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Yang C, Song X, Kong J, Li H, Zhan Y. Immunolocalization patterns of histone-deacetylases in salivary glands of mice during postnatal development. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152144. [PMID: 38382218 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone-deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic modulators involved in the control of gene expression. No data are available on the expression or subcellular localization of HDACs in salivary glands. The present study aims to examine the subcellular distribution of HDACs in salivary glands during postnatal development. DESIGN The major salivary glands of C57/BL6 mice were separately removed at 10, 25, 30,60 and 90 days after birth. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining were performed for HDACs. Gene Expression of HDACs in C57BL/6. NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice salivary glands during the development of Sjögren's syndrome-like illness were also analyzed by using the gene expression datasets (GSE 15640). RESULTS In the mice salivary gland, HDACs were found to have different localization patterns at various stages of development (10, 25, 30, 60, and 90 days). Apart from HDAC6, ductal cells of salivary glands were the primary sites for HDAC localization. HDAC2, 8, 5, 10 and 11 were expressed at high levels in the salivary gland after birth while HDAC6 showed no expression during postnatal development. This suggests that these HDAC subtypes may have different roles in salivary gland function. In the context of Sjögren's syndrome-like illness, HDAC 2, 8 and 10 showed low expression while HDAC1, 6,5,3 and 11 had relatively high expression in the salivary gland. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided an important reference for understanding the spatiotemporal-specific expression of HDACs in the salivary gland. These results offer new clues for the experimenters and hold promise for developing innovative therapeutic strategies for salivary gland-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubo Yang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejing Song
- Harbin Institute of Technology Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Kong
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huishu Li
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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2
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Knight AC, Montgomery SA, Fletcher CA, Baxter VK. Mouse Models for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Comp Med 2021; 71:383-397. [PMID: 34610856 PMCID: PMC8594264 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are an invaluable resource for studying virus-induced disease. They are a small, genetically modifiable animal for which a large arsenal of genetic and immunologic tools is available for evaluation of pathogenesis and potential vaccines and therapeutics. SARS-CoV-2, the betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, does not naturally replicate in wild-type mice, due to structural differences between human and mouse ACE2, the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. However, several mouse strains have been developed that allow for SARS-CoV-2 replication and clinical disease. Two broad strategies have primarily been deployed for developing mouse strains susceptible to COVID-19-like disease: adding in the human ACE2 gene and adapting the virus to the mouse ACE2 receptor. Both approaches result in mice that develop several of the clinical and pathologic hallmarks of COVID-19, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. In this review, we describe key acute pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathologic changes seen in COVID-19 patients that mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection ideally replicate, the essential development of mouse models for the study of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome and the basis of many of the models of COVID-19, and key clinical and pathologic features of currently available mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Key Words
- aav, adeno-associated virus
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ali, acute lung injury
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 19
- dad, diffuse alveolar damage
- dpi, days postinfection
- dpp4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- hace2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- mace2, mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- mers, middle eastern respiratory syndrome
- mers-cov, middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Knight
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Craig A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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3
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Lan Q, Mikkola ML. Protocol: Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer in Ex Vivo Cultured Embryonic Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:409-416. [PMID: 33009602 PMCID: PMC7960627 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis of the murine mammary gland starts during late embryogenesis. It is regulated by the signals emanating both from the epithelium and the mesenchyme, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly understood. We have previously developed a unique whole organ culture technique for embryonic mammary glands, which provides a powerful tool to monitor and manipulate branching morphogenesis ex vivo. Nowadays, RNA sequencing and other transcriptional profiling techniques provide robust methods to identify components of gene regulatory networks driving branching morphogenesis. However, validation of the candidate genes still mainly depends on the use of the transgenic mouse models, especially in mammary gland studies. By comparing different serotypes of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVs), we found out that rAAVs provide sufficient efficiency for gene transfer with different tissue preferences depending on the serotypes of the virus. AAV-2 and AAV-8 preferentially target epithelial and mesenchymal compartments, respectively, while AAV-9 infects both tissues. Here, we describe a protocol for AAV-mediated gene transfer in ex vivo cultured murine embryonic mammary gland facilitating gene function studies on mammary gland branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lan
- Cell and tissue dynamics research program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and tissue dynamics research program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Goodwin K, Mao S, Guyomar T, Miller E, Radisky DC, Košmrlj A, Nelson CM. Smooth muscle differentiation shapes domain branches during mouse lung development. Development 2019; 146:dev.181172. [PMID: 31645357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During branching morphogenesis, a simple cluster of cells proliferates and branches to generate an arborized network that facilitates fluid flow. The overall architecture of the mouse lung is established by domain branching, wherein new branches form laterally off the side of an existing branch. The airway epithelium develops concomitantly with a layer of smooth muscle that is derived from the embryonic mesenchyme. Here, we examined the role of smooth muscle differentiation in shaping emerging domain branches. We found that the position and morphology of domain branches are highly stereotyped, as is the pattern of smooth muscle that differentiates around the base of each branch. Perturbing the pattern of smooth muscle differentiation genetically or pharmacologically causes abnormal domain branching. Loss of smooth muscle results in ectopic branching and decreases branch stereotypy. Increased smooth muscle suppresses branch initiation and extension. Computational modeling revealed that epithelial proliferation is insufficient to generate domain branches and that smooth muscle wrapping is required to shape the epithelium into a branch. Our work sheds light on the physical mechanisms of branching morphogenesis in the mouse lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tristan Guyomar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Daley WP, Matsumoto K, Doyle AD, Wang S, DuChez BJ, Holmbeck K, Yamada KM. RETRACTED: Btbd7 is essential for region-specific epithelial cell dynamics and branching morphogenesis in vivo. Development 2017; 144:2200-2211. [PMID: 28506999 PMCID: PMC5482991 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis of developing organs requires coordinated but poorly understood changes in epithelial cell-cell adhesion and cell motility. We report that Btbd7 is a crucial regulator of branching morphogenesis in vivo. Btbd7 levels are elevated in peripheral cells of branching epithelial end buds, where it enhances cell motility and cell-cell adhesion dynamics. Genetic ablation of Btbd7 in mice disrupts branching morphogenesis of salivary gland, lung and kidney. Btbd7 knockout results in more tightly packed outer bud cells, which display stronger E-cadherin localization, reduced cell motility and decreased dynamics of transient cell separations associated with cleft formation; inner bud cells remain unaffected. Mechanistic analyses using in vitro MDCK cells to mimic outer bud cell behavior establish that Btbd7 promotes loss of E-cadherin from cell-cell adhesions with enhanced migration and transient cell separation. Btbd7 can enhance E-cadherin ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation in MDCK and peripheral bud cells for regulating cell dynamics. These studies show how a specific regulatory molecule, Btbd7, can function at a local region of developing organs to regulate dynamics of cell adhesion and motility during epithelial branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Daley
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazue Matsumoto
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian J DuChez
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Kim HY, Pang MF, Varner VD, Kojima L, Miller E, Radisky DC, Nelson CM. Localized Smooth Muscle Differentiation Is Essential for Epithelial Bifurcation during Branching Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Lung. Dev Cell 2015; 34:719-26. [PMID: 26387457 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium develops into a tree-like structure via branching morphogenesis. Here, we show a critical role for localized differentiation of airway smooth muscle during epithelial bifurcation in the embryonic mouse lung. We found that during terminal bifurcation, changes in the geometry of nascent buds coincided with patterned smooth muscle differentiation. Evaluating spatiotemporal dynamics of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in reporter mice revealed that αSMA-expressing cells appear at the basal surface of the future epithelial cleft prior to bifurcation and then increase in density as they wrap around the bifurcating bud. Disrupting this stereotyped pattern of smooth muscle differentiation prevents terminal bifurcation. Our results reveal stereotyped differentiation of airway smooth muscle adjacent to nascent epithelial buds and suggest that localized smooth muscle wrapping at the cleft site is required for terminal bifurcation during airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lisa Kojima
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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7
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The contribution of specific cell subpopulations to submandibular salivary gland branching morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:47-54. [PMID: 25706196 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is the developmental program responsible for generating a large surface to volume ratio in many secretory and absorptive organs. To accomplish branching morphogenesis, spatiotemporal regulation of specific cell subpopulations is required. Here, we review recent studies that define the contributions of distinct cell subpopulations to specific cellular processes during branching morphogenesis in the mammalian submandibular salivary gland, including the initiation of the gland, the coordination of cleft formation, and the contribution of stem/progenitor cells to morphogenesis. In conclusion, we provide an overview of technological advances that have opened opportunities to further probe the contributions of specific cell subpopulations and to define the integration of events required for branching morphogenesis.
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8
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Shamir ER, Ewald AJ. Three-dimensional organotypic culture: experimental models of mammalian biology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:647-64. [PMID: 25237826 PMCID: PMC4352326 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian organs are challenging to study as they are fairly inaccessible to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, coupled with the ability to independently manipulate genetic and microenvironmental factors, have enabled the real-time study of mammalian tissues. These systems have been used to visualize the cellular basis of epithelial morphogenesis, to test the roles of specific genes in regulating cell behaviours within epithelial tissues and to elucidate the contribution of microenvironmental factors to normal and disease processes. Collectively, these novel models can be used to answer fundamental biological questions and generate replacement human tissues, and they enable testing of novel therapeutic approaches, often using patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah R Shamir
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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9
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Sequeira SJ, Gervais EM, Ray S, Larsen M. Genetic modification and recombination of salivary gland organ cultures. J Vis Exp 2013:e50060. [PMID: 23407326 DOI: 10.3791/50060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the study of branching morphogenesis. In the developing SMG, this process involves iterative steps of epithelial bud and duct formation, to ultimately give rise to a complex branched network of acini and ducts, which serve to produce and modify/transport the saliva, respectively, into the oral cavity. The epithelial-associated basement membrane and aspects of the mesenchymal compartment, including the mesenchyme cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix, produced by these cells, are critical to the branching mechanism, although how the cellular and molecular events are coordinated remains poorly understood. The study of the molecular mechanisms driving epithelial morphogenesis advances our understanding of developmental mechanisms and provides insight into possible regenerative medicine approaches. Such studies have been hampered due to the lack of effective methods for genetic manipulation of the salivary epithelium. Currently, adenoviral transduction represents the most effective method for targeting epithelial cells in adult glands in vivo. However, in embryonic explants, dense mesenchyme and the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial cells impedes viral access to the epithelial cells. If the mesenchyme is removed, the epithelium can be transfected using adenoviruses, and epithelial rudiments can resume branching morphogenesis in the presence of Matrigel or laminin-111. Mesenchyme-free epithelial rudiment growth also requires additional supplementation with soluble growth factors and does not fully recapitulate branching morphogenesis as it occurs in intact glands. Here we describe a technique which facilitates adenoviral transduction of epithelial cells and culture of the transfected epithelium with associated mesenchyme. Following microdissection of the embryonic SMGs, removal of the mesenchyme, and viral infection of the epithelium with a GFP-containing adenovirus, we show that the epithelium spontaneously recombines with uninfected mesenchyme, recapitulating intact SMG glandular structure and branching morphogenesis. The genetically modified epithelial cell population can be easily monitored using standard fluorescence microscopy methods, if fluorescently-tagged adenoviral constructs are used. The tissue recombination method described here is currently the most effective and accessible method for transfection of epithelial cells with a wild-type or mutant vector within a complex 3D tissue construct that does not require generation of transgenic animals.
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Daley WP, Yamada KM. Cell–ECM Interactions and the Regulation of Epithelial Branching Morphogenesis. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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