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Kim H, Lee EH, Lee SW, Deng YH, Kwon HB, Lim YJ, Kong H, Kim MJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of self-locomotive manganese oxide nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler on orthodontic brackets in vitro. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 36670429 PMCID: PMC9854181 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic brackets provide a favorable environment for Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, increasing the risk of white spots and dental caries. Manganese oxide (MnO2) nanozyme-doped diatom microbubbler (DM) is a recently developed material for biofilm removal. DM can generate oxygen by catalase-mimicking activity in Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution and move with ejecting oxygen microbubbles to produce a mechanical self-cleansing effect. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of DM as a novel bracket cleaner. METHODS DM was prepared according to the protocol and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We treated S. mutans biofilms grown over bracket with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX group), 3% H2O2 (H2O2 group), and co-treatment with 3 mg/mL of DM and 3% H2O2 (DM group). The biofilm removal effect was analyzed using crystal violet assay, and the results were observed using SEM. The viability of S. mutans in remaining biofilms was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Finally, we examined the effect of all materials on mature multispecies biofilms formed on debonded brackets. RESULTS Crystal violet assay results revealed that the CHX group removed more biofilms than the control group, and the DM group removed biofilms more effectively than the CHX group (p < 0.0001). SEM and CLSM images showed that CHX killed S. mutans but failed to remove most biofilms on brackets. However, DM effectively removed biofilms and mature multispecies biofilms on debonded brackets (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Co-treatment with DM and H2O2 is effective in removing biofilms on orthodontic brackets compared to conventional antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsub Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyuk Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-woo Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Heng Deng
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ho-Beom Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Lim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Myung-Joo Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
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Dallagi H, Jha PK, Faille C, LE-Bail A, Rawson A, Benezech T. Removal of biocontamination in the food industry using physical methods; an overview. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hihara H, Izumita K, Iwatsu M, Sato T, Tagaino R, Shobara K, Shinohara Y, Hatakeyama T, Kayaba C, Sato M, Tokue A, Sugawara T, Ashino K, Ikeda K, Aida J, Sasaki K. Clinical Trial for Evaluating the Effectiveness and Safety of a New Dental Plaque Removal Device: Microscale Mist Unit. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060825. [PMID: 35740231 PMCID: PMC9219637 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a microscale mist unit (MSM-UNIT) that sprays high-speed fine water droplets to remove dental plaque adhering to the oral mucosa (tongue and palate) and tooth surface. Fifteen patients who had difficulty self-managing sufficient oral care were included in this study. Effectiveness was evaluated for at least five patients' tongues, palate mucosas, and tooth surfaces, and safety evaluation was conducted at all three sites for all patients. Effectiveness was evaluated using the rate of degree of dental plaque removal. Safety was evaluated using a numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain and symptoms of inflammation. An operator who performed treatment and an evaluator who evaluated effectiveness and safety were designated. In addition, an image judgment committee judged effectiveness. Although evaluation of the tongue varied between the evaluators and the image judgment committee, the rates of degree for all plaque removal increased in all regions. In addition, low pain NRS results and minimal symptoms of inflammation were observed and within an acceptable range. The MSM-UNIT can be used effectively and safely for removing oral plaque not only from teeth, but also from the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hihara
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-8369
| | - Kuniyuki Izumita
- Perioperative Oral Health Management, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Misato Iwatsu
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Tomoya Sato
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryo Tagaino
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
- Perioperative Oral Health Management, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Kenta Shobara
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Takanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Chie Kayaba
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Mariko Sato
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Ayako Tokue
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomoko Sugawara
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Kanamai Ashino
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Koji Ikeda
- Department of Development Promotion, Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (C.K.); (M.S.); (A.T.); (T.S.); (K.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Jun Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (M.I.); (T.S.); (R.T.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (K.S.)
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Secker TJ, Harling CC, Hand C, Voegeli D, Keevil CW, Leighton TG. A proof-of-concept study of the removal of early and late phase biofilm from skin wound models using a liquid acoustic stream. Int Wound J 2022; 19:2124-2135. [PMID: 35470982 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds fail to progress through the normal stages of healing, with the largest remediable cause of chronicity being presence of a multi-species biofilm. Removal of biofilm from the wound environment is central to wound care. A device for mechanically removing biofilms from wounds has been devised. The removal is caused by small-scale liquid currents and shear, generated by acoustically activated microscopic air bubbles. These bubbles and acoustic waves are delivered onto the wound by a gentle liquid stream, allowing cleaning in situ and removal of debris in the run-off liquid. We have investigated if this liquid acoustic wound stream (LAWS) can remove bacterial biofilm from soft biological wound models and studied the effect of LAWS on the cellular tissues of the substrate. LAWS will efficiently remove early Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm from an artificial wound in a pig's trotter, 24 hours-mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa from a pre-wounded human full thickness skin model (EpiDerm FT), and 3-day mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus from a porcine skin explant. Histological examinations of uninfected EpiDerm models that had been treated by LAWS and then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, demonstrated no damage to the human tissue, and wound diameter was smaller in the treated skin models compared with untreated samples. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 14 showed that keratinocytes had migrated further across the wound in the uninfected samples treated by LAWS. We discuss the implications for wound healing and propose further laboratory and clinical studies to demonstrate the removal of biofilm from patients with chronic leg ulcers and the impact on healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher C Harling
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chloe Hand
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Voegeli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Charles W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Sloan Water Technology Ltd, Southampton, UK
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Synergistic Effect of Combination of a Temoporfin-Based Photodynamic Therapy with Potassium Iodide or Antibacterial Agents on Oral Disease Pathogens In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040488. [PMID: 35455485 PMCID: PMC9027005 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5, 10, 15, 20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (temoporfin) is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy for oral cancer and periodontal disease treatment. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of temoporfin. Additionally, the combination of potassium iodide (KI) or antimicrobial agents in oral pathogens under hypoxic or normoxic conditions were determined. We also evaluated the biofilm removal effect and detected the expressions of the antibiotic resistance-related genes and biofilm formation-related genes of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results provided reveal that the combination of the temoporfin and KI had a synergistic effect of reducing the MICs and MBCs of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei under normoxic and hypoxic conditions due to increasing H2O2 production. Temoporfin increased the biofilm removal of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus under normoxic condition, and it reduced the antibiotic resistance-related genes expression of MRSA. The combination of temoporfin with ampicillin or chlorhexidine significantly enhanced the bactericidal effect on MRSA. This study provides a potential application of temoporfin on the clinical side against oral pathogens and the prevention of oral diseases.
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Hihara H, Tagaino R, Washio J, Laosuwan K, Wicaksono DP, Izumita K, Koide R, Takahashi N, Sasaki K. Effectiveness and safety of a new dental plaque removal device utilizing micro mist spray for removing oral biofilm in vitro. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:286. [PMID: 34088301 PMCID: PMC8176685 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Removal of oral biofilm from the oral mucosa is essential for preventing risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infection in elderly people. Currently, no device is available which can remove oral biofilm from oral mucosa effectively and safely. Therefore, the effectiveness and safety of the Micro Scale Mist UNIT (MSM-UNIT), a newly developed dental plaque removal device utilizing high speed sprays of fine water droplets, were evaluated for biofilm removal, including the rate and surface roughness for simulated tooth surface and mucous membrane. Methods Simulated tooth and oral mucosa coated with an artificial biofilm of Streptococcus mutans were used for evaluation of effectiveness, with uncoated substrates as the controls. The MSM-UNIT and a conventional air ablation device were operated under recommended instructions. The effectiveness was evaluated from the rate of removal of the biofilm, and the safety was evaluated from the damage observed by scanning electron microscope and surface roughness. Results The biofilm removal rate of the MSM-UNIT was significantly higher than that of AIRFLOW. Little damage was observed in the area treated by the MSM-UNIT. The surface roughness of the MSM-UNIT treated area on simulated tooth surface and oral mucosa showed no significant difference to the control area. In contrast, cracks and powder were observed in the area treated by AIRFLOW. In particular, the surface roughness of the AIRFLOW treated area for Toughsilon was significantly larger than that of the control. Conclusions The MSM-UNIT could be used safely and effectively for removing biofilm not only on simulated tooth surfaces but also simulated mucous membrane. The MSM-UNIT has no harmful effect on teeth or oral mucosa, and may be used for comprehensive oral care for patients during nursing care and the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hihara
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Ryo Tagaino
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kittipong Laosuwan
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, T. Suthep, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Dimas Prasetianto Wicaksono
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universitas Airlangga, St. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Kuniyuki Izumita
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rie Koide
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Chong WY, Secker TJ, Dolder CN, Keevil CW, Leighton TG. The Possibilities of Using Ultrasonically Activated Streams to Reduce the Risk of Foodborne Infection from Salad. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1616-1630. [PMID: 33640170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of an ultrasonically activated stream (UAS) on the removal of microbial contaminants from spinach leaves. The microbial loads on samples cleaned with and without UAS were enumerated using the cell culture method and compared against unwashed samples on day 0 and day 6 after cleaning. The effects of UAS cleaning on leaf quality were also examined through both macroscopic and microscopic inspection, as well as measurement of the electrolyte leakage rate. Results showed that the microbial load on samples cleaned with UAS for 2 min was significantly lower on day 6 after cleaning than on those treated without ultrasound. Comparison between the cleaning effects of UAS for 40 s versus 2 min indicated that a cleaning duration of 2 min allowed sufficient time for UAS to disaggregate and detach the microbial contamination more effectively. In this case, the induction of bacteria into a viable but non-culturable state does not affect the shelf-life test results as much as it does with a 40 s clean. UAS cleaning for 2 min did not produce significant surface damage, which can affect overall leaf quality. These findings highlight the potential of UAS systems in the salad industry to improve the microbiological quality and shelf life of salads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Yee Chong
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Craig N Dolder
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Sloan Water Technology Ltd, 1 Venture Road, Chilworth, Southampton, UK
| | - Charles W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Sloan Water Technology Ltd, 1 Venture Road, Chilworth, Southampton, UK.
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Burgos-Garay ML, Santiago AJ, Kartforosh L, Kotay S, Donlan RM. Supplemental nutrients stimulate the amplification of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) in a sink drain in vitro biofilm reactor model. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:465-480. [PMID: 34210218 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1915998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid wastes (LW) disposed in hospital handwashing sinks may affect colonization of sink P-traps by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP), causing CPKP dispersal into the patient care environment. This study aimed to determine the effect of LW on biofilm formation and CPKP colonization in a P-Trap model (PTM). PTMs containing polymicrobial biofilms grown in autoclaved municipal tap water (ATW) supplemented with 5% dextrose in water (D5W), nutritional shake (Shake), sugar-based soft drink (Soda), or ATW were inoculated with K. pneumoniae ST258 KPC+ (ST258) or K. pneumoniae CAV1016 (CAV1016) and sampled after 7, 14, and 21 d. Biofilm bio-volume, mean thickness, and heterotrophic plate counts were significantly reduced and roughness coefficient significantly increased by Soda compared with D5W, Shake, or ATW. CPKP were significantly reduced by Soda but significantly amplified by D5W (ST258; CAV1016, 7 d) and Shake (ST258) suggesting that reducing LW disposal in sinks may reduce CPKP dispersal into patient care environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Burgos-Garay
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ariel J Santiago
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leila Kartforosh
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shireen Kotay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rodney M Donlan
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Non-Immersion Ultrasonic Cleaning: An Efficient Green Process for Large Surfaces with Low Water Consumption. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic cleaning is a developed and widespread technology used in the cleaning industry. The key to its success over other cleaning methods lies in its capacity to penetrate seemingly inaccessible, hard-to-reach corners, cleaning them successfully. However, its major drawback is the need to immerse the product into a tank, making it impossible to work with large or anchored elements. With the aim of revealing the scope of the technology, this paper will attempt to describe a more innovative approach to cleaning large area surfaces (walls, floors, façades, etc.) which involves applying ultrasonic cavitation onto a thin film of water, which is then deposited onto a dirty surface. Ultrasonic cleaning is an example of the proliferation of green technology, requiring 15 times less water and 115 times less power than conventional high-pressurized waterjet cleaning mechanisms. This paper will account for the physical phenomena that govern this new cleaning mechanism and the competition it poses towards more conventional pressurized waterjet technology. Being easy to use as a measure of success, specular surface cleaning has been selected to measure the degree of cleanliness (reflectance) as a function of the process’s parameters. A design of experiments has been developed in line with the main process parameters: amplitude, gap, and sweeping speed. Regression models have also been used to interpret the results for different degrees of soiling. The work concludes with the finding that the proposed new cleaning technology and process can reach up to 98% total cleanliness, without the use of any chemical product and with very low water and power consumption.
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Takenouchi A, Otani E, Satoho Y, Kakegawa Y, Arai H, Matsukubo T. Comparison of the effects of ultrasound toothbrushes with different frequencies on oral hygiene: A randomized-controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:376-381. [PMID: 33763982 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether high-frequency ultrasound toothbrushes have different effects on oral hygiene. METHODS Fifty first-year dental hygiene students were randomly divided into three groups using ultrasound toothbrushes with different frequencies (1.6, 3.2 and 4.8 MHz) twice a day (3-min sessions) for 8 weeks. Plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) scores were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS Changes in GI scores from baseline to 8 weeks tended to differ among the groups (p = 0.0862). The GI was significantly lower in the 3.2 and 4.8 MHz groups at 8 weeks (3.2 MHz group: p < 0.01, 4.8 MHz group: p < 0.05). At 4 weeks, the GI was significantly lower in the 3.2 MHz group (p < 0.05) and tended to be lower in the 4.8 MHz group (p = 0.07). The PlI was significantly lower in the 3.2 MHz group at 8 weeks (p < 0.01) and tended to be lower in the 1.6 and 4.8 MHz groups (1.6 MHz: p = 0.07, 4.8 MHz: p = 0.05). In addition, the PlI was significantly lower in the 4.8 MHz group at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the changes in any measurements were observed among the groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that ultrasound toothbrushes with different frequencies probably have different effects on oral hygiene. However, it is difficult to conclude strongly that higher frequency ultrasound toothbrushes are more effective as there were some limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Takenouchi
- Dental Hygiene Course, Shinjuku Medical Career College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuyo Otani
- School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroe Arai
- Taiyo Dental Hygienists School, Tokyo, Japan
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Chong WY, Cox C, Secker TJ, Keevil CW, Leighton TG. Improving livestock feed safety and infection prevention: Removal of bacterial contaminants from hay using cold water, bubbles and ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 71:105372. [PMID: 33128950 PMCID: PMC7786572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of contaminated hay is detrimental to livestock wellbeing. In this study, the feasibility of using an ultrasonically activated stream (UAS) to clean bacterial contamination from hay was investigated. Hay samples were stained with SYTO-9 nucleic acid stain for the in-situ visualization of microbes on the surface using an episcopic differential interference contrast microscope coupled with epi-fluorescence. The total microbial load per sample was calculated by measuring the mean percentage area of SYTO-9 positive staining. The cleaning efficacy was evaluated by comparing the total microbial coverage before and after cleaning. The cleaning performance between an UAS and a non UAS were compared and results have shown that an exposure of 60 s to an UAS demonstrated an 87.94 ± 2.22% removal of the bacterial contaminants, exceeding that of non UAS (21.85 ± 13.63% removal). UAS is capable of removing bacterial contaminants without the use of antimicrobial agents, therefore its cleaning mechanism can potentially prevent infection and reduce antimicrobial resistance. The cleaning mechanism of UAS can be adapted for the development of a new hay cleaning strategy for effective removal of bacterial contaminant to improve feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Yee Chong
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Cox
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; Sloan Water Technology Ltd., 1 Venture Road, Chilworth, Southampton SO16 7NP, United Kingdom
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12
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Secker TJ, Leighton TG, Offin DG, Birkin PR, Hervé RC, Keevil CW. A cold water, ultrasonically activated stream efficiently removes proteins and prion-associated amyloid from surgical stainless steel. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:649-656. [PMID: 32956784 PMCID: PMC7501313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sterile service department decontamination procedures for surgical instruments struggle to demonstrate efficient removal of the hardiest infectious contaminants, such as prion proteins. A recently designed novel system, which uses a low pressure ultrasonically activated, cold water stream, has previously demonstrated efficient hard surface cleaning of several biological contaminants. Aim To test the efficacy of an ultrasonically activated stream for the removal of tissue proteins, including prion-associated amyloid, from surgical stainless steel surfaces. Methods Test surfaces were contaminated with 22L, ME7 or 263K prion-infected brain homogenates. The surfaces were treated with the ultrasonically activated water stream for contact times of 5 and 10 s. Residual proteinaceous and amyloid contamination were quantified using sensitive microscopic analysis, and immunoblotting was used to characterize the eluted prion residues before and after treatment with the ultrasonically activated stream. Findings Efficient removal of the different prion strains from the surgical stainless steel surfaces was observed, and reduced levels of protease-susceptible and -resistant prion protein was detected in recovered supernatant. Conclusion This study demonstrated that an ultrasonically activated stream has the potential to be a cost-effective solution to improve current decontamination practices and has the potential to reduce hospital-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - T G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Sloan Water Technology Ltd, Chilworth, Southampton, UK
| | - D G Offin
- Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P R Birkin
- Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R C Hervé
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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13
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Vyas N, Sammons RL, Kuehne SA, Johansson C, Stenport V, Wang QX, Walmsley AD. The effect of standoff distance and surface roughness on biofilm disruption using cavitation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236428. [PMID: 32730291 PMCID: PMC7392287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective biofilm removal from surfaces in the mouth is a clinical challenge. Cavitation bubbles generated around a dental ultrasonic scaler are being investigated as a method to remove biofilms effectively. It is not known how parameters such as surface roughness and instrument distance from biofilm affect the removal. We grew Strepotococcus sanguinis biofilms on coverslips and titanium discs with varying surface roughness (between 0.02-3.15 μm). Experimental studies were carried out for the biofilm removal using high speed imaging and image analysis to calculate the area of biofilm removed at varying ultrasonic scaler standoff distances from the biofilm. We found that surface roughness up to 2 μm does not adversely affect biofilm removal but a surface roughness of 3 μm caused less biofilm removal. The standoff distance also has different effects depending on the surface roughness but overall a distance of 1 mm is just as effective as a distance of 0.5 mm. The results show significant biofilm removal due to an ultrasonic scaler tip operating for only 2s versus 15-60s in previous studies. The technique developed for high speed imaging and image analysis of biofilm removal can be used to investigate physical biofilm disruption from biomaterial surfaces in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vyas
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R. L. Sammons
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. A. Kuehne
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C. Johansson
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry/Dental Materials Science, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V. Stenport
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry/Dental Materials Science, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Q. X. Wang
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. D. Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Dynamics of Dissolution, Killing, and Inhibition of Dental Plaque Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32508783 PMCID: PMC7251032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to establish a standardized model that makes it possible to evaluate the dynamic dissolution of biofilm, killing of biofilm microbes and inhibition of growth of biofilm by disinfecting solutions. Biofilm was grown from dental plaque bacteria on collagen-coated hydroxyapatite (HA) disks for 3 days or 3 weeks under anaerobic conditions. Biofilms were stained with the LIVE/DEAD viability stain and subjected to sterile water, 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 6% NaOCl, or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) for 32 min. Dynamic change in fluorescence on bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) during the exposure was analyzed using Alexa Fluor 647-labeled dextran conjugate and a live-cell imaging confocal laser scanning microscopy (LC-CLSM). The biofilm structures after treatments were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treated biofilms on HA disks were collected and subjected to colony forming unit (CFU) counting. Another set of sterile HA disks were coated with CHX prior to the monitoring of plaque biofilm growth for 12 h. The LC-CLSM results showed that NaOCl dissolved biofilm effectively, more so at a higher concentration and longer exposure time. Six percent NaOCl was the most effective at dissolving and killing bacteria (e.g., 99% bacterial reduction in 3-day-old biofilm and 95% bacterial reduction in 3-week-old biofilm in 32 min) followed by 2% NaOCl and CHX. Sodium hypochlorite dissolved over 99.9% of the EPS whereas CHX only slightly reduced the EPS biovolume in 32 min. CFU results indicated that the dispersed biofilm bacteria are more resistant than planktonic bacteria to disinfectants. SEM showed the disruption of biofilm after exposures to CHX and NaOCl. The use of 2% CHX and sterile water did not result in biofilm dissolution. However, prior exposure of the HA disks to 2 and 0.2% CHX for 3 min prevented biofilm from growing on the HA disk surfaces for at least 12 h. This new platform has the potential to aid in a better understanding of the antibiofilm properties of oral disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Manmi KMA, Wu WB, Vyas N, Smith WR, Wang QX, Walmsley AD. Numerical investigation of cavitation generated by an ultrasonic dental scaler tip vibrating in a compressible liquid. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104963. [PMID: 31986331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm accumulation around dental implants is a significant problem leading to peri-implant diseases and implant failure. Cavitation occurring in the cooling water around ultrasonic scaler tips can be used as a novel solution to remove debris without any surface damage. However, current clinically available instruments provide insufficient cavitation around the activated tip surface. To solve this problem a critical understanding of the vibro-acoustic behaviour of the scaler tip and the associated cavitation dynamics is necessary. In this research, we carried out a numerical study for an ultrasound dental scaler with a curved shape tip vibrating in water, using ABAQUS based on the finite element method. We simulated the three-dimensional, nonlinear and transient interaction between the vibration and deformation of the scaler tip, the water flow around the scaler and the cavitation formation and dynamics. The numerical model was well validated with the experiments and there was excellent agreement for displacement at the free end of the scaler. A systematic parametric study has been carried out for the cavitation volume around the scaler tip in terms of the frequency, amplitude and power of the tip vibration. The numerical results indicate that the amount of cavitation around the scaler tip increases with the frequency and amplitude of the vibration. However, if the frequency is far from the natural frequency, the cavitation volume around the free end decreases due to reduced free end vibration amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M A Manmi
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - W B Wu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - N Vyas
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - W R Smith
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Q X Wang
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - A D Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Birkin PR, Linfield S, Denuault G. The in situ electrochemical detection of microbubble oscillations during motion through a channel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24802-24807. [PMID: 31687685 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bubble oscillation has many applications, from driving local fluid motion to cleaning. However, in order to exploit their action, a full understanding of this motion, particularly in confined spaces (such as crevices etc. which are important in ultrasonic decontamination) is important. To this end, here we show how a Coulter counter can be used to characterize microbubbles produced through the ultrasonication of electrolytes. These microbubbles are shown to exist in relatively high concentrations while bubble activity is driven by ultrasound. Detection of these microbubbles, and their oscillatory behaviour, is achieved via translocation through a cylindrical glass microchannel (GMC). The microbubbles oscillate within the 40 μm channel employed and this behaviour is observed to change over the translocation period. This is attributed to the acoustic environment present or changes to the physical conditions in the interior of the chamber compared to the exterior. High-speed imaging confirms the presence of microbubbles as they move or 'skate' across the surface of the structures present before translocating through the channel. The observations are useful as they show that microbubble oscillation occurs within small structures, is preceded by surface confined bubbles and could be enhanced through pressure driven flow through a structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Birkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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17
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Amaechi BT, Abdul Azees PA, Menon S, Kasundra H. In vitro evaluation of the effects of Ultrasound Tongue Scraper on bacteria and biofilm formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12471. [PMID: 31541515 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oral malodor is a common condition caused by some Gram-negative oral bacteria, among which are the 3 red complex bacteria (RCB). The present study investigated the effectiveness of the Ultrasound Tongue Scraper (UTS) to disrupt the structural morphology of the bacteria and their biofilm. METHODS While developing over 72 hours, multispecies biofilms of RCB (Porphromonas gingivalis, Tryponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia) were treated every 24 hours with 1.6-MHz ultrasound waves generated with UTS. An untreated group served as controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the biofilm thickness, biomass and live : dead cell ratio at each time point (24, 48 and 72 hours). Biofilm morphology and bacteria ultrastructure were viewed using scanning/transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS At each time point, the 3 variables were significantly lower in treated samples than the untreated. Significant biofilm disruption was observed in treated samples at each time period while the untreated had intact biofilm morphology. Cells in treated samples showed disrupted cell wall, cytoplasmic material, huge vacuoles and heterogeneity in electron density, while these cell organelles remained intact in untreated samples. CONCLUSION The UTS has an inhibitory effect on RCB and could be useful for oral malodor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett T Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, USA
| | - Parveez Ahamed Abdul Azees
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, USA
| | - Suchitra Menon
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, USA
| | - Hariyali Kasundra
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, USA
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18
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Vyas N, Manmi K, Wang Q, Jadhav AJ, Barigou M, Sammons RL, Kuehne SA, Walmsley AD. Which Parameters Affect Biofilm Removal with Acoustic Cavitation? A Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1044-1055. [PMID: 30792088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a cause of contamination in a wide range of medical and biological areas. Ultrasound is a mechanical energy that can remove these biofilms using cavitation and acoustic streaming, which generate shear forces to disrupt biofilm from a surface. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the literature on the mechanical removal of biofilm using acoustic cavitation to identify the different operating parameters affecting its removal using this method. The properties of the liquid and the properties of the ultrasound have a large impact on the type of cavitation generated. These include gas content, temperature, surface tension, frequency of ultrasound and acoustic pressure. For many of these parameters, more research is required to understand their mechanisms in the area of ultrasonic biofilm removal, and further research will help to optimise this method for effective removal of biofilms from different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vyas
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kawa Manmi
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qianxi Wang
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ananda J Jadhav
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mostafa Barigou
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Sammons
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Damien Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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19
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Duck F, Leighton T. Frequency bands for ultrasound, suitable for the consideration of its health effects. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:2490. [PMID: 30404482 DOI: 10.1121/1.5063578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that the ultrasound frequency spectrum should be divided into three bands in order to facilitate a more rational assessment of its health effects. Whilst statement of the frequencies at the borders of these bands facilitates their definition, it is recognized that these observables vary continuously with frequency and consequently these border frequencies should not be used to rule out the possibility of a given effect occurring. The lowest band, US(A), lies between 17.8 and 500 kHz. In this band acoustic cavitation and its associated forces form the dominant process resulting in biological effects in liquids and soft tissues, whereas health effects from airborne ultrasound have been reported but are far less researched. In the middle band, US(B), between 500 kHz and 100 MHz, temperature rise in tissues becomes the most important biological effect of exposure. The highest band, US(C), covers frequencies above 100 MHz, for which the radiation force becomes an increasingly important biophysical mechanism. A justification for the selection of 17.8 kHz in preference to any other threshold for the lower frequency limit for ultrasound is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Duck
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the effectiveness of the cavitating jet in removing biofilms from the rough surface of 3-dimensional structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The optimal nozzle dimensions and injection conditions were identified by cavitation impact measurements. Biofilm was grown intraorally for 72 hours by 4 volunteers. The stained fixtures were assigned to different experimental groups. One comparison was performed between the cavitating jet and the water jet at 60 seconds. Additional comparisons were conducted among the time course experiments at 30, 60, and 180 seconds. After injection, the residual plaque biofilm (RPB) area was measured using a digital microscope. RESULTS The total RPB of the cavitating jet was significantly lower than that of the water jet. Although there were no significant differences between the total RPB at 30 and 60 seconds, a significant difference was detected between 60 and 180 seconds. The RPB on the root sector was significantly lower than that on the crest sector at 60 and 180 seconds. CONCLUSION The cavitating jet can effectively clean the biofilm formed on the rough surface of the implant screw, especially on the root sector.
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21
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Magana M, Sereti C, Ioannidis A, Mitchell CA, Ball AR, Magiorkinis E, Chatzipanagiotou S, Hamblin MR, Hadjifrangiskou M, Tegos GP. Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00084-16. [PMID: 29618576 PMCID: PMC6056845 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial biofilm development has received great interest in the past 20 years and is motivated by the elegant complexity characteristic of these multicellular communities and their role in infectious diseases. Biofilms can thrive on virtually any surface and can be beneficial or detrimental based upon the community's interplay and the surface. Advances in the understanding of structural and functional variations and the roles that biofilms play in disease and host-pathogen interactions have been addressed through comprehensive literature searches. In this review article, a synopsis of the methodological landscape of biofilm analysis is provided, including an evaluation of the current trends in methodological research. We deem this worthwhile because a keyword-oriented bibliographical search reveals that less than 5% of the biofilm literature is devoted to methodology. In this report, we (i) summarize current methodologies for biofilm characterization, monitoring, and quantification; (ii) discuss advances in the discovery of effective imaging and sensing tools and modalities; (iii) provide an overview of tailored animal models that assess features of biofilm infections; and (iv) make recommendations defining the most appropriate methodological tools for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Sereti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Thriassio General Hospital, Attiki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Courtney A Mitchell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anthony R Ball
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi, Greece
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - George P Tegos
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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An In Vitro Model for Candida albicans⁻Streptococcus gordonii Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020066. [PMID: 29866990 PMCID: PMC6023327 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity serves as a nutrient-rich haven for over 600 species of microorganisms. Although many are essential to maintaining the oral microbiota, some can cause oral infections such as caries, periodontitis, mucositis, and endodontic infections, and this is further exacerbated with dental implants. Most of these infections are mixed species in nature and associated with a biofilm mode of growth. Here, after optimization of different parameters including cell density, growth media, and incubation conditions, we have developed an in vitro model of C. albicans–S. gordonii mixed-species biofilms on titanium discs that is relevant to infections of peri-implant diseases. Our results indicate a synergistic effect for the development of biofilms when both microorganisms were seeded together, confirming the existence of beneficial, mutualistic cross-kingdom interactions for biofilm formation. The morphological and architectural features of these dual-species biofilms formed on titanium were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Mixed biofilms formed on titanium discs showed a high level of resistance to combination therapy with antifungal and antibacterial drugs. This model can serve as a platform for further analyses of complex fungal/bacterial biofilms and can also be applied to screening of new drug candidates against mixed-species biofilms.
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Ricker EB, Al-Jaafari H, Bader TM, Hundley BS, Nuxoll E. Thermal shock susceptibility and regrowth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:168-176. [PMID: 29498312 PMCID: PMC6150600 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1347964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms on implanted medical devices cause thousands of patients each year to undergo multiple surgeries to remove and replace the implant, driving billions of dollars in increased health care costs due to the lack of viable treatment options for in situ biofilm eradication. Remotely activated localised heating is under investigation to mitigate these biofilms; however, little is known about the temperatures required to kill the biofilms. To better understand the required parameters this study investigated the thermal susceptibility of biofilms as a function of their fluidic and chemical environment during growth, as well as their propensity for regrowth following thermal shock. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were cultured in shaker plate fluidic conditions in four different growth media, then thermally shocked at various temperatures and exposure times. Biofilms were re-incubated to determine their regrowth potential following thermal shocks of various intensities. Results indicate that growth media has little impact on thermal susceptibility, while fluidic conditions strongly influence susceptibility to modest thermal shocks. This effect disappears, however, with increasingly aggressive shocks, reducing biofilm populations by up to 5 orders of magnitude. Regrowth studies indicate a critical post-shock bacterial loading (∼103 CFU/cm2) below which the biofilms were no longer viable, while biofilms above that loading slowly regrew to their previous population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B. Ricker
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Haydar Al-Jaafari
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Trigg M. Bader
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryce S. Hundley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric Nuxoll
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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25
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Hu J, Zhang N, Li L, Zhang N, Ma Y, Zhao C, Wu Q, Li Y, He N, Wang X. The synergistic bactericidal effect of vancomycin on UTMD treated biofilm involves damage to bacterial cells and enhancement of metabolic activities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:192. [PMID: 29317687 PMCID: PMC5760522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the synergistic effect of vancomycin, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor, and ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), on cell viability of Staphylococcus epidermidis, embedded in biofilm, was investigated. Biofilms are the leading causes of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections of medical implants and prosthetics worldwide. The antibiotic-resistant nature of biofilm-embedded pathogens poses a critical challenge to the medical community. Previously, studies have demonstrated the efficacy of using ultrasound waves and UTMD in circumventing this problem. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon was not clear. Here, the present study showed that both ultrasound and UTMD damaged the cell wall structure of S. epidermidis, and floccules and fragments from damaged cells were observed on transmission electron microscope micrograph. However, the cell membrane integrity was not seriously affected by treatments, and the treatment increased the metabolic activity levels of the dormant biofilm-embedded bacteria, detected by confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry, which could make them susceptible to the effect of the antibiotic. Thus, the biological mechanism underlying the efficacy of the combined treatment involving UTMD and vancomycin in the case of S. epidermidis biofilm was dissected, which may be utilized for further investigations on other biofilm pathogens before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Chedong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaanxi Kang Fu Hospital, 52# Second Electronic Road, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi province, P.R. China
| | - Nianan He
- Department of Ultrasound, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 4# Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui province, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277# West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, P.R. China.
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26
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Maksimov AO, Leighton TG. Acoustic radiation force on a parametrically distorted bubble. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:296. [PMID: 29390754 DOI: 10.1121/1.5020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The subject of acoustic radiation pressure on a gas bubble is important in many applications because it controls how bubbles are moved by acoustic fields to target locations, and often how they act upon the target. Previous theoretical treatments assume a spherical bubble undergoing linear pulsations, but some (such as cleaning using Faraday waves on the bubble wall) require that the bubble be aspherical. Therefore, this paper derives ways to calculate the variation in the radiation pressure due to the non-spherical bubble oscillations. The magnitude and direction of the radiation force are determined by two factors: the amplitude of volume oscillations, Vm, and the phase relationship between those oscillations and the acoustic field which drives them. There are two key findings that correct for the predictions of a model accounting for only linear pulsations. First, the growth of the radiation force slows down as Vm ceases to increase linearly with increasing amplitude of the acoustic wave above the threshold. Second, although both models show that the direction of the force relative of the standing wave antinode can be attractive or repulsive depending on frequency, when distortion modes are included the frequency at which this force changes its sign is shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Maksimov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - T G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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27
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Takenouchi A, Arai H, Otani E, Fushimi A, Matsukubo T. Effects of Ultrasonic Debridement on Oral Hygiene Status. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 59:139-144. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akane Takenouchi
- Taiyo School of Dental Hygiene
- Department of Educational Media Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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28
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Turangan CK, Ball GJ, Jamaluddin AR, Leighton TG. Numerical studies of cavitation erosion on an elastic–plastic material caused by shock-induced bubble collapse. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study of shock-induced collapse of single bubbles near/attached to an elastic–plastic solid using the free-Lagrange method, which forms the latest part of our shock-induced collapse studies. We simulated the collapse of 40 μm radius single bubbles near/attached to rigid and aluminium walls by a 60 MPa lithotripter shock for various scenarios based on bubble–wall separations, and the collapse of a 255 μm radius bubble attached to aluminium foil with a 65 MPa lithotripter shock. The coupling of the multi-phases, compressibility, axisymmetric geometry and elastic–plastic material model within a single solver has enabled us to examine the impingement of high-speed liquid jets from the shock-induced collapsing bubbles, which imposes an extreme compression in the aluminium that leads to pitting and plastic deformation. For certain scenarios, instead of the high-speed jet, a radially inwards flow along the aluminium surface contracts the bubble to produce a ‘mushroom shape’. This work provides methods for quantifying which parameters (e.g. bubble sizes and separations from the solid) might promote or inhibit erosion on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Turangan
- Department of Fluid Dynamics, Institute of High Performance Computing, , Singapore 138632
| | - G. J. Ball
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, UK
| | - A. R. Jamaluddin
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - T. G. Leighton
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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29
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Mugita N, Nambu T, Takahashi K, Wang PL, Komasa Y. Proteases, actinidin, papain and trypsin reduce oral biofilm on the tongue in elderly subjects and in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:233-240. [PMID: 28662376 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental plaque is a causative factor for oral disease and a potential reservoir for respiratory infection in the elderly. Therefore, there is a critical need for the development of effective methods to remove oral biofilm. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of proteases on oral biofilm formation andremoval. DESIGN The in vivo effect of actinidin, a cysteine protease, on the removal of tongue coating was assessed after orally taking a protease tablet. Effects of the proteases trypsin, papain and actinidin on Actinomyces monospecies biofilm and multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed using a plaque sample from the tongue coating were investigated using the microtiter plate method. Antimicrobial tests and limited proteolysis of fimbrial shaft proteins were also performed to clarify underlying mechanisms of oral biofilm removal. RESULTS Tablets containing actinidin removed tongue coating in elderly subjects. Oral Actinomyces biofilm was significantly reduced by the proteases papain, actinidin and trypsin. Papain and trypsin effectively digested the major fimbrial proteins, FimP and FimA, from Actinomyces. Actinidin, papain and trypsin reduced multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed in vitro. Papain and trypsin inhibited formation of multispecies biofilm in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that proteases reduced oral biofilm in vivo in elderly subjects and in vitro, and suggests that protease digests fimbriae and inhibits biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Mugita
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nambu
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan.
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
| | - Pao-Li Wang
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
| | - Yutaka Komasa
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
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30
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Experimental Models of Oral Biofilms Developed on Inert Substrates: A Review of the Literature. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7461047. [PMID: 27699173 PMCID: PMC5028824 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7461047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The oral ecosystem is a very complex environment where more than 700 different bacterial species can be found. Most of them are organized in biofilm on dental and mucosal surfaces. Studying this community is important because a rupture in stability can lead to the preeminence of pathogenic microorganisms, causing dental decay, gingivitis, or periodontitis. The multitude of species complicates biofilm analysis so its reproduction, collection, and counting are very delicate. The development of experimental models of dental biofilms was therefore essential and multiple in vitro designs have emerged, each of them especially adapted to observing biofilm formation of specific bacteria within specific environments. The aim of this review is to analyze oral biofilm models.
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31
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Birkin PR, Offin DG, Leighton TG. An activated fluid stream--New techniques for cold water cleaning. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:612-618. [PMID: 26522990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical, acoustic and imaging techniques are used to characterise surface cleaning with particular emphasis on the understanding of the key phenomena relevant to surface cleaning. A range of novel techniques designed to enhance and monitor the effective cleaning of a solid/liquid interface is presented. Among the techniques presented, mass transfer of material to a sensor embedded in a surface is demonstrated to be useful in the further exploration of ultrasonic cleaning of high aspect ratio micropores. In addition the effect of micropore size on the cleaning efficacy is demonstrated. The design and performance of a new cleaning system reliant on the activation of bubbles within a free flowing stream is presented. This device utilised acoustic activation of bubbles within the stream and at a variety of substrates. Finally, a controlled bubble swarm is generated in the stream using electrolysis, and its effect on both acoustic output and cleaning performance are compared to the case when no bubbles are added. This will demonstrate the active role that the electrochemically generated bubble swarm can have in extending the spatial zone over which cleaning is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Birkin
- Chemistry, Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Douglas G Offin
- Chemistry, Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Timothy G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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32
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Biomechanical Analysis of Infectious Biofilms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:99-114. [PMID: 27193540 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The removal of infectious biofilms from tissues or implanted devices and their transmission through fluid transport systems depends in part of the mechanical properties of their polymeric matrix. Linking the various physical and chemical microscopic interactions to macroscopic deformation and failure modes promises to unveil design principles for novel therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm eradication, and provide a predictive capability to accelerate the development of devices, water lines, etc, that minimise microbial dispersal. Here, our current understanding of biofilm mechanics is appraised from the perspective of biophysics , with an emphasis on constitutive modelling that has been highly successful in soft matter. Fitting rheometric data to viscoelastic models has quantified linear and nonlinear stress relaxation mechanisms, how they vary between species and environments, and how candidate chemical treatments alter the mechanical response. The rich interplay between growth, mechanics and hydrodynamics is just becoming amenable to computational modelling and promises to provide unprecedented characterisation of infectious biofilms in their native state.
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