5 outperformed conventional mouthrinses in killing bacteria in oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The antimicrobial peptide DJK-5 is effective against oral biofilms and serves as a promising candidate for the development of future mouthrinses to improve long-term oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China; Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jian Yu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - He Liu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Evan F Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuli Deng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Bajaj A, Abutoama M, Isaacs S, Abuleil MJ, Yaniv K, Kushmaro A, Modic M, Cvelbar U, Abdulhalim I. Biofilm growth monitoring using guided wave ultralong-range Surface Plasmon Resonance: A proof of concept. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 228:115204. [PMID: 36913883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Unwelcomed biofilms are problematic in food industries, surgical devices, marine applications, and wastewater treatment plants, essentially everywhere where there is moisture. Very recently, label-free advanced sensors such as localized and extended surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have been explored as tools for monitoring biofilm formation. However, conventional noble metal SPR substrates suffer from low penetration depth (100-300 nm) into the dielectric medium above the surface, preventing the reliable detection of large entities of single or multi-layered cell assemblies like biofilms which can grow up to a few micrometers or more. In this study, we propose using a plasmonic insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) structure (SiO2-Ag-SiO2) with a higher penetration depth based on a diverging beam single wavelength format of Kretschmann configuration in a portable SPR device. An SPR line detection algorithm for locating the reflectance minimum of the device helps to view changes in refractive index and accumulation of the biofilm in real-time down to 10-7 RIU precision. The optimized IMI structure exhibits strong penetration dependence on wavelength and incidence angle. Within the plasmonic resonance, different angles penetrate different depths, showing a maximum near the critical angle. At the wavelength of 635 nm, a high penetration depth of more than 4 μm was obtained. Compared to a thin gold film substrate, for which the penetration depth is only ∼200 nm, the IMI substrate provides more reliable results. The average thickness of the biofilm after 24 h of growth was found to be between 6 and 7 μm with ∼63% live cell volume, as estimated from confocal microscopic images using an image processing tool. To explain this saturation thickness, a graded index biofilm structure is proposed in which the refractive index decreases with the distance from the interface. Furthermore, when plasma-assisted degeneration of biofilms was studied in a semi-real-time format, there was almost no effect on the IMI substrate compared to the gold substrate. The growth rate over the SiO2 surface was higher than on gold, possibly due to differences between surface charge effects. On the gold, the excited plasmon generates an oscillating cloud of electrons, while for the SiO2 case, this does not happen. This methodology can be utilized to detect and characterize biofilms with better signal reliability with respect to concentration and size dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha Bajaj
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Mohammad Abutoama
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering, ECE School, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Sivan Isaacs
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering, ECE School, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Marwan J Abuleil
- Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering, ECE School, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Karin Yaniv
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Martina Modic
- Department of Gaseous Electronics (F6), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics (F6), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhalim
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; Department of Electro-optics and Photonics Engineering, ECE School, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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18
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Bibek GC, Zhou P, Naha A, Gu J, Wu C. Development of a Xylose-Inducible Promoter and Riboswitch Combination System for Manipulating Gene Expression in Fusobacterium nucleatum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538132. [PMID: 37163003 PMCID: PMC10168284 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inducible gene expression systems are important for studying bacterial gene function, yet most exhibit leakage. In this study, we engineered a leakage-free hybrid system for precise gene expression controls in Fusobacterium nucleatum by integrating the xylose-inducible expression system with the theophylline-responsive riboswitch. This innovative method enables concurrent control of target gene expression at both transcription and translation initiation levels. Using luciferase and the indole-producing enzyme tryptophanase (TnaA) as reporters, we demonstrated that the hybrid system displays virtually no observable signal in the absence of inducers. We employed this system to express FtsX, a protein related to fusobacterial cytokinesis, in an ftsX mutant strain, unveiling a dose-dependent manner in FtsX production. Without inducers, cells form long filaments, while increasing FtsX levels by increasing inducers concentrations led to a gradual reduction in cell length until normal morphology was restored. Crucially, this system facilitated essential gene investigation, identifying the signal peptidase lepB gene as vital for F. nucleatum . LepB's essentiality stems from depletion, affecting outer membrane biogenesis and cell division. This novel hybrid system holds the potential for advancing research on essential genes and accurate gene regulation in F. nucleatum .
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19
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Shetty S, Sekar P, Shetty RM, Abou Neel EA. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Copper-Doped Phosphate Glass on Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073179. [PMID: 37049941 PMCID: PMC10096066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)] and antibiofilm activity [log10 colony forming unit/mL (CFU/mL) and biofilm disruption] of copper-doped phosphate glass (CDPG) against Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: the antibacterial activity was determined using microbroth dilution and time-kill assay. The antibiofilm activity was investigated using crystal violet and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacteria growing in absence of CDPG were used as controls. Results: the MIC was ≥125 mg of CPDG/mL; the log10 CFU/mL reduction ranged from 2.66–3.14 to 6.23–9.65 after 4 and 24 h respectively. Generally, no growth was observed after 24 h of treatment with CDPG; the MBC was 250 mg/mL for L. casei and S. oralis while 500 mg/mL for the rest of the bacteria. The highest and lowest antibiofilm activity was observed against S. oralis and E. coli respectively. Three patterns of complete biofilm disruption were seen: (i) large areas with E. fecalis and S. oralis, (ii) medium-size pockets with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, or (iii) small areas with E. coli and L. casei. Conclusion: CDPG can be potentially used as an antibacterial and an antibiofilm agent against oral biofilm-forming bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Shetty
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priyadharshini Sekar
- RIMHS, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raghavendra M. Shetty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be University), Wardha 442001, India
| | - Ensanya Ali Abou Neel
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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20
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Rajapaksha DC, Edirisinghe SL, Nikapitiya C, Whang I, De Zoysa M. The Antimicrobial Peptide Octopromycin Suppresses Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030623. [PMID: 36978490 PMCID: PMC10044867 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. A. baumannii forms biofilm and produces extracellular matrix, which supports bacteria to survive under harsh conditions and be resistant to antibacterial treatments. In the present study, we investigated the biofilm and quorum-sensing inhibitory effects of antimicrobial peptide, octopromycin in A. baumannii. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy results clearly showed significantly reduced biofilm mass and caused a collapse in biofilm architecture at the minimum inhibitory concentration (50 µg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (200 µg/mL) of octopromycin. Antibiotic-resistant persister cells of A. baumannii were successfully killed by octopromycin treatment, and it inhibited violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum in a concentration-dependent manner. Octopromycin also inhibited alginate production, surface movements (swarming and swimming), and twitching motility of A. baumannnii, confirming its anti-quorum-sensing activity. Multiple metabolic pathways, two-component regulation systems, quorum-sensing, and antibiotic synthesis-related pathways in A. baumannii biofilms were strongly affected by octopromycin treatment. The collective findings indicate that the antibacterial peptide octopromycin may control A. baumannii biofilms through multi-target interactions. Octopromycin could be a desirable therapeutic option for the prevention and control of A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinusha Chathurangi Rajapaksha
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shan Lakmal Edirisinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), 75, Jangsan-ro 101 beon-gil, Janghang-eup, Seochun-gun 33662, Chungchungnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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21
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Luiz MT, di Filippo LD, Dutra JAP, Viegas JSR, Silvestre ALP, Anselmi C, Duarte JL, Calixto GMF, Chorilli M. New Technological Approaches for Dental Caries Treatment: From Liquid Crystalline Systems to Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030762. [PMID: 36986624 PMCID: PMC10054708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is the most common oral disease, with high prevalence rates in adolescents and low-income and lower-middle-income countries. This disease originates from acid production by bacteria, leading to demineralization of the dental enamel and the formation of cavities. The treatment of caries remains a global challenge and the development of effective drug delivery systems is a potential strategy. In this context, different drug delivery systems have been investigated to remove oral biofilms and remineralize dental enamel. For a successful application of these systems, it is necessary that they remain adhered to the surfaces of the teeth to allow enough time for the removal of biofilms and enamel remineralization, thus, the use of mucoadhesive systems is highly encouraged. Among the systems used for this purpose, liquid crystalline systems, polymer-based nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential for preventing and treating dental caries through their own antimicrobial and remineralization properties or through delivering drugs. Therefore, the present review addresses the main drug delivery systems investigated in the treatment and prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello di Filippo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Anselmi
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3301-6998
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22
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Chen WA, Dou Y, Fletcher HM, Boskovic DS. Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:470. [PMID: 36838435 PMCID: PMC9963840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. In this context, P. gingivalis can gain access to the systemic circulation, where it can promote a prothrombotic state. P. gingivalis expresses a number of virulence factors, which aid this pathogen toward infection of a variety of host cells, evasion of detection by the host immune system, subversion of the host immune responses, and activation of several humoral and cellular hemostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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23
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Balto H, Al-Hadlaq S, Alhadlaq A, El-Ansary A. Gum-gut axis: The potential role of salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring progress of inflammatory bowel diseases. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:24-30. [PMID: 36817025 PMCID: PMC9931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut mucosa is an extension of the oral mucosa, and both are directly linked. There is emerging evidence that pathogenic oral microbiome contributes greatly to the risk of developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota can interfere with the host immune system's ability to respond normally, thereby increasing the development of periodontitis which raises the risk of IBD, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and other complex disease processes. Salivary biomarkers are possibly important for determining the incidence, severity, and remission of IBD. Nevertheless, clinical translation of biomarker knowledge from lab to clinical practice needs further studies that identify biomarkers related to the transitional phase between healthy and unhealthy. In this review, the bidirectional pathway between the gut and the oral cavity was investigated and several aspects were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solaiman Al-Hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Im J, Lee D, Park OJ, Natarajan S, Park J, Yun CH, Han SH. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition by propionate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1063650. [PMID: 36620009 PMCID: PMC9814166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes a variety of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and septic shock. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) evades virtually all available treatments, creating the need for an alternative control strategy. Although we previously demonstrated the inhibitory effect of sodium propionate (NaP) on MRSA, the regulatory mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of NaP on MRSA using RNA-Seq analysis. Total RNAs were isolated from non-treated and 50 mM NaP-treated S. aureus USA300 for 3 h and transcriptional profiling was conducted by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with log2 fold change ≥2 and p < 0.05 was identified in the NaP treatment group compared with the control group. Among the 171 genes, 131 were up-regulated and 40 were down-regulated. Upon gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis, total 26 specific GO terms in "Biological process," "Molecular function," and "Cellular component" were identified in MRSA treated with NaP for 3 h. "Purine metabolism"; "riboflavin metabolism"; and "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism" were identified as major altered metabolic pathways among the eight significantly enriched KEGG pathways in MRSA treated with NaP. Furthermore, the MRSA strains deficient in purF, ilvA, ribE, or ribA, which were the up-regulated DEGs in the metabolic pathways, were more susceptible to NaP than wild-type MRSA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NaP attenuates MRSA growth by altering its metabolic pathways, suggesting that NaP can be used as a potential bacteriostatic agent for prevention of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Seung Hyun Han,
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25
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Togawa G, Takahashi M, Tada H, Takada Y. Development of Ternary Ti-Ag-Cu Alloys with Excellent Mechanical Properties and Antibiofilm Activity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9011. [PMID: 36556817 PMCID: PMC9781584 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-20 mass% Silver (Ti-20%Ag) alloy can suppress biofilm formation on the surface. Unlike bactericidal agents, it does not kill bacteria; therefore, the healthy oral microflora remains undisturbed. To utilize the unique functions of this alloy and enable its use in the fabrication of dental prostheses that require relatively high strength, we added copper (Cu) as an alloying element to improve strength. This study aimed to develop ternary Ti-Ag-Cu alloys with excellent mechanical properties and antibiofilm activity. As a result of investigating the mechanical properties of several experimental alloys, the tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness of Ti-20%Ag-1%Cu and Ti-20%Ag-2%Cu alloys were improved by the solid-solution strengthening or hardening of the αTi phase. In addition, these alloys had the same ability to suppress biofilm formation as the Ti-20Ag alloy. Thus, Ti-20%Ag-1-2%Cu alloys can be used for fabrication of narrow-diameter dental implants and prostheses subjected to extremely high force, and these prostheses are useful in preventing post-treatment oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genichi Togawa
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takahashi
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tada
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukyo Takada
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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26
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Cui G, Li P, Wu R, Lin H. Streptococcus mutans membrane vesicles inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis. AMB Express 2022; 12:154. [PMID: 36508003 PMCID: PMC9743899 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, whose main virulence factor is glucosyltransferase (Gtf), has a substantial impact on the development of dental caries. S. mutans membrane vesicles (MVs), which are rich in Gtfs, have been shown to affect biofilm formation of other microorganisms. Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are initial colonizers of tooth surfaces, which provide attachment sites for subsequent microorganisms and are crucial in the development of oral biofilms. S. mutans and S. gordonii, as well as S. mutans and S. sanguinis, have a complex competitive and cooperative relationship, but it is unclear whether S. mutans MVs play a role in these interspecific interactions. Therefore, we co-cultured S. mutans MVs, having or lacking Gtfs, with S. gordonii and S. sanguinis. Our results showed that S. mutans MVs inhibited biofilm formation of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis but did not affect their planktonic growth; contrastingly, S. mutans ΔgtfBC mutant MVs had little effect on both their growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, there were fewer and more dispersed bacteria in the biofilms of the S. mutans MV-treated group than that in the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of the biofilm-related virulence factors GtfG, GtfP, and SpxB in S. gordonii and S. sanguinis were significantly downregulated in response to S. mutans MVs. In conclusion, the results of our study showed that S. mutans MVs inhibited biofilm formation of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis, revealing an important role for MVs in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guxin Cui
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Kuwata H, Kawabata S. Oral mitis group streptococci: A silent majority in our oral cavity. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:539-551. [PMID: 36114681 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the oral mitis group streptococci including Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii are the most abundant inhabitants of human oral cavity and dental plaque, and have been implicated in infectious complications such as bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Oral mitis group streptococci are genetically close to Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, they do not produce cytolysin (pneumolysin), which is a key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. Similar to S. pneumoniae, oral mitis group streptococci possess several cell surface proteins that bind to the cell surface components of host mammalian cells. S. sanguinis expresses long filamentous pili that bind to the matrix proteins of host cells. The cell wall-anchored nuclease of S. sanguinis contributes to the evasion of the neutrophil extracellular trap by digesting its web-like extracellular DNA. Oral mitis group streptococci produce glucosyltransferases, which synthesize glucan (glucose polymer) from sucrose of dietary origin. Neuraminidase (NA) is a virulent factor in oral mitis group streptococci. Influenza type A virus (IAV) relies on viral NA activity to release progeny viruses from infected cells and spread the infection, and NA-producing oral streptococci elevate the risk of IAV infection. Moreover, oral mitis group streptococci produce hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as a by-product of sugar metabolism. Although the concentrations of streptococcal H2 O2 are low (1-2 mM), they play important roles in bacterial competition in the oral cavity and evasion of phagocytosis by host macrophages and neutrophils. In this review, we intended to describe the diverse pathogenicity of oral mitis group streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not responding to medical treatment via their physician. Oral biofilm may be present in the periodontal sulcus in the absence of clinical disease of periodontal disease (bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation) and periodontal reaction is dependent on the patient's immune response to the associated bacterial and their byproducts. Increasing evidence has been emerging the past decade connecting oral biofilm with systemic conditions, either initiating them or complicating those medical conditions. The patient's health needs to be thought of as a whole-body system with connections that may originate in the oral cavity and have distant affects throughout the body. To maximize total health, a coordination in healthcare needs to be a symbiosis between the physician and dentist to eliminate the oral biofilm and aid in prevention of systemic disease or minimize those effects to improve the patient's overall health and quality of life. Various areas of systemic health have been associated with the bacteria and their byproducts in the oral biofilm. Those include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, pre-term pregnancy, erectile dysfunction Alzheimer's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. This article will discuss oral biofilm, its affects systemically and review the medical conditions associated with the oral systemic connection with an extensive review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A. Horowitz
- Private periodontal practice Scarsdale, New York, USA
- Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry
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29
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Park T, Im J, Kim AR, Lee D, Jeong S, Yun CH, Han SH. Propionate Attenuates Growth of Oral Streptococci through Enhancing Methionine Biosynthesis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1234-1244. [PMID: 36198670 PMCID: PMC9668084 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral streptococci are considered as an opportunistic pathogen associated with initiation and progression of various oral diseases. However, since the currently-available treatments often accompany adverse effects, alternative strategy is demanded to control streptococci. In the current study, we investigated whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), and sodium butyrate (NaB), can inhibit the growth of oral streptococci. Among the tested SCFAs, NaP most potently inhibited the growth of laboratory and clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus gordonii under anaerobic culture conditions. However, the growth inhibitory effect of NaP on six different species of other oral streptococci was different depending on their culture conditions. Metabolic changes such as alteration of methionine biosynthesis can affect bacterial growth. Indeed, NaP enhanced intracellular methionine levels of oral streptococci as well as the mRNA expression level of methionine biosynthesis-related genes. Collectively, these results suggest that NaP has an inhibitory effect on the growth of oral streptococci, which might be due to alteration of methionine biosynthesis. Thus, NaP can be used an effective bacteriostatic agent for the prevention of oral infectious diseases caused by oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone +82-2-880-2310 Fax: +82-2-743-0311 E-mail:
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30
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Bernardo WLDC, Boriollo MFG, Tonon CC, da Silva JJ, Oliveira MC, de Moraes FC, Spolidorio DMP. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium cumini leaves and their potential effects on odontogenic pathogens and biofilms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:995521. [PMID: 36246249 PMCID: PMC9556836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.995521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the antimicrobial and antibiofilm action and cytotoxicity of extract (HEScL) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-HEScL) from Syzygium cumini leaves. GC–MS, UV–Vis, EDX, FEG/SEM, DLS and zeta potential assays were used to characterize the extract or nanoparticles. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxicity analyses were carried out by in vitro methods: agar diffusion, microdilution and normal oral keratinocytes spontaneously immortalized (NOK-SI) cell culture. MICs of planktonic cells ranged from 31.2–250 (AgNPs-HEScL) to 1,296.8–10,375 μg/ml (HEScL) for Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Veillonella dispar, and Candida albicans. AgNPs-HEScL showed antibiofilm effects (125–8,000 μg/ml) toward Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus oralis, and Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The NOK-SI exhibited no cytotoxicity when treated with 32.8 and 680.3 μg/ml of AgNPs-HEScL and HEScL, respectively, for 5 min. The data suggest potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm action of HEScL, and more specifically, AgNPs-HEScL, involving pathogens of medical and dental interest (dose-, time- and species-dependent). The cytotoxicity of HEScL and AgNPs-HEScL detected in NOK-SI was dose- and time-dependent. This study presents toxicological information about the lyophilized ethanolic extract of S. cumini leaves, including their metallic nanoparticles, and adds scientific values to incipient studies found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Luis de Carvalho Bernardo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Wagner Luís de Carvalho Bernardo,
| | - Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo,
| | - Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Júnior da Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Mateus Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Effects of Streptococcus mutans and their metabolites on the wear behavior of dental restorative materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105469. [PMID: 36166938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The wear behavior of dental restorative materials is highly related to the biolubricating medium in the oral environment. Bacteria, along with their metabolic products, are essential substances in the oral cavity and have not been studied as a potential factor affecting lubrication performance during mastication. In this study, the effects of the Streptococcus mutans bacterial cells and their metabolites were investigated on the wear behavior of resin composites, polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks and zirconium-lithium silicate glass-ceramics. A reciprocating friction test and quantitative analysis of the wear morphology were utilized to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear resistance of the test materials. The results showed that the bacterial metabolite medium significantly reduces the COF and wear rate of the three restorative materials and provide better protection against superficial abrasion. When tested under lactic acid medium, a key acid production in bacterial metabolites, similar wear reduction results were observed in the three materials, which confirmed that lactic acid should be accountable for the excellent lubricating property of bacterial metabolites. Furthermore, the resin composite with lower wettability exhibited a more significant wear reduction than the other two materials when lubricating with a bacterial metabolite medium. These findings provide novel insights into the biological basis of lubrication mechanisms in the oral cavity under high-loading and low-velocity conditions.
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Wang Y, Bian Z, Wang Y. Biofilm formation and inhibition mediated by bacterial quorum sensing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6365-6381. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wilson A, Fegan N, Turner MS. Co-culture with Acinetobacter johnsonii enhances benzalkonium chloride resistance in Salmonella enterica via triggering lipid A modifications. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 381:109905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Costa RC, Bertolini M, Costa Oliveira BE, Nagay BE, Dini C, Benso B, Klein MI, Barāo VAR, Souza JGS. Polymicrobial biofilms related to dental implant diseases: unravelling the critical role of extracellular biofilm matrix. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 49:370-390. [PMID: 35584310 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2062219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex tri-dimensional structures that encase microbial cells in an extracellular matrix comprising self-produced polymeric substances. The matrix rich in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) contributes to the unique features of biofilm lifestyle and structure, enhancing microbial accretion, biofilm virulence, and antimicrobial resistance. The role of the EPS matrix of biofilms growing on biotic surfaces, especially dental surfaces, is largely unravelled. To date, there is a lack of a broad overview of existing literature concerning the relationship between the EPS matrix and the dental implant environment and its role in implant-related infections. Here, we discuss recent advances in the critical role of the EPS matrix on biofilm growth and virulence on the dental implant surface and its effect on the etiopathogenesis and progression of implant-related infections. Similar to other biofilms associated with human diseases/conditions, EPS-enriched biofilms on implant surfaces promote microbial accumulation, microbiological shift, cross-kingdom interaction, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm virulence, and, consequently, peri-implant tissue damage. But intriguingly, the protagonism of EPS role on implant-related infections and the development of matrix-target therapeutic strategies has been neglected. Finally, we highlight the need for more in-depth analyses of polymicrobial interactions within EPS matrix and EPS-targeting technologies' rationale for disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment with more outstanding translation to implant applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Benso
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CA, Chile
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barāo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joāo Gabriel S Souza
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil.,Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Brazil.,Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Sāo Paulo, Brazil
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Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation by the Joint Action of Oxyresveratrol and Lactobacillus casei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0243621. [PMID: 35416682 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02436-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis in dental plaque contributes to the occurrence of dental caries, to which Streptococcus mutans is a major contributor. Lactobacillus casei can be used as probiotic therapy to treat caries by replacing S. mutans within the dental plaque. However, the effects of probiotic treatment are not always stable. Oxyresveratrol (ORV), a plant-derived polyphenol, displays opposite effects in that it inhibits cariogenic and promotes commensal bacteria. Thus, the objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of ORV on bacterial proportions in S. mutans-L. casei biofilm and to elucidate how ORV weakens the competitiveness of S. mutans. Quantitative real-time PCR confirms a decreased S. mutans-L. casei ratio in dual-species biofilm by action of ORV. The culture supernatant of L. casei after being incubated with ORV (ORVLC) is prepared to explore the joint action of ORV and L. casei. ORVLC displays the strongest anti-biofilm effect against S. mutans when compared with the effects of L. casei supernatant or ORV alone. As a result of this treatment, both exopolysaccharides and bacteria contents in the biofilm are greatly reduced. The biofilm is transformed from water-insoluble glucan-dominant to water-soluble glucan-dominant by ORVLC through the modulation of the glycometabolism-related genes of S. mutans. As for the interactions between ORV and L. casei, ORV promotes L. casei to produce acetic acid, which provides L. casei with a competitive advantage against S. mutans. Taken together, ORV may be very suitable as an adjuvant medicine for probiotic therapy in the control of dental caries. IMPORTANCE The homeostatic imbalance in dental plaque associated with a sharp increase in the number of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans is critical for the occurrence and development of caries. Probiotic therapy can restore ecological balance by replacing cariogenic pathogens with probiotics. The current study innovatively finds that oxyresveratrol, a natural polyphenol, can provide probiotic Lactobacillus casei with competitive dominance in its dual-species biofilm with S. mutans. The joint action of oxyresveratrol and L. casei strongly inhibits the biofilm formation of S. mutans. Additionally, oxyresveratrol promotes L. casei to produce acetic acid, which facilitates L. casei to compete with S. mutans. Through the effects of these two mechanisms, oxyresveratrol leads to a significantly decreased S. mutans-L. casei ratio in their dual-species biofilm. Thus, oxyresveratrol is speculated to be an ideal medicine for the prevention and treatment of caries by regulating oral flora balance.
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36
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Lin Y, Gong T, Ma Q, Jing M, Zheng T, Yan J, Chen J, Pan Y, Sun Q, Zhou X, Li Y. Nicotinamide could reduce growth and cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2056291. [PMID: 35341208 PMCID: PMC8956312 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2056291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is among the most prevalent chronic oral infectious diseases. Streptococcus mutans, a major cariogenic bacterial species, possesses several cariogenicity-associated characteristics, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesis, biofilm formation, acidogenicity, and aciduricity. Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, is a non-toxic, orally available, and inexpensive compound. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of NAM on the cariogenic virulence factors of S. mutans in vitro and in vivo. NAM inhibited the growth of S. mutans UA159 and the clinical isolates. In addition, there was a decrease in the acid production and acid tolerance ability, as well as biofilm formation and EPS production of S. mutans after NAM treatment. Global gene expression profiling showed that 128 and 58 genes were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in NAM-treated S. mutans strains. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with carbohydrate transport and metabolism, glycolysis, acid tolerance. Moreover, in a rat caries model, NAM significantly reduced the incidence and severity of smooth and sulcal-surface caries in vivo. NAM exhibited good antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, indicating its potential value for antibiofilm and anti-caries applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangchuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chathoth K, Fostier L, Martin B, Baysse C, Mahé F. A Multi-Skilled Mathematical Model of Bacterial Attachment in Initiation of Biofilms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040686. [PMID: 35456739 PMCID: PMC9029265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial step of biofilm formation is bacteria attachment to biotic or abiotic surfaces and other bacteria through intra or interspecies interactions. Adhesion can be influenced by physicochemical conditions of the environment, such as iron. There is no available mathematical model of bacterial attachment giving realistic initiation rather than random adhesion. We describe a simple stochastic attachment model, from the simplest case in two dimensions with one bacterial species attaching on a homogeneous flat surface to more complex situations, with either several bacterial species, inhomogeneous or non-flat surfaces, or in three dimensions. The model depends on attachment probabilities (on the surface, laterally, or vertically on bacteria). Effects of each of these parameters were analyzed. This mathematical model is then applied to experimental oral microcolonies of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Treponema denticola, either as mono-, two, or three species, under different iron concentrations. The model allows to characterize the adhesion of three bacterial species and explore the effect of iron on attachment. This model appears as a powerful tool for initial attachment analysis of bacterial species. It will enable further modeling of biofilm formation in later steps with biofilm initialization more relevant to real-life subgingival biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Chathoth
- CIMIAD, NUMECAN INSERM U1241, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France; (K.C.); (B.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Louis Fostier
- IRMAR, CNRS UMR 6625, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Bénédicte Martin
- CIMIAD, NUMECAN INSERM U1241, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France; (K.C.); (B.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Christine Baysse
- CIMIAD, NUMECAN INSERM U1241, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France; (K.C.); (B.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Fabrice Mahé
- IRMAR, CNRS UMR 6625, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
- Correspondence:
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38
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Luo TL, Vanek ME, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Marrs CF, Foxman B, Rickard AH. In vitro model systems for exploring oral biofilms: From single-species populations to complex multi-species communities. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:855-871. [PMID: 34216534 PMCID: PMC10505481 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro biofilm model systems are available to study oral biofilms. Over the past several decades, increased understanding of oral biology and advances in technology have facilitated more accurate simulation of intraoral conditions and have allowed for the increased generalizability of in vitro oral biofilm studies. The integration of contemporary systems with confocal microscopy and 16S rRNA community profiling has enhanced the capabilities of in vitro biofilm model systems to quantify biofilm architecture and analyse microbial community composition. In this review, we describe several model systems relevant to modern in vitro oral biofilm studies: the constant depth film fermenter, Sorbarod perfusion system, drip-flow reactor, modified Robbins device, flowcells and microfluidic systems. We highlight how combining these systems with confocal microscopy and community composition analysis tools aids exploration of oral biofilm development under different conditions and in response to antimicrobial/anti-biofilm agents. The review closes with a discussion of future directions for the field of in vitro oral biofilm imaging and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L. Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael E. Vanek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl F. Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H. Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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39
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Liu T, Yang R, Zhou J, Lu X, Yuan Z, Wei X, Guo L. Interactions Between Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum Altered Bacterial Transcriptional Profiling and Attenuated the Immune Responses of Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:783323. [PMID: 35071038 PMCID: PMC8776643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies coaggregation promotes transcriptional changes in oral bacteria, affecting bacterial pathogenicity. Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are common oral inhabitants. The present study investigated the transcriptional profiling of S. gordonii and F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum in response to the dual-species coaggregation using RNA-seq. Macrophages were infected with both species to explore the influence of bacterial coaggregation on both species' abilities to survive within macrophages and induce inflammatory responses. Results indicated that, after the 30-min dual-species coaggregation, 116 genes were significantly up-regulated, and 151 genes were significantly down-regulated in S. gordonii; 97 genes were significantly down-regulated, and 114 genes were significantly up-regulated in F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum. Multiple S. gordonii genes were involved in the biosynthesis and export of cell-wall proteins and carbohydrate metabolism. F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum genes were mostly associated with translation and protein export. The coaggregation led to decreased expression levels of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Coaggregation between S. gordonii and F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum significantly promoted both species' intracellular survival within macrophages and attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Physical interactions between these two species promoted a symbiotic lifestyle and repressed macrophage's killing and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Yuan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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40
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Uzoukwu EU, Phandanouvong-Lozano V, Usman H, Sfeir C, Niepa THR. Droplet-based microsystems as novel assessment tools for oral microbial dynamics. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107903. [PMID: 34990774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome comprises thousands of microbial species that live in and on the body and play critical roles in human health and disease. Recent findings on the interplay among members of the oral microbiome, defined by a personalized set of microorganisms, have elucidated the role of bacteria and yeasts in oral health and diseases including dental caries, halitosis, and periodontal infections. However, the majority of these studies rely on traditional culturing methods which are limited in their ability of replicating the oral microenvironment, and therefore fail to evaluate key microbial interactions in microbiome dynamics. Novel culturing methods have emerged to address this shortcoming. Here, we reviewed the potential of droplet-based microfluidics as an alternative approach for culturing microorganisms and assessing the oral microbiome dynamics. We discussed the state of the art and recent progress in the field of oral microbiology. Although at its infancy, droplet-based microtechnology presents an interesting potential for elucidating oral microbial dynamics and pathophysiology. We highlight how new findings provided by current microfluidic-based methodologies could advance the investigation of the oral microbiome. We anticipate that our work involving the droplet-based microfluidic technique with a semipermeable membrane will lay the foundations for future microbial dynamics studies and further expand the knowledge of the oral microbiome and its implication in oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huda Usman
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles Sfeir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tagbo H R Niepa
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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41
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Liu D, Ma X, Ji Y, Chen R, Zhou S, Yao H, Zhang Z, Ye M, Xu Z, Du M. Bioresponsive nanotherapy for preventing dental caries by inhibiting multispecies cariogenic biofilms. Bioact Mater 2021; 14:1-14. [PMID: 35310362 PMCID: PMC8891616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public healthcare concern that greatly reduces the quality of life of young children. As a leading factor of ECC, cariogenic biofilms are composed of acidogenic/aciduric pathogens and extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), creating an acidic and protected microenvironment. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a noninvasive, painless, and efficient therapeutic approach that is suitable for treating ECC. However, due to the hyperfine structure of cariogenic biofilms, most photosensitizers (PSs) could not access and penetrate deeply in biofilms, which dramatically hamper their efficiency in the clinic. Herein, bioresponsive nanoparticle loaded with chlorin e6 (MPP-Ce6) is developed, which largely increases the penetration depth (by over 75%) and retention (by over 100%) of PS in the biofilm compared with free Ce6. Furthermore, MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT not only kills the bacteria in preformed biofilms but also inhibits multispecies biofilm formation. A rampant caries model is established to mimic ECC in vivo, where the population of cariogenic bacteria is decreased to 10% after MPP-Ce6-mediated aPDT. Importantly, the number and severity of carious lesions are efficiently reduced via Keyes’ scoring and micro-CT analysis. This simple but effective strategy can serve as a promising approach for daily oral hygiene in preventing ECC. A pH-responsive nano-system is developed for biofilm-targeted drug delivery. The nano-system could overcome biological barriers and penetrate deeply in biofilms. This nano-system facilitates aPDT to kill bacteria in deep cariogenic biofilm. This strategy prevents the progression of early childhood caries in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xianbin Ma
- School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for MicroNano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Rourong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Shuhui Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Hantao Yao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zichen Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Mengjie Ye
- School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for MicroNano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for MicroNano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Minquan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
- Corresponding author.,
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Effects of cigarette smoking on the growth of Streptococcus mutans biofilms: An in vitro study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259895. [PMID: 34780570 PMCID: PMC8592469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of dental caries by cigarette smoking (CS) has been widely reported in epidemiological studies, but the relationship between CS and cariogenic biofilm growth has been rarely studied. This study aims to investigate the effects of CS exposure on the growth and virulence of Streptococcus mutans biofilms (S. mutans). Briefly, S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks, which were exposed to CS 1, 3, and 6 times per day, respectively. In addition, S. mutans biofilms without CS exposure were considered as the control group. Acidogenicity, dry weight, colony-forming units (CFUs), water-soluble/insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides (IPSs) were analyzed and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of 74-h-old S. mutans biofilms were obtained. The lowest accumulation of biofilms and EPSs were detected in the 6 times/day CS exposure group compared with those of the control group and other CS exposure groups in 74-h-old S. mutans biofilms. CLSM also revealed the lowest bacterial count (live and dead cells) and EPSs biovolume in the six times/day CS exposure group in 74-h-old S. mutans biofilms. CS exposure inhibited the growth of S. mutans biofilm in vitro study, the anti-cariogenic biofilm formation was enhanced with a dose (frequency)-dependent at which frequency has more influence in the present findings.
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Barlow JT, Leite G, Romano AE, Sedighi R, Chang C, Celly S, Rezaie A, Mathur R, Pimentel M, Ismagilov RF. Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:214. [PMID: 34724979 PMCID: PMC8561862 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and abdominal pain afflict between 12 and 30% of the worldwide population and research suggests these conditions are linked to the gut microbiome. Although large-intestine microbiota have been linked to several GI diseases, the microbiota of the human small intestine and its relation to human disease has been understudied. The small intestine is the major site for immune surveillance in the gut, and compared with the large intestine, it has greater than 100 times the surface area and a thinner and more permeable mucus layer. RESULTS Using quantitative sequencing, we evaluated total and taxon-specific absolute microbial loads from 250 duodenal-aspirate samples and 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples from participants in the REIMAGINE study. Log-transformed total microbial loads spanned 5 logs and were normally distributed. Paired saliva-duodenum samples suggested potential transmission of oral microbes to the duodenum, including organisms from the HACEK group. Several taxa, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Clostridium, seemed to displace strict anaerobes common in the duodenum, so we refer to these taxa as disruptors. Disruptor taxa were enriched in samples with high total microbial loads and in individuals with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Absolute loads of disruptors were associated with more severe GI symptoms, highlighting the value of absolute taxon quantification when studying small-intestine health and function. CONCLUSION This study provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. The results reveal a clear relationship between the oral microbiota and the duodenal microbiota and suggest an association between the absolute abundance of disruptor taxa, SIBO, and the prevalence of severe GI symptoms. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Barlow
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Anna E. Romano
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Rashin Sedighi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Christine Chang
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Shreya Celly
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Effects of brief sodium fluoride treatments on the growth of early and mature cariogenic biofilms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18290. [PMID: 34521969 PMCID: PMC8440647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fluoride has been widely used as a preventive agent for dental caries, the effects of fluoride on the activities of biofilms in different stages of cariogenic biofilm formation are less studied. This study was designed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of sodium fluoride during the early and mature stages of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks. In the early (0-46 h) and mature (46-94 h) biofilm stages, the biofilms were treated with different concentrations of fluoride (250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm; 5 times in total, 1 min/treatment). Acidogenicity, dry weight, colony-forming units (CFUs), water-soluble/insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides were analysed, and confocal laser scanning microscopy images were obtained of the two stages of biofilms to determine antibiofilm activities of fluoride at varying concentrations during the formation of early and mature biofilms. In the early stages of cariogenic biofilm formation, test groups with all fluoride concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans biofilms. The antibiofilm and anti-EPS formation activities of the brief fluoride treatments increased with a concentration-dependent pattern. At the mature biofilm stage, only the 2000 ppm fluoride treatment group significantly inhibited biofilm accumulation, activity, and intracellular/extracellular polysaccharide content compared with those of the control and other fluoride treatment groups. The antimicrobial effect of fluoride treatment on the growth of S. mutans biofilms was linked with the stage of cariogenic biofilm formation. The inhibition of S. mutans biofilm growth by fluoride treatment was easier in the early formation stage than in the mature stage. Fluoride treatment in the early stage of cariogenic biofilm formation may be an effective approach to controlling cariogenic biofilm development and preventing dental caries.
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The Current Strategies in Controlling Oral Diseases by Herbal and Chemical Materials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3423001. [PMID: 34471415 PMCID: PMC8405301 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3423001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dental plaque is a biofilm composed of complex microbial communities. It is the main cause of major dental diseases such as caries and periodontal diseases. In a healthy state, there is a delicate balance between the dental biofilm and host tissues. Nevertheless, due to the oral cavity changes, this biofilm can become pathogenic. The pathogenic biofilm shifts the balance from demineralization-remineralization to demineralization and results in dental caries. Dentists should consider caries as a result of biological processes of dental plaque and seek treatments for the etiologic factors, not merely look for the treatment of the outcome caused by biofilm, i.e., dental caries. Caries prevention strategies can be classified into three groups based on the role and responsibility of the individuals doing them: (1) community-based strategy, (2) dental professionals-based strategy, and (3) individual-based strategy. The community-based methods include fluoridation of water, salt, and milk. The dental professionals-based methods include professional tooth cleaning and use of varnish, fluoride gel and foam, fissure sealant, and antimicrobial agents. The individual-based (self-care) methods include the use of fluoride toothpaste, fluoride supplements, fluoride mouthwashes, fluoride gels, chlorhexidine gels and mouthwashes, slow-release fluoride devices, oral hygiene, diet control, and noncariogenic sweeteners such as xylitol. This study aimed to study the research in the recent five years (2015–2020) to identify the characteristics of dental biofilm and its role in dental caries and explore the employed approaches to prevent the related infections.
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Corralo DJ, Ev LD, Damé-Teixeira N, Maltz M, Arthur RA, Do T, Fatturi Parolo CC. Functional Active Microbiome in Supragingival Biofilms in Health and Caries. Caries Res 2021; 55:603-616. [PMID: 34380135 DOI: 10.1159/000518963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jorge Corralo
- PhD by Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Passo Fundo University (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Laís Daniela Ev
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília, Brazil
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Maltz
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi Parolo
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Pattem J, Davrandi M, Aguayo S, Slak B, Maev R, Allan E, Spratt D, Bozec L. Dependency of hydration and growth conditions on the mechanical properties of oral biofilms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16234. [PMID: 34376751 PMCID: PMC8355335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the oral cavity, dental biofilms experience dynamic environments, in part due to changes in dietary content, frequency of intake and health conditions. This can impact bacterial diversity and morpho-mechanical properties. While phenotypic properties of oral biofilms are closely related to their composition, these can readily change according to dynamic variations in the growth environment and nutrient availability. Understanding the interlink between phenotypic properties, variable growth conditions, and community characterization is an essential requirement to develop structure–property relationships in oral-biofilms. In this study, the impact of two distinct growth media types with increasing richness on the properties of oral biofilms was assessed through a new combination of in-vitro time-lapse biophysical methods with microbiological assays. Oral biofilms grown in the enriched media composition presented a decrease in their pH, an increase in soluble EPS production, and a severe reduction in bacterial diversity. Additionally, enriched media conditions presented an increase in biofilm volumetric changes (upon hydration) as well as a reduction in elastic modulus upon indentation. With hydration time considered a major factor contributing to changes in biofilm mechanical properties, we have shown that it is less associated than media richness. Future investigations can now use this time-lapse approach, with a clearer focus on the extracellular matrix of oral biofilms dictating their morpho-mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pattem
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,National Centre for Molecular Hydrodynamics, and Soft Matter Biomaterials and Bio-Interfaces, University of Nottingham, The Limes Building, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - M Davrandi
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Aguayo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Slak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - R Maev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - E Allan
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Spratt
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Bozec
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Thomas C, Minty M, Vinel A, Canceill T, Loubières P, Burcelin R, Kaddech M, Blasco-Baque V, Laurencin-Dalicieux S. Oral Microbiota: A Major Player in the Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1376. [PMID: 34441309 PMCID: PMC8391932 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is host to a complex and diverse microbiota community which plays an important role in health and disease. Major oral infections, i.e., caries and periodontal diseases, are both responsible for and induced by oral microbiota dysbiosis. This dysbiosis is known to have an impact on other chronic systemic diseases, whether triggering or aggravating them, making the oral microbiota a novel target in diagnosing, following, and treating systemic diseases. In this review, we summarize the major roles that oral microbiota can play in systemic disease development and aggravation and also how novel tools can help investigate this complex ecosystem. Finally, we describe new therapeutic approaches based on oral bacterial recolonization or host modulation therapies. Collaboration in diagnosis and treatment between oral specialists and general health specialists is of key importance in bridging oral and systemic health and disease and improving patients' wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Thomas
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Minty
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Vinel
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Canceill
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- UMR CNRS 5085, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d’Ingénierie des Matériaux (CIRIMAT), Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraichers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Loubières
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
| | - Remy Burcelin
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
| | - Myriam Kaddech
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Blasco-Baque
- INSERM UMR 1297 Inserm, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Avenue Jean Poulhès 1, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.V.); (P.L.); (R.B.); (V.B.-B.)
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (T.C.); (M.K.); (S.L.-D.)
- Service d’Odontologie Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR 1295, Centre d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche en Santé des Populations de Toulouse (CERPOP), Epidémiologie et Analyse en Santé Publique, Risques, Maladies Chroniques et Handicaps, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Marcano R, Rojo MÁ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M. Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:533. [PMID: 34437404 PMCID: PMC8402370 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the "bioactive center" of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases. This response is not coordinated, favoring the dissemination of LPS through blood vessels, as well as binding mainly to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressed in the host cells, leading to the destruction of the tissues and the detrimental effect in some systemic pathologies. Lipid A can also act as a TLRs antagonist eliciting immune deregulation. Although bacterial endotoxins have been extensively studied clinically and in a laboratory, their effects on the oral cavity and particularly on periodontium deserve special attention since they affect the connective tissue that supports the tooth, and can be linked to advanced medical conditions. This review addresses the distribution of endotoxins associated with periodontal pathogenic bacteria and its relationship with systemic diseases, as well as the effect of some therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Marcano
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - M. Ángeles Rojo
- Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
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50
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Jiang Q, Yu Y, Xu R, Zhang Z, Liang C, Sun H, Deng F, Yu X. The temporal shift of peri-implant microbiota during the biofilm formation and maturation in a canine model. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105100. [PMID: 34302932 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the mature peri-implant biofilm composition is well studied, there is very little information on the succession of in vivo dental implant colonization. The aim of this study was to characterize the temporal changes and diversity of peri-implant supra-mucosal and sub-mucosal microbiota during the process of the plaque maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dental implants (n = 25) were placed in the mandible of 3 beagle dogs. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used to characterize the supra/sub-mucosal microbiota in the peri-implant niches at 1day (T1), 7days (T2), 14days (T3), 21days (T4) and 28days (T5) after Phase Ⅱ surgery of the healing abutment placement. QIIME, Mothur, LEfSe and R-package were used for downstream analysis. RESULTS A total of 1184 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), assigned into 22 phyla, 264 genera and 339 species were identified. In supra-mucosal niches, the alpha parameters of shannon, sobs and chao1 displayed significant differences between T1 and other time-points. However, in sub-mucosal niches, only sobs, chao1, and ace indexes displayed significant differences between T1 and T3, and T1 and T5. Beta-diversity showed statistically significant difference between T1 and T2, T3, T4, T5 within both sub-mucosal and supra-mucosal plaque. The phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla of both sub-mucosal and supra-mucosal niches at all time-points and Firmicutes increased during the maturation of peri-implant plaque. At the genus level, Neisseria decreased significantly after T1 suggesting the establishment of an anaerobic microenvironment. A decrease of Porphyromonas during the formation of sub-mucosal microbial community was also detected. Co-occurrence network analysis exhibited a more complicated co-occurrence relationship of bacterial species in the sub-mucosal niches. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor villosus, and some other species may play a crucial role in biofilm maturation. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that the development of peri-implant biofilm followed a similar pattern to dental plaque formation. Sub-mucosal biofilm may go through a more complicated procedure of maturation than supra-mucosal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruogu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhengchuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chaoan Liang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanyu Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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