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See LP, Sripinun P, Lu W, Li J, Alboloushi N, Alvarez-Periel E, Lee SM, Karabucak B, Wang S, Jordan Sciutto KL, Theken KN, Mitchell CH. Increased Purinergic Signaling in Human Dental Pulps With Inflammatory Pain is Sex-Dependent. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:1039-1058. [PMID: 37956743 PMCID: PMC11129867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced understanding of neurotransmitter systems contributing to pain transmission aids in drug development, while the identification of biological variables like age and sex helps in the development of personalized pain management and effective clinical trial design. This study identified enhanced expression of purinergic signaling components specifically in painful inflammation, with levels increased more in women as compared to men. Inflammatory dental pain is common and potentially debilitating; as inflammation of the dental pulp can occur with or without pain, it provides a powerful model to examine distinct pain pathways in humans. In control tissues, P2X3 and P2X2 receptors colocalized with PGP9.5-positive nerves. Expression of the ecto-nucleotidase NTPDase1 (CD39) increased with exposure to extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), implying CD39 acted as a marker for sustained elevation of extracellular ATP. Both immunohistochemistry and immunoblots showed P2X2, P2X3, and CD39 increased in symptomatic pulpitis, suggesting receptors and the ATP agonist were elevated in patients with increased pain. The increased expression of P2X3 and CD39 was more frequently observed in women than men. In summary, this study identifies CD39 as a marker for chronic elevation of extracellular ATP in fixed human tissue. It supports a role for increased purinergic signaling in humans with inflammatory dental pain and suggests the contribution of purines shows sexual dimorphism. This highlights the potential for P2X antagonists to treat pain in humans and stresses the need to consider sex in clinical trials that target pain and purinergic pathways. PERSPECTIVE: This article demonstrates an elevation of ATP-marker CD39 and of ATP receptors P2X2 and P2X3 with inflammatory pain and suggests the rise is greater in women. This highlights the potential for P2X antagonists to treat pain and stresses the consideration of sexual dimorphism in studies of purines and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily P. See
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Puttipong Sripinun
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wennan Lu
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Naela Alboloushi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Su-Min Lee
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bekir Karabucak
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Katherine N. Theken
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Bai M, Chen H, Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhang D, Wang C. Substrate stiffness promotes dentinogenesis via LAMB1-FAK-MEK1/2 signaling axis. Oral Dis 2024; 30:562-574. [PMID: 36519511 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo, the principal function of mechanosensitive odontoblasts is to synthesize and secrete the matrix which then calcifies and forms reactive dentin after exposure to appropriate stimuli. This study aims to develop the influence of mechanical factors on dentinogenesis based on odontoblasts, which contribute to reparative dentin formation. METHODS We fabricated polydimethylsiloxane with different stiffnesses and seeded 17IIA11 odontoblast-like cells on the substrates in different stiffnesses. Cell morphology was detected by scanning electron microscope, and the mineralization phenotype was detected by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining, while expression levels of dentinogenesis-related genes (including Runx2, Osx, and Alp) were assayed by qPCR. To explore mechanism, protein distribution and expression levels were detected by immunofluorescent staining, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS In our results, during dentinogenesis, 17IIA11 odontoblast-like cells appeared better extension on stiffer substrates. The binding between LAMB1 and FAK contributed to converting mechanical stimuli into biochemical signaling, thereby controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 activity in stiffness-driven dentinogenesis. CONCLUSION The present study suggests odontoblast behaviors can be directly regulated by mechanical factors at cell-material interfaces, which offers fundamental mechanism in remodeling cell microenvironment, thereby contributing to physiological phenomena explanation and tissue engineering progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ohyama S, Ouchi T, Kimura M, Kurashima R, Yasumatsu K, Nishida D, Hitomi S, Ubaidus S, Kuroda H, Ito S, Takano M, Ono K, Mizoguchi T, Katakura A, Shibukawa Y. Piezo1-pannexin-1-P2X 3 axis in odontoblasts and neurons mediates sensory transduction in dentinal sensitivity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:891759. [PMID: 36589456 PMCID: PMC9795215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.891759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the "hydrodynamic theory," dentinal pain or sensitivity is caused by dentinal fluid movement following the application of various stimuli to the dentin surface. Recent convergent evidence in Vitro has shown that plasma membrane deformation, mimicking dentinal fluid movement, activates mechanosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP)/Piezo channels in odontoblasts, with the Ca2+ signal eliciting the release of ATP from pannexin-1 (PANX-1). The released ATP activates the P2X3 receptor, which generates and propagates action potentials in the intradental Aδ afferent neurons. Thus, odontoblasts act as sensory receptor cells, and odontoblast-neuron signal communication established by the TRP/Piezo channel-PANX-1-P2X3 receptor complex may describe the mechanism of the sensory transduction sequence for dentinal sensitivity. To determine whether odontoblast-neuron communication and odontoblasts acting as sensory receptors are essential for generating dentinal pain, we evaluated nociceptive scores by analyzing behaviors evoked by dentinal sensitivity in conscious Wistar rats and Cre-mediated transgenic mouse models. In the dentin-exposed group, treatment with a bonding agent on the dentin surface, as well as systemic administration of A-317491 (P2X3 receptor antagonist), mefloquine and 10PANX (non-selective and selective PANX-1 antagonists), GsMTx-4 (selective Piezo1 channel antagonist), and HC-030031 (selective TRPA1 channel antagonist), but not HC-070 (selective TRPC5 channel antagonist), significantly reduced nociceptive scores following cold water (0.1 ml) stimulation of the exposed dentin surface of the incisors compared to the scores of rats without local or systemic treatment. When we applied cold water stimulation to the exposed dentin surface of the lower first molar, nociceptive scores in the rats with systemic administration of A-317491, 10PANX, and GsMTx-4 were significantly reduced compared to those in the rats without systemic treatment. Dentin-exposed mice, with somatic odontoblast-specific depletion, also showed significant reduction in the nociceptive scores compared to those of Cre-mediated transgenic mice, which did not show any type of cell deletion, including odontoblasts. In the odontoblast-eliminated mice, P2X3 receptor-positive A-neurons were morphologically intact. These results indicate that neurotransmission between odontoblasts and neurons mediated by the Piezo1/TRPA1-pannexin-1-P2X3 receptor axis is necessary for the development of dentinal pain. In addition, odontoblasts are necessary for sensory transduction to generate dentinal sensitivity as mechanosensory receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Ohyama
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,Oral Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuya Kurashima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Nishida
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan,Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sobhan Ubaidus
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kuroda
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Ito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral Pathological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shibukawa
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Yoshiyuki Shibukawa,
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Ronci M, Caciagli F, Caruso V, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. Purinergic Signaling in Oral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147790. [PMID: 35887132 PMCID: PMC9318746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the purinergic signal has been extensively investigated in many tissues and related organs, including the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and immune systems. Less attention has been paid to the influence of purines in the oral cavity, which is the first part of the digestive apparatus and also acts as the body’s first antimicrobial barrier. In this review, evidence is provided of the presence and possible physiological role of the purinergic system in the different structures forming the oral cavity including teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate with their annexes such as taste buds, salivary glands, and nervous fibers innervating the oral structures. We also report findings on the involvement of the purinergic signal in pathological conditions affecting the oral apparatus such as Sjögren’s syndrome or following irradiation for the treatment of head and neck cancer, and the use of experimental drugs interfering with the purine system to improve bone healing after damage. Further investigations are required to translate the results obtained so far into the clinical setting in order to pave the way for a wider application of purine-based treatments in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Vanni Caruso
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
- Stem TeCh Group, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.); (F.C.)
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Sun XF, Qiao WW, Meng LY, Bian Z. PIEZO1 Ion Channels Mediate Mechanotransduction in Odontoblasts. J Endod 2022; 48:749-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Current Concepts of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. J Endod 2021; 47:1696-1702. [PMID: 34302871 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although many clinical studies have reported on the prevalence of dental pain, far fewer studies have focused on the mechanisms of dental pain. This is an important gap because increased understanding of dental pain mechanisms may lead to improved diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review the literature on the mechanisms of dentinal sensitivity. METHODS PubMed and Ovid were searched for articles that addressed dentinal pain and or pulpal sensitivity. Because of the breadth of research ranging from cellular/molecular studies to clinical trials, a narrative review on the mechanisms of dentinal sensitivity was constructed based on the literature. RESULTS Five various mechanisms for dentinal sensitivity have been proposed: (1) the classic hydrodynamic theory, (2) direct innervation of dentinal tubules, (3) neuroplasticity and sensitization of nociceptors, (4) odontoblasts serving as sensory receptors, and (5) algoneurons. CONCLUSIONS These theories are not mutually exclusive, and it is possible that several of them contribute to dentinal sensitivity. Moreover, pulpal responses to tissue injury may alter the relative contribution of these mechanisms. For example, pulpal inflammation may lead to neuronal sprouting and peripheral sensitization. Knowledge of these mechanisms may prompt the development of therapeutic drugs that aim to disrupt these mechanisms, leading to more effective treatments for pulpal pain.
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Kim JH, Won J, Oh SB. Expression of Ca V3.1 T-type Calcium Channels in Acutely Isolated Adult Rat Odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104864. [PMID: 32847753 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Odontoblasts, which consist the outermost compartment of the dental pulp, are primarily engaged in dentin formation. Earlier evidence suggests that voltage-gated calcium channels, such as the high voltage-activated L-type calcium channels, serve as a calcium entry route to mediate dentin formation in odontoblasts. However, the involvement of other voltage-gated calcium channels in regulating intracellular Ca2+ remain unanswered. DESIGN The expression of voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes of the P/Q- (CaV2.1), N-(CaV2.2), R- (CaV2.3), and T- (CaV3.1-3.3) type were screened in adult rat odontoblasts by single cell RT-PCR. Among these candidates, immunopositivity against CaV3.1 was examined in the odontoblastic layer in teeth sections and dissociated odontoblasts. To confirm the functional expression of CaV3.1 in odontoblasts, intracellular Ca2+ increase in response to membrane depolarization was monitored with Fura-2-based ratiometric calcium imaging. RESULTS Among the candidate calcium channels, we found that mRNA for CaV3.1 is mainly detected in odontoblasts, with its expression being detected in the odontoblastic layer and dissociated odontoblasts. High extracellular K+-induced membrane depolarization was inhibited by pharmacological blockers for T-type calcium channels such as amiloride or ML218. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that among P/Q-, N-, R-, and T-type calcium channels, CaV3.1 is mainly expressed in odontoblasts to mediate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in response to membrane depolarization. These findings suggest that CaV3.1 may facilitate intracellular Ca2+ dynamics especially in the range of subliminal depolarizations near resting membrane potentials where other high voltage-gated calcium channels such as the L-type are likely to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Won
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee K, Lee BM, Park CK, Kim YH, Chung G. Ion Channels Involved in Tooth Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092266. [PMID: 31071917 PMCID: PMC6539952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. This review summarizes the recent knowledge underlying this paradoxical nociception, with a focus on the ion channels involved in tooth pain. The expression of temperature-sensitive ion channels has been extensively investigated because thermal stimulation often evokes tooth pain. However, temperature-sensitive ion channels cannot explain the sudden intense tooth pain evoked by innocuous temperatures or light air puffs, leading to the hydrodynamic theory emphasizing the microfluidic movement within the dentinal tubules for detection by mechanosensitive ion channels. Several mechanosensitive ion channels expressed in dental sensory systems have been suggested as key players in the hydrodynamic theory, and TRPM7, which is abundant in the odontoblasts, and recently discovered PIEZO receptors are promising candidates. Several ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels expressed in dental primary afferent neurons have been discussed in relation to their potential contribution to tooth pain. In addition, in recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential sensory role of odontoblasts; thus, the expression of ion channels in odontoblasts and their potential relation to tooth pain is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Lee
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Min Lee
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea.
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Zhang S, Ye D, Ma L, Ren Y, Dirksen RT, Liu X. Purinergic Signaling Modulates Survival/Proliferation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2018; 98:242-249. [PMID: 30383477 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518807920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) reside in postnatal dental pulp and exhibit the potential to differentiate into odontoblasts as well as neurons. However, the intercellular signaling niches necessary for hDPSC survival and self-renewal remain largely unknown. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the existence of intercellular purinergic signaling in hDPSCs and to assess the impact of purinergic signaling on hDPSC survival and proliferation. hDPSCs were isolated from extracted third molars and cultured in minimum essential medium. To demonstrate responsiveness to ATP application and inhibitions by purinergic receptor antagonists, whole cell patch-clamp recordings of ATP-induced currents were recorded from cultured hDPSCs. Immunofluorescence and enzymatic histochemistry staining were performed to assess purinergic receptor expression and ectonucleotidase activity in hDPSCs, respectively. To determine the effects of purinergic signaling on hDPSC, purinergic receptor antagonists and an ectonucleotidase inhibitor were applied in culture medium, and hDPSC survival and proliferation were assessed with DAPI staining and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining, respectively. We demonstrated that ATP application induced inward currents in hDPSCs. P2X and P2Y receptors are involved in the generation of ATP-induced inward currents. We also detected expression of NTPDase3 and ectonucleotidase activity in hDPSCs. We further demonstrated that purinergic receptors were tonically activated in hDPSCs and that inhibition of ectonucleotidase activity enhanced ATP-induced inward currents. Furthermore, we found that blocking P2Y and P2X receptors reduced-and inhibition of ecto-ATPase activity enhanced-the survival and proliferation of hDPSCs, while blocking P2X receptors alone affected only hDPSC proliferation. Autocrine/paracrine purinergic signaling is essential for hDPSC survival and proliferation. These results reveal potential targets to manipulate hDPSCs to promote tooth/dental pulp repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- 1 Department of Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D Ye
- 1 Department of Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - L Ma
- 2 Department of Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, China
| | - Y Ren
- 1 Department of Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R T Dirksen
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - X Liu
- 1 Department of Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,4 Department of Dentistry, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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Won J, Kim JH, Oh SB. Molecular expression of Mg 2+ regulator TRPM7 and CNNM4 in rat odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:182-188. [PMID: 30278312 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnesium, the second most abundant cation in cellular fluid, is critical for mineralization of hard tissues. Among the molecules involved in cellular Mg2+ homeostasis, functional impairment of Mg2+ permeable ion channel TRPM7 or Mg2+ transporter CNNM4 have been found to result in severe hypomineralization of the enamel and dentin. However, molecular expressions of TRPM7, CNNM4 and their respective homologues have not been fully investigated in adult odontoblasts. DESIGN Expressions of TRPM6, TRPM7, CNNM1, CNNM2, CNNM3, CNNM4 were screened in acutely dissociated rat odontoblasts by single cell RT-PCR. Among these candidates, expression levels of TRPM7 and CNNM4 were compared along the odontoblast layer by immunohistochemical analysis. Finally, the coexpression pattern of TRPM7 and CNNM4 in subcellular regions was examined by immunocytochemical analysis. RESULTS ScRT-PCR revealed high expression rate of TRPM7 and CNNM4 in odontoblasts, with CNNM4 detected almost exclusively in TRPM7-positive odontoblasts. However, CNNM2 and CNNM3 were detected in only a small population of odontoblasts, and TRPM6 and CNNM1 were not detected even in the pulp tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed higher CNNM4 expression in the apical odontoblast layer than the coronal area, in contrast to the ubiquitous expression of TRPM7. Lastly, immunocytochemical analysis revealed colocalization of CNNM4 with TRPM7 in the odontoblastic process. CONCLUSIONS CNNM4 and TRPM7 may serve as main Mg2+ regulators in odontoblasts, possibly with selective involvement of CNNM4 in apical dentin formation or mineralization. Colocalization of TRPM7 and CNNM4 in the odontoblastic process suggest functional coupling of these two molecules to maintain Mg2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Won
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Thermal analysis of the dentine tubule under hot and cold stimuli using fluid-structure interaction simulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1599-1610. [PMID: 29956062 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the thermal stress changes in the tooth microstructures and the hydrodynamic changes of the dental fluid under hot and cold stimuli. The dimension of the microstructures of eleven cats' teeth was measured by scanning electron microscopy, and the changes in thermal stress during cold and hot stimulation were calculated by 3D fluid-structure interaction modeling. Evaluation of results, following data validation, indicated that the maximum velocities in cold and hot stimuli were - 410.2 ± 17.6 and + 205.1 ± 8.7 µm/s, respectively. The corresponding data for maximum thermal stress were - 20.27 ± 0.79 and + 10.13 ± 0.24 cmHg, respectively. The thermal stress caused by cold stimulus could influence almost 2.9 times faster than that caused by hot stimulus, and the durability of the thermal stress caused by hot stimulus was 71% greater than that by cold stimulus under similar conditions. The maximum stress was on the tip of the odontoblast, while the stress in lateral walls of the odontoblast and terminal fibril was very weak. There is hence a higher possibility of pain transmission with activation of stress-sensitive ion channels at the tip of the odontoblast. The maximum thermal stress resulted from the cold stimulus is double that produced by the hot stimulus. There is a higher possibility of pain transmission in the lateral walls of the odontoblast and terminal fibril by releasing mediators during the cold stimulation than the hot stimulation. These two reasons can be associated with a greater pain sensation due to intake of cold liquids.
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Won J, Vang H, Kim JH, Lee PR, Kang Y, Oh SB. TRPM7 Mediates Mechanosensitivity in Adult Rat Odontoblasts. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1039-1046. [PMID: 29489440 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts, with their strategic arrangement along the outermost compartment of the dentin-pulp complex, have been suggested to have sensory function. In addition to their primary role in dentin formation, growing evidence shows that odontoblasts are capable of sensing mechanical stimulation. Previously, we found that most odontoblasts express TRPM7, the nonselective mechanosensitive ion channel reported to be critical in Mg2+ homeostasis and dentin mineralization. In line with this finding, we sought to elucidate the functional expression of TRPM7 in odontoblasts by pharmacological approaches and mechanical stimulation. Naltriben, a TRPM7-specific agonist, induced calcium transient in the majority of odontoblasts, which was blocked by TRPM7 blockers such as extracellular Mg2+ and FTY720 in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanical stretch of the odontoblastic membrane with hypotonic solution also induced calcium transient, which was blocked by Gd3+, a nonselective mechanosensitive channel blocker. Calcium transient induced by hypotonic solution was also blocked by high extracellular Mg2+ or FTY720. When TRPM7-mediated calcium transients in odontoblasts were analyzed on the subcellular level, remarkably larger transients were detected in the distal odontoblastic process compared with the soma, which was further verified with comparable immunocytochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that TRPM7 in odontoblasts can serve as a mechanical sensor, with its distribution to facilitate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the odontoblastic process. These findings suggest TRPM7 as a mechanical transducer in odontoblasts to mediate intracellular calcium dynamics under diverse pathophysiological conditions of the dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Won
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Vang
- 2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Basic Science in Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
| | - J H Kim
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - P R Lee
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Kang
- 2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S B Oh
- 1 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zuo J, Zhen J, Wang F, Li Y, Zhou Z. Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Expression of Calcium Ion Transport-Related Proteins during Tertiary Dentin Formation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:223-233. [PMID: 29079395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is known for its positive effect on bone healing and reparative regeneration. This study investigated whether LIPUS affects reparative progression of the tooth and the expression of calcium ion transport-related proteins in odontoblasts and dental pulp cells using a rat dentin-pulp complex injury model. Forty male adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cavity preparation in the right maxillary first molar: 20 received LIPUS irradiation on the cavity-prepared tooth; 20 received LIPUS irradiation on the left maxillary first molar. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups: blank control group, LIPUS group, cavity-prepared group, cavity-prepared + LIPUS group. LIPUS irradiation (frequency: 1.5 MHz, 200-µs pulse width, 1-kHz pulse repetition frequency, 30 mW/cm2 spatial averaged temporal averaged intensity) was administered individually for 20 min daily. Rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 and 14 d post-operation. The histopathological and cellular morphologic changes in the dentin-pulp complex were detected with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of calcium ion transport-related proteins (Cav1.2, NCX1 and TRPV1) was determined with immunohistochemical staining and imaging analysis. Histopathological analysis revealed obvious reparative dentin formation at day 14 in the cavity-prepared + LIPUS group compared with the other groups. Expression levels of Cav1.2, NCX1 and TRPV1 increased significantly by 22%, 53% and 23%, respectively, at day 1 and increased significantly by 23%, 27% and 22%, respectively, at day 3 in the cavity-prepared + LIPUS group (p <0.05) compared with the cavity-prepared group. LIPUS has a positive effect on the expression of calcium transport-related proteins during early-stage dentin injury and facilitates tertiary dentin formation; the mechanism for this likely relates to the inflammatory reaction and a mechanical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxiu Zhen
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueheng Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Xu P, Feng X, Luan H, Wang J, Ge R, Li Z, Bian J. Current knowledge on the nucleotide agonists for the P2Y2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:366-375. [PMID: 29254895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y2 receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in multiple functionalities. Diquafosol tetrasodium, known as INS365, which was the first P2Y2 receptor agonists that had been approved in April 2010 and launched in Japan by Santen Pharmaceuticals. Besides, a series of similar agonists for the P2Y2 receptor are undergoing development to cure different diseases related to the P2Y2 receptor. This article illustrated the structure and functions of the P2Y2 receptor and focused on several kinds of agonists about their molecular structures, research progress and chemical synthesis methods. Last but not the least, we summarized the structures-activity relationship (SAR) of agonists for the P2Y2 receptor and expected more efficient agonists for the P2Y2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Raoling Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Solé-Magdalena A, Martínez-Alonso M, Coronado CA, Junquera LM, Cobo J, Vega JA. Molecular basis of dental sensitivity: The odontoblasts are multisensory cells and express multifunctional ion channels. Ann Anat 2017; 215:20-29. [PMID: 28954208 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are the dental pulp cells responsible for the formation of dentin. In addition, accumulating data strongly suggest that they can also function as sensory cells that mediate the early steps of mechanical, thermic, and chemical dental sensitivity. This assumption is based on the expression of different families of ion channels involved in various modalities of sensitivity and the release of putative neurotransmitters in response to odontoblast stimulation which are able to act on pulp sensory nerve fibers. This review updates the current knowledge on the expression of transient-potential receptor ion channels and acid-sensing ion channels in odontoblasts, nerve fibers innervating them and trigeminal sensory neurons, as well as in pulp cells. Moreover, the innervation of the odontoblasts and the interrelationship been odontoblasts and nerve fibers mediated by neurotransmitters was also revisited. These data might provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of dentin sensibility and/or dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solé-Magdalena
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Alonso
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - C A Coronado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - L M Junquera
- Departamento de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Cobo
- Departamento de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
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