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Zhang Y, Yan J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Han B, Li W. Age-related alveolar bone maladaptation in adult orthodontics: finding new ways out. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:52. [PMID: 39085217 PMCID: PMC11291511 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared with teenage patients, adult patients generally show a slower rate of tooth movement and more pronounced alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment, indicating the maladaptation of alveolar bone homeostasis under orthodontic force. However, this phenomenon is not well-elucidated to date, leading to increased treatment difficulties and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes in adult orthodontics. Aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge and further inspire insightful understanding towards this issue, this review summarizes the current evidence and underlying mechanisms. The age-related abatements in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in adult cells and periodontal tissue may contribute to retarded and unbalanced bone metabolism, thus hindering alveolar bone reconstruction during orthodontic treatment. To this end, periodontal surgery, physical and chemical cues are being developed to reactivate or rejuvenate the aging periodontium and restore the dynamic equilibrium of orthodontic-mediated alveolar bone metabolism. We anticipate that this review will present a general overview of the role that aging plays in orthodontic alveolar bone metabolism and shed new light on the prospective ways out of the impasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Jiale Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China.
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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Pakpahan ND, Kyawsoewin M, Manokawinchoke J, Termkwancharoen C, Egusa H, Limraksasin P, Osathanon T. Effects of mechanical loading on matrix homeostasis and differentiation potential of periodontal ligament cells: A scoping review. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38736036 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Various mechanical loadings, including mechanical stress, orthodontics forces, and masticatory force, affect the functions of periodontal ligament cells. Regulation of periodontal tissue destruction, formation, and differentiation functions are crucial processes for periodontal regeneration therapy. Numerous studies have reported that different types of mechanical loading play a role in maintaining periodontal tissue matrix homeostasis, and osteogenic differentiation of the periodontal ligament cells. This scoping review aims to evaluate the studies regarding the effects of various mechanical loadings on the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, regulation of the balance between formation and destruction of periodontal tissue matrix, osteogenic differentiation, and multiple differentiation functions of the periodontal ligament. An electronic search for this review has been conducted on two databases; MEDLINE via PubMed and SCOPUS. Study selection criteria included original research written in English that reported the effects of different mechanical loadings on matrix homeostasis and differentiation potential of periodontal ligament cells. The final 204 articles were mainly included in the present scoping review. Mechanical forces of the appropriate magnitude, duration, and pattern have a positive influence on the secretion of ECM components such as collagen, as well as regulate the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, these forces regulate a balance between osteoblastic and osteoclast differentiation. Conversely, incorrect mechanical loadings can lead to abnormal formation and destruction of both soft and hard tissue. This review provides additional insight into how mechanical loadings impact ECM homeostasis and multiple differentiation functions of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), thus making it valuable for regenerative periodontal treatment. In combination with advancing technologies, the utilization of ECM components, application of different aspects of mechanical force, and differentiation potential of PDLCs could bring potential benefits to future periodontal regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novena Dameria Pakpahan
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maythwe Kyawsoewin
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Termkwancharoen
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Phoonsuk Limraksasin
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Seddiqi H, Klein-Nulend J, Jin J. Osteocyte Mechanotransduction in Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:731-742. [PMID: 37792246 PMCID: PMC10724326 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Orthodontic tooth movement is characterized by periodontal tissue responses to mechanical loading, leading to clinically relevant functional adaptation of jaw bone. Since osteocytes are significant in mechanotransduction and orchestrate osteoclast and osteoblast activity, they likely play a central role in orthodontic tooth movement. In this review, we attempt to shed light on the impact and role of osteocyte mechanotransduction during orthodontic tooth movement. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanically loaded osteocytes produce signaling molecules, e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnts, prostaglandins, osteopontin, nitric oxide, sclerostin, and RANKL, which modulate the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The major signaling pathways activated by mechanical loading in osteocytes are the wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin and RANKL pathways, which are key regulators of bone metabolism. Moreover, osteocytes are capable of orchestrating bone adaptation during orthodontic tooth movement. A better understanding of the role of osteocyte mechanotransduction is crucial to advance orthodontic treatment. The optimal force level on the periodontal tissues for orthodontic tooth movement producing an adequate biological response, is debated. This review emphasizes that both mechanoresponses and inflammation are essential for achieving tooth movement clinically. To fully comprehend the role of osteocyte mechanotransduction in orthodontic tooth movement, more knowledge is needed of the biological pathways involved. This will contribute to optimization of orthodontic treatment and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Seddiqi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tabatabaei SN, Hodjat M, Hakimiha N, Akhoundi MSA, Kharazifard MJ. In Vitro Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy with 980 nm Diode Laser on Gene Expression of Key Regulators of Bone Remodeling by Human Periodontal Ligament Cells under Mild Orthodontic Forces. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1448-1455. [PMID: 36718580 DOI: 10.1111/php.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) with 980 nm diode laser as monotherapy and in combination with compressive and tensile orthodontic forces on expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), sclerostin (SOST) and periostin (POSTN), by human periodontal ligament cells. Isolated cells were cultured and subjected to either tensile (10% elongation) or compressive forces (25 g cm-2 ) for 24 and 48 h. Subsequently, the cells received PBM (100 mW power, 3 or 6 J cm-2 energy density) immediately after load cycle. RT-PCR was applied to assess the genes expression. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). We found that PBM in combination with orthodontic forces led to upregulation of bone resorption genes (RANKL and SOST) at the pressure side and their downregulation at the tension side. The expression of osteogenic genes (OPG and POSTN) increased at the tension side and decreased at the pressure side. PBM alone did not affect gene expression. In conclusion, these findings suggest that this PBM protocol may be effective in enhancement of the gene expression in favor of bone remodeling acceleration that should be confirmed in future animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Hakimiha
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Kharazifard
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pigeaud KE, Rietveld ML, Witvliet AF, Hogervorst JMA, Zhang C, Forouzanfar T, Bravenboer N, Schoenmaker T, de Vries TJ. The Effect of Sclerostin and Monoclonal Sclerostin Antibody Romosozumab on Osteogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis Mediated by Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087574. [PMID: 37108735 PMCID: PMC10145870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a bone formation inhibitor produced by osteocytes. Although sclerostin is mainly expressed in osteocytes, it was also reported in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, which are cells that play a role in both osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Here, we assess the role of sclerostin and its clinically used inhibitor, romosozumab, in both processes. For osteogenesis assays, human PDL fibroblasts were cultured under control or mineralizing conditions with increasing concentrations of sclerostin or romosozumab. For analyzing osteogenic capacity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining for mineral deposition and qPCR of osteogenic markers were performed. Osteoclast formation was investigated in the presence of sclerostin or romosozumab and, in PDLs, in the presence of fibroblasts co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PDL-PBMC co-cultures stimulated with sclerostin did not affect osteoclast formation. In contrast, the addition of romosozumab slightly reduced the osteoclast formation in PDL-PBMC co-cultures at high concentrations. Neither sclerostin nor romosozumab affected the osteogenic capacity of PDL fibroblasts. qPCR analysis showed that the mineralization medium upregulated the relative expression of osteogenic markers, but this expression was barely affected when romosozumab was added to the cultures. In order to account for the limited effects of sclerostin or romosozumab, we finally compared the expression of SOST and its receptors LRP-4, -5, and -6 to the expression in osteocyte rich-bone. The expression of SOST, LRP-4, and LRP-5 was higher in osteocytes compared to in PDL cells. The limited interaction of sclerostin or romosozumab with PDL fibroblasts may relate to the primary biological function of the periodontal ligament: to primarily resist bone formation and bone degradation to the benefit of an intact ligament that is indented by every chew movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina E Pigeaud
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie L Rietveld
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Science Park 113, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aster F Witvliet
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Science Park 113, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Oral Pathology and 3D Innovation Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Alghamdi B, Jeon HH, Ni J, Qiu D, Liu A, Hong JJ, Ali M, Wang A, Troka M, Graves DT. Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:128-146. [PMID: 36862360 PMCID: PMC10696608 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the role of the immune cells and their interaction with cells found in gingiva, periodontal ligament, and bone that leads to net bone loss in periodontitis or bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement. RECENT FINDINGS Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases causing inflammation in the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and is initiated by bacteria that induce a host response. Although the innate and adaptive immune response function cooperatively to prevent bacterial dissemination, they also play a major role in gingival inflammation and destruction of the connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone characteristic of periodontitis. The inflammatory response is triggered by bacteria or their products that bind to pattern recognition receptors that induce transcription factor activity to stimulate cytokine and chemokine expression. Epithelial, fibroblast/stromal, and resident leukocytes play a key role in initiating the host response and contribute to periodontal disease. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments have added new insight into the roles of various cell types in the response to bacterial challenge. This response is modified by systemic conditions such as diabetes and smoking. In contrast to periodontitis, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a sterile inflammatory response induced by mechanical force. Orthodontic force application stimulates acute inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone stimulated by cytokines and chemokines that produce bone resorption on the compression side. On the tension side, orthodontic forces induce the production of osteogenic factors, stimulating new bone formation. A number of different cell types, cytokines, and signaling/pathways are involved in this complex process. Inflammatory and mechanical force-induced bone remodeling involves bone resorption and bone formation. The interaction of leukocytes with host stromal cells and osteoblastic cells plays a key role in both initiating the inflammatory events as well as inducing a cellular cascade that results in remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement or in tissue destruction in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alghamdi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyeran Helen Jeon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alyssia Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Julie J Hong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mamoon Ali
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Troka
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA.
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Chen Y, Zhang C. Role of noncoding RNAs in orthodontic tooth movement: new insights into periodontium remodeling. J Transl Med 2023; 21:101. [PMID: 36759852 PMCID: PMC9912641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, play a pivotal role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Under force stimuli, mechanosensitive ncRNAs with altered expression levels transduce mechanical load to modulate intracellular genes. These ncRNAs regulate the biomechanical responses of periodontium in the catabolic, anabolic, and coupling phases throughout OTM. To achieve this, down or upregulated ncRNAs actively participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, inflammatory, immune, and neurovascular responses. This review highlights the regulatory mechanism of fine-tuning ncRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM, laying the foundation for safe, precise, and personalized orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Wang M, Fan J, Wang A, Jin X, Zhang Z, Hu X, Liu L, Zhao Y, Li Y. Effect of local application of bone morphogenetic protein -2 on experimental tooth movement and biological remodeling in rats. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1111857. [PMID: 37143931 PMCID: PMC10151543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study attempts to detect the potential effects of local bone morphogenetic protein -2 (BMP-2) on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal tissue remodeling. Methods: Forty adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group, unilateral injection of BMP-2 on the pressure side or tension side of orthodontic teeth and bilateral injection of BMP-2. Their maxillary first molar was moved by a 30 g constant force closed coil spring. 60 μL of BMP-2 with a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL was injected into each part at a time. In addition, three rats were selected as healthy control rats without any intervention. Fluorescent labeled BMP-2 was used to observe the distribution of exogenous BMP-2 in tissues. Micro-CT was used to measure the microscopic parameters of tooth displacement, trabecular bone and root absorption volume. Three different histological methods were used to observe the changes of tissue remodeling, and then the number of osteoclasts and the content of collagen fibers were calculated. Results: Compared with the blank control group, BMP-2 injection reduced the movement distance and increased the collagen fiber content and bone mass (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in tooth movement distance, BV/TV ratio and BMD between injection sites in unilateral injection group (p > 0.05). In the case of bilateral injection of BMP-2, the osteogenesis is enhanced. Unilateral injection of BMP-2 did not promote root resorption, but double injection showed root resorption (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our study does show that the osteogenesis of BMP-2 is dose-dependent rather than site-dependent when a certain amount of BMP-2 is applied around orthodontic teeth. Local application of BMP-2 around orthodontic teeth in an appropriate way can enhance bone mass and tooth anchorage without increasing the risk of root absorption volume. However, high levels of BMP-2 may cause aggressive root resorption. These findings are of great significance, that is, BMP-2 is an effective target for regulating orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadong Fan
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aoao Wang
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiantong Hu
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Le Liu, ; Yantao Zhao, ; Yanfeng Li,
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Le Liu, ; Yantao Zhao, ; Yanfeng Li,
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Le Liu, ; Yantao Zhao, ; Yanfeng Li,
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Zhu R, Zhang Z, Lu B, Zhang P, Liu W, Liang X. Unloading of occlusal force aggravates alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:1070-1082. [PMID: 35973065 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis (PD), a chronic infectious inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria, is associated with several local contributing factors including occlusal trauma. Previous studies have found that the traumatic occlusal force could aggravate alveolar bone loss during PD. However, the effect of reduced occlusal force during PD remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect of occlusal force unloading on PD onset and progression and its underlying mechanism as an effort to provide restoration suggestions for PD patients with dentition defect in clinic. This study might also propose occlusal force unloading could be a new local contributing factor for PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a PD model by the ligation of 5-0 silk around the mandibular left first molar (PD group) and an unloading experiment model by the extraction of their left maxillary first molar (EX group). The THP-1-derived macrophages were used to verify in vivo results. RESULTS Micro-CT scanning and H&E staining results consistently showed that PD + EX group experienced the most severe alveolar bone resorption as compared to PD group and control group. Further RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that occlusal force unloading significantly enhanced osteoclastic resorption, inhibited osteoblastic activity, and promotes M1 and M2 macrophages polarization. Immunofluorescence staining (IF) results showed that compared with the PD group, PD + EX group significantly increased the ratio of M1/M2 polarization. Similar results were observed by RT-qPCR and IF in vitro: removal of compressive force led to an increased ratio of M1/M2 polarization in LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that occlusal force unloading aggravates bone resorption by increasing the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages polarization during PD, suggesting a previously unknown local contributing factor for PD, and providing a novel insight for dentists to restore missing teeth as an effort to maintain remaining dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Boyao Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jeon HH, Kang J, Li J(M, Kim D, Yuan G, Almer N, Liu M, Yang S. The Effect of IFT80 Deficiency in Osteocytes on Orthodontic Loading-Induced and Physiologic Bone Remodeling: In Vivo Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1147. [PMID: 36013326 PMCID: PMC9410307 DOI: 10.3390/life12081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the main mechanosensory cells during orthodontic and physiologic bone remodeling. However, the question of how osteocytes transmit mechanical stimuli to biological responses remains largely unanswered. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are important for the formation and function of cilia, which are proposed to be mechanical sensors in osteocytes. In particular, IFT80 is highly expressed in mouse skulls and essential for ciliogenesis. This study aims to investigate the short- and long-term effects of IFT80 deletion in osteocytes on orthodontic bone remodeling and physiological bone remodeling in response to masticatory force. We examined 10-week-old experimental DMP1 CRE+.IFT80f/f and littermate control DMP1 CRE-.IFT80f/f mice. After 5 and 12 days of orthodontic force loading, the orthodontic tooth movement distance and bone parameters were evaluated using microCT. Osteoclast formation was assessed using TRAP-stained paraffin sections. The expression of sclerostin and RANKL was examined using immunofluorescence stain. We found that the deletion of IFT80 in osteocytes did not significantly impact either orthodontic or physiologic bone remodeling, as demonstrated by similar OTM distances, osteoclast numbers, bone volume fractions (bone volume/total volume), bone mineral densities, and the expressions of sclerostin and RANKL. Our findings suggest that there are other possible mechanosensory systems in osteocytes and anatomic limitations to cilia deflection in osteocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Helen Jeon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Jessica Kang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Jiahui (Madelaine) Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Douglas Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Nicolette Almer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (J.L.); (D.K.); (N.A.)
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Roth DM, Souter K, Graf D. Craniofacial sutures: Signaling centres integrating mechanosensation, cell signaling, and cell differentiation. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151258. [PMID: 35908436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial sutures are dynamic structures in which stem cell biology, bone formation, and mechanical forces interface, influencing the shape of the skull throughout development and beyond. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in understanding mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation in the context of suture development and genetic control of suture pathologies, such as craniosynostosis. More recently, the mechanosensory function of sutures and the influence of mechanical signals on craniofacial development have come to the forefront. There is currently a gap in understanding of how mechanical signals integrate with MSC differentiation and ossification to ensure appropriate bone development and mediate postnatal growth surrounding sutures. In this review, we discuss the role of mechanosensation in the context of cranial sutures, and how mechanical stimuli are converted to biochemical signals influencing bone growth, suture patency, and fusion through mediation of cell differentiation. We integrate key knowledge from other paradigms where mechanosensation forms a critical component, such as bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement. The current state of the field regarding genetic, cellular, and physiological mechanisms of mechanotransduction will be contextualized within suture biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marta Roth
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Katherine Souter
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Potential donor-dependent regulative effects of endogenous sclerostin expression and mineralization potential in primary human PDL cells in vitro. Ann Anat 2022; 244:151980. [PMID: 35787444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The glycoprotein sclerostin is mostly expressed in osteocytes and plays a central role in human bone metabolism. However, sclerostin and the corresponding SOST gene have been found in periodontal ligament cells under mineralizing conditions as well. The present study aimed to investigate, whether there was a correlation between endogenous SOST expression, the corresponding gene, and mineralization potential in human periodontal ligament cells and to identify different sclerostin expression and secretion patterns in cells derived from individual donors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human periodontal ligament cells of three different donors were cultivated under control or mineralizing conditions for 6, 13, 15 and 18 days, respectively. Calcium deposits were stained with alizarin red and quantified afterwards. Quantitative expression analysis of the SOST gene encoding sclerostin was performed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, intracellular sclerostin expression was analyzed using Western blotting and extracellular sclerostin secretion was quantified using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Alizarin red staining identified calcium deposits in periodontal ligament cells under mineralizing conditions beginning from day 13, relative SOST expression occurred on day 6. Whereas staining continued to increase in donor 1 on day 15, it remained stable in donors 2 and 3. Conversely, baseline SOST expression was significantly lower in donor 1 compared to donors 2 and 3. Western blotting and ELISA revealed increased intra- and extracellular sclerostin expression at day 13 under mineralizing conditions. Donor 3 exhibited the highest overall sclerostin levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data emphasize donor-specific characteristics in differentiation potential and sclerostin expression patterns in primary human periodontal ligament cells. Sclerostin might play a central role in modulating osteogenic differentiation in periodontal ligament cells as part of a negative feedback mechanism in avoiding excessive mineralization.
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13
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Wang K, Xu C, Xie X, Jing Y, Chen P, Yadav S, Wang Z, Taylor R, Wang J, Feng J. Axin2+ PDL Cells Directly Contribute to New Alveolar Bone Formation in Response to Orthodontic Tension Force. J Dent Res 2022; 101:695-703. [PMID: 35001706 PMCID: PMC9124907 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211062585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt-β-catenin signaling plays a key role in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), a common clinical practice for malocclusion correction. However, its targeted periodontal ligament (PDL) progenitor cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we first showed a synchronized increase in Wnt-β-catenin levels and Axin2+ PDL progenitor cell numbers during OTM using immunostaining of β-catenin in wild-type mice and X-gal staining in the Axin2-LacZ knock-in line. Next, we demonstrated time-dependent increases in Axin2+ PDL progenitors and their progeny cell numbers within PDL and alveolar bones during OTM using a one-time tamoxifen-induced Axin2 tracing line (Axin2CreERT2/+; R26RtdTomato/+). Coimmunostaining images displayed both early and late bone markers (such as RUNX2 and DMP1) in the Axin2Lin PDL cells. Conversely, ablation of Axin2+ PDL cells via one-time tamoxifen-induced diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) led to a drastic decrease in osteogenic activity (as reflected by alkaline phosphatase) in PDL and alveolar bone. There was also a decrease in new bone mass and a significant reduction in the mineral apposition rate on both the control side (to a moderate degree) and the OTM side (to a severe degree). Thus, we conclude that the Axin2+ PDL cells (the Wnt-targeted key cells) are highly sensitive to orthodontic tension force and play a critical role in OTM-induced PDL expansion and alveolar bone formation. Future drug development targeting the Axin2+ PDL progenitor cells may accelerate alveolar bone formation during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - C. Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - P.J. Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S. Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Taylor
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J.Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Wei T, Shan Z, Wen X, Zhao N, Shen G. Dynamic alternations of RANKL/OPG ratio expressed by cementocytes in response to orthodontic‑induced external apical root resorption in a rat model. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:228. [PMID: 35593309 PMCID: PMC9178691 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the alterations in the formation of cementocytes in response to orthodontic forces and to evaluate the contribution of these cells in the biological changes of tooth movement and associated root resorption. A total of 90 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the control, high force, and low force groups. Intrusion forces of 10 and 50 g were applied on the rat molar to induce tooth intrusion. The tooth movement was observed from 0 to 14 days by micro-computed tomography, bone histometric analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, as well as reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining assays. The results suggested that under low force conditions, osteoclasts were distributed at a higher frequency on the bone side than on the root side. Under high force conditions, both sides suffered osteoclast infiltration. In the low force group, the cementocytes exhibited downregulated sclerostin (SOST) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA levels and a lower receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/OPG ratio over a certain period of time. The expression levels of these genes were lower compared with those of the osteocytes at each time-point. In the high force group, both cementocytes and osteocytes upregulated the SOST and RANKL/OPG ratio on days 7 and 14, while the cementocytes expressed higher levels of SOST mRNA than those noted in the osteocytes. These data suggested that cementocytes responded to the orthodontic force via modulation of the RANKL/OPG ratio and SOST expression. The biological response of cementocytes contributed to the mechanotransduction and homoeostasis of the roots under compression. Excessive forces may act as a negative factor of this regulatory role. These results expand our knowledge on the function of cementocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyi Shan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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15
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Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med 2022; 20:221. [PMID: 35562828 PMCID: PMC9102262 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is the protein product of the SOST gene and is known for its inhibitory effects on bone formation. The monoclonal antibody against sclerostin has been approved as a novel treatment method for osteoporosis. Oral health is one of the essential aspects of general human health. Hereditary bone dysplasia syndrome caused by sclerostin deficiency is often accompanied by some dental malformations, inspiring the therapeutic exploration of sclerostin in the oral and dental fields. Recent studies have found that sclerostin is expressed in several functional cell types in oral tissues, and the expression level of sclerostin is altered in pathological conditions. Sclerostin not only exerts similar negative outcomes on the formation of alveolar bone and bone-like tissues, including dentin and cementum, but also participates in the development of oral inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis, pulpitis, and peri-implantitis. This review aims to highlight related research progress of sclerostin in oral cavity, propose necessary further research in this field, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for dental indications and regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufang Liao
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Nam YS, Yang DW, Moon JS, Kang JH, Cho JH, Kim OS, Kim MS, Koh JT, Kim YJ, Kim SH. Sclerostin in Periodontal Ligament: Homeostatic Regulator in Biophysical Force-Induced Tooth Movement. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:932-944. [PMID: 35373367 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study elucidates the role of sclerostin in periodontal ligament (PDL) as a homeostatic regulator in biophysical force-induced tooth movement (BFTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS BFTM was performed in rats, followed by microarray, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and real-time PCR for detection and identification of the molecules. The periodontal space was analyzed via micro-computed tomography. Effects on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption were evaluated in mouse bone marrow-derived cells. In vitro human PDL cells were subjected to biophysical forces. RESULTS In the absence of BFTM, sclerostin was hardly detected in the periodontium except the PDL and alveolar bone in the furcation region and apex of the molar roots. However, sclerostin was upregulated in the PDL in vivo by adaptable force, which induced typical transfiguration without changes in periodontal space as well as in vitro PDL cells under compression and tension. In contrast, the sclerostin level was unaffected by heavy force, which caused severe degeneration of the PDL and narrowed periodontal space. Sclerostin inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, which corroborates the accelerated tooth movement by the heavy force. CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin in PDL may be a key homeostatic molecule in the periodontium and a biological target for the therapeutic modulation of BFTM. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Sung Nam
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Yang
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Moon
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jee-Hae Kang
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Cho
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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17
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Xu H, Xia M, Sun L, Wang H, Zhang WB. Osteocytes Enhance Osteogenesis by Autophagy-Mediated FGF23 Secretion Under Mechanical Tension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:782736. [PMID: 35174158 PMCID: PMC8841855 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.782736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli control cell behaviors that are crucial for bone tissue repair. Osteocytes sense extracellular mechanical stimuli then convert them into biochemical signals to harmonize bone remodeling. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily preserved process, that occurs at a basal level when stimulated by multiple environmental stresses. We postulated that mechanical stimulation upregulates osteocyte autophagy via AMPK-associated signaling, driving osteocyte-mediated osteogenesis. Using a murine model of orthodontic tooth movement, we show that osteocyte autophagy is triggered by mechanical tension, increasing the quantity of LC3B-positive osteocytes by 4-fold in the tension side. Both in vitro mechanical tension as well as the chemical autophagy agonist enhanced osteocyte Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) secretion, which is an osteogenenic related cytokine, by 2-and 3-fold, respectively. Conditioned media collected from tensioned osteocytes enhanced osteoblast viability. These results indicate that mechanical tension drives autophagy-mediated FGF23 secretion from osteocytes and promotes osteogenesis. Our findings highlight a potential strategy for accelerating osteogenesis in orthodontic clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyue Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Bing Zhang,
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18
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Lira Dos Santos EJ, de Almeida AB, Chavez MB, Salmon CR, Mofatto LS, Camara-Souza MB, Tan MH, Kolli TN, Mohamed FF, Chu EY, Novaes PD, Santos ECA, Kantovitz KR, Foster BL, Nociti FH. Orthodontic tooth movement alters cementocyte ultrastructure and cellular cementum proteome signature. Bone 2021; 153:116139. [PMID: 34364013 PMCID: PMC8478897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cementum is a mineralized tissue that covers tooth roots and functions in the periodontal attachment complex. Cementocytes, resident cells of cellular cementum, share many characteristics with osteocytes, are mechanoresponsive cells that direct bone remodeling based on changes in loading. We hypothesized that cementocytes play a key role during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). To test this hypothesis, we used 8-week-old male Wistar rats in a model of OTM for 2, 7, or 14 days (0.5 N), whereas unloaded contralateral teeth served as controls. Tissue and cell responses were analyzed by high-resolution micro-computed tomography, histology, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining for odontoclasts/osteoclasts, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, laser capture microdissection was used to collect cellular cementum, and extracted proteins were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The OTM model successfully moved first molars mesially more than 250 μm by 14 days introducing apoptosis in a small number of cementocytes and areas of root resorption on mesial and distal aspects. Cementocytes showed increased nuclear size and proportion of euchromatin suggesting cellular activity. Proteomic analysis identified 168 proteins in cellular cementum with 21 proteins found only in OTM sites and 54 proteins only present in control samples. OTM-down-regulated several extracellular matrix proteins, including decorin, biglycan, asporin, and periostin, localized to cementum and PDL by immunostaining. Furthermore, type IV collagen (COL14A1) was the protein most down-regulated (-45-fold) by OTM and immunolocalized to cells at the cementum-dentin junction. Eleven keratins were significantly increased by OTM, and a pan-keratin antibody indicated keratin localization primarily in epithelial remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. These experiments provide new insights into biological responses of cementocytes and cellular cementum to OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis J Lira Dos Santos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda B de Almeida
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cristiane R Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Dentistry, N. Sra. do Patrocínio University Center, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Mofatto
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa Camara-Souza
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Prosthodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle H Tan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamara N Kolli
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fatma F Mohamed
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pedro Duarte Novaes
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C A Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila R Kantovitz
- Department of Dental Materials, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Francisco H Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Mehta S, Chen PJ, Kalajzic Z, Ahmida A, Yadav S. Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption with near and distant surgical insults: An in-vivo study on a rat model. Int Orthod 2021; 19:591-600. [PMID: 34716100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alveolar decortications (AD) closer and farther from the tooth on Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four Wistar rats (age 17 weeks) were used in the study. Three groups were formed by randomly dividing the rats into: 1) Control Group (N=8): OTM (14 days) without any surgical insult; 2) Near Group (N=8) OTM (14 days)+Alveolar Decortications (AD) adjacent to roots of the maxillary first molar; 3) Far Group (N=8) OTM (14 days)+AD 5mm away from the roots of the maxillary first molar. OTM was performed using a closed coil Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) spring to apply a mesial force on maxillary first molars of 8-10 grams. AD was performed with high-speed quarter round bur on the palatal aspect of alveolar bone. The rats were euthanized after 2 weeks of OTM and microfocus computed tomography and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS Near-AD and Far-AD groups exhibited significantly increased OTM and reduction of Bone volume fraction compared to control. The root volume was significantly decreased (increased root resorption) in the Near-AD group. Histological analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar decortications lead to a significant increase in the rate of OTM. Increased root resorption was observed when the alveolar decortications were performed close to the maxillary molar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Mehta
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Department of Developmental Sciences/Orthodontics, WI, Milwaukee, USA.
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- University of Connecticut Health, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Zana Kalajzic
- Division of Oral Medicine, University of Connecticut, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ahmad Ahmida
- University of Connecticut Health, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sumit Yadav
- University of Connecticut Health, Division of Orthodontics, Farmington, CT, USA
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Schröder A, Seyler L, Hofmann E, Gölz L, Jantsch J, Proff P, Bäuerle T, Kirschneck C. Administration of a VEGFR‑2-specific MRI contrast agent to assess orthodontic tooth movement : A pilot study. J Orofac Orthop 2021; 83:117-123. [PMID: 34269823 PMCID: PMC8863708 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is thought that orthodontic forces initially reduce periodontal blood flow during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) via tissue compression with cells responding to concomitant oxygen deprivation with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggering angiogenesis via binding to its receptor VEGFR‑2. To test this hypothesis, we performed a pilot study to establish a protocol for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rat jaws administering a VEGFR-2-specific contrast agent. Methods Mesial OTM of a first upper left rat molar was initiated in one male Fischer 344 rat 4 days prior to MRI by insertion of an elastic band between the first and second upper molars with the contralateral side left untreated (internal control). T1-weighted MRI sequences including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) were recorded before and after administration of a molecular VEGFR‑2 MRI marker with a 7 T MRI dedicated for small animal use. Results After injection of anti-VEGFR2-albumin-gadolinium-DTPA, volume enhancement on T1-weighted images was increased at the OTM side distally of the moved first upper molar (M1) compared to the control side, whereas the T1 relaxation time was reduced on the OTM side. DCE-MRI resulted in an increased area under the curve (AUC), whereas time-to-peak (TTP) and washout rate were reduced during OTM distally of the moved M1 compared to the contralateral side. Conclusions OTM resulted in uptake of the VEGFR-2-specific MRI contrast agent in tension areas of the periodontal ligament. The imaging protocol presented here is useful for the assessment of VEGFR‑2 expression in tension areas of the periodontal ligament in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Seyler
- PIPE (Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen) and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- PIPE (Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen) and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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21
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Grgurevic L, Novak R, Salai G, Trkulja V, Hamzic LF, Popovic VZ, Bozic D. Identification of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the saliva after the placement of fixed orthodontic appliance. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:19. [PMID: 34250561 PMCID: PMC8273045 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted in order to explore the effects of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on the changes of salivary proteome. This prospective observational pilot study recruited 12 healthy teenage boys with malocclusion treated with a fixed orthodontic appliance and 6 appropriate control participants. Saliva samples were collected a day before and at 0, 2, 7, and 30 days after initialization of treatment, corresponding to the initial, lag, and post-lag phases of OTM. Pooled samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, ELISA, and Western blotting. To date, there is no published data on the presence of BMP molecules or their antagonists in the saliva or in the gingival cervical fluid related to orthodontic conditions. Results A total of 198 identified saliva proteins were classified based on their functional characteristics. Proteins involved in bone remodeling were observed exclusively 30 days post appliance placement, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a BMP antagonist BMP-binding endothelial regulator, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4, and fibroblast growth factor 5. Based on the analysis of protein interactions, BMP4 was found to have a central position in this OTM-related protein network. Conclusions The placement of a fixed orthodontic appliance induced occurrence of proteins involved in bone remodeling in the saliva at a time corresponding to the post-lag period of OTM. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample size, limited time of monitoring patients, and the lack of interindividual variability assessment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40510-021-00364-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Anatomy, "Drago Perovic," School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ruder Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lejla Ferhatovic Hamzic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darko Bozic
- Department of Periodontology, University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Li Y, Zhan Q, Bao M, Yi J, Li Y. Biomechanical and biological responses of periodontium in orthodontic tooth movement: up-date in a new decade. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 34183652 PMCID: PMC8239047 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular. However, the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been fully elucidated. We were aiming to summarize the evidences regarding the mechanisms of OTM. Firstly, we introduced the research models as a basis for further discussion of mechanisms. Secondly, we proposed a new hypothesis regarding the primary roles of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and osteocytes involved in OTM mechanisms and summarized the biomechanical and biological responses of the periodontium in OTM through four steps, basically in OTM temporal sequences, as follows: (1) Extracellular mechanobiology of periodontium: biological, mechanical, and material changes of acellular components in periodontium under orthodontic forces were introduced. (2) Cell strain: the sensing, transduction, and regulation of mechanical stimuli in PDLCs and osteocytes. (3) Cell activation and differentiation: the activation and differentiation mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast, the force-induced sterile inflammation, and the communication networks consisting of sensors and effectors. (4) Tissue remodeling: the remodeling of bone and periodontal ligament (PDL) in the compression side and tension side responding to mechanical stimuli and root resorption. Lastly, we talked about the clinical implications of the updated OTM mechanisms, regarding optimal orthodontic force (OOF), acceleration of OTM, and prevention of root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Littlewood SJ, Dalci O, Dolce C, Holliday LS, Naraghi S. Orthodontic retention: what's on the horizon? Br Dent J 2021; 230:760-764. [PMID: 34117435 PMCID: PMC8193167 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-2937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic retention remains one of the great challenges in orthodontics. In this article, we discuss what is on the horizon to help address this challenge, including biological approaches to reduce relapse, treating patients without using retainers, technological developments, personalised medicine and the impact of COVID-19 on approaches to orthodontic retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Littlewood
- Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics, St Luke's Hospital, Bradford, UK.
| | - Oyku Dalci
- Senior Lecturer, Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Calogero Dolce
- Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L Shannon Holliday
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sasan Naraghi
- Consultant Orthodontist, Orthodontic Clinic, Public Dental Health, Växjö, Sweden
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Jeon HH, Teixeira H, Tsai A. Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081733. [PMID: 33923725 PMCID: PMC8072633 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a highly regulated process that coordinates bone resorption by osteoclasts and new bone formation by osteoblasts. Mechanisms involved in OTM include mechano-sensing, sterile inflammation-mediated osteoclastogenesis on the compression side and tensile force-induced osteogenesis on the tension side. Several intracellular signaling pathways and mechanosensors including the cilia and ion channels transduce mechanical force into biochemical signals that stimulate formation of osteoclasts or osteoblasts. To date, many studies were performed in vitro or using human gingival crevicular fluid samples. Thus, the use of transgenic animals is very helpful in examining a cause and effect relationship. Key cell types that participate in mediating the response to OTM include periodontal ligament fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Intercellular signals that stimulate cellular processes needed for orthodontic tooth movement include receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1), sclerostin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In this review, we critically summarize the current OTM studies using transgenic animal models in order to provide mechanistic insight into the cellular events and the molecular regulation of OTM.
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25
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Gauthier R, Jeannin C, Attik N, Trunfio-Sfarghiu AM, Gritsch K, Grosgogeat B. Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration: Biomechanical Specifications. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:030801. [PMID: 33067629 DOI: 10.1115/1.4048810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal biomechanical environment is very difficult to investigate. By the complex geometry and composition of the periodontal ligament (PDL), its mechanical behavior is very dependent on the type of loading (compressive versus tensile loading; static versus cyclic loading; uniaxial versus multiaxial) and the location around the root (cervical, middle, or apical). These different aspects of the PDL make it difficult to develop a functional biomaterial to treat periodontal attachment due to periodontal diseases. This review aims to describe the structural and biomechanical properties of the PDL. Particular importance is placed in the close interrelationship that exists between structure and biomechanics: the PDL structural organization is specific to its biomechanical environment, and its biomechanical properties are specific to its structural arrangement. This balance between structure and biomechanics can be explained by a mechanosensitive periodontal cellular activity. These specifications have to be considered in the further tissue engineering strategies for the development of an efficient biomaterial for periodontal tissues regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gauthier
- Univ Lyon - Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Christophe Jeannin
- Univ Lyon - Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon 69008, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - N Attik
- Univ Lyon - Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon 69008, France
| | | | - K Gritsch
- Univ Lyon - Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon 69008, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon 69007, France
| | - B Grosgogeat
- Univ Lyon - Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon 69008, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon 69007, France
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Osumi R, Wang Z, Ishihara Y, Odagaki N, Iimura T, Kamioka H. Changes in the intra- and peri-cellular sclerostin distribution in lacuno-canalicular system induced by mechanical unloading. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:148-159. [PMID: 32844318 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical stimuli regulate Sclerostin (Scl), a negative regulator of bone formation, expression in osteocytes. However, the detailed Scl distribution in osteocytes in response to mechanical unloading remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve-week-old male rats were used. The sciatic and femoral nerves on the right side were excised as mechanical unloading treatment. A sham operation was performed on the left side. One week after neurotrauma, the bone density of the femora was evaluated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and immunofluorescence was performed in coronal sections of the femoral diaphysis. The mean fluorescence intensity and fluorescent profile of Scl from the marrow to the periosteal side were analyzed to estimate the Scl expression and determine to which side (marrow or periosteal) the Scl prefers to distribute in response to mechanical unloading. The most sensitive region indicated by the immunofluorescence results was further investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with immunogold staining to show the Scl expression changes in different subcellular structures. RESULTS In femur distal metaphysis, neurotrauma-induced mechanical unloading significantly decreased the bone density, made the distribution of Scl closer to the marrow on the anterior and medial side, and increased the Scl expression only on the lateral side. TEM findings showed that only the expression of Scl in canaliculi was increased by mechanical unloading. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that even short-term mechanical unloading is enough to decrease bone density, and mechanical unloading not only regulated the Scl expression but also changed the Scl distribution in both the osteocyte network and subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Osumi
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Wu M, Liu J. Inhibitory effect of exogenous IL‐4 on orthodontic relapse in rats. Oral Dis 2021; 28:469-479. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minting Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics School of Stomatology Jinan University Guangzhou510632China
- Center of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan (Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University) Foshan 528000 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics School of Stomatology Jinan University Guangzhou510632China
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Sasaki F, Hayashi M, Ono T, Nakashima T. The regulation of RANKL by mechanical force. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:34-44. [PMID: 32889574 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is a key mediator of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Osteoblast-lineage cells including osteoblasts and osteocytes express RANKL, which is regulated by several different factors, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical forces. In vivo and in vitro analyses have demonstrated that various types of mechanosensing proteins on the cell membrane (i.e. mechanosensors) and intracellular mechanosignaling proteins play essential roles in the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes via soluble factors, such as sclerostin, Wnt ligands, and RANKL. This section provides an overview of the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the regulation of RANKL expression by mechanosensing and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Mikihito Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Innovative Medical Care (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takehito Ono
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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Holland R, Bain C, Alrasheed RS, Robling AG, Utreja A. The effect of overexpression of Lrp5 on orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:430-437. [PMID: 33326696 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of gain-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION A split-mouth study design was utilized. Thirty-two male Lrp5-high bone mass (HBM) knock-in mice including A214V and G171V mutants (n = 16/group) and sixteen C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were included in the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of OTM was used for mesial movement of the maxillary first molar using a closed-coil nickel titanium (NiTi) spring attached between the molar and the incisors. After 21 days, the dissected maxillae were scanned for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses and embedded in methyl methacrylate and paraffin for histological staining and imaging. Histological analyses included immunohistochemistry for sclerostin (Sost), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining for osteoclasts and fluorescent imaging. RESULTS OTM in the A214V and G171V groups was significantly less than the WT group. Bone volume (BV), per cent bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were significantly increased in both A241V and G171V animals compared to the WT animals. On the compression side, decreased osteoclast activity was seen in both A214V and G171V groups compared to the WT group. Fluorescent labelling demonstrated that the pattern of bone deposition in the A214V animals was periosteal whereas the G171V animals added bone endocortically. CONCLUSION Gain-of-function mutations of Lrp5 decrease orthodontic tooth movement by increasing alveolar bone mass and reducing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Holland
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carol Bain
- Histotechnology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Achint Utreja
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Section of Orthodontics, Department of Growth, Development and Structure, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL, USA
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The expression and regulation of Wnt1 in tooth movement-initiated mechanotransduction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 158:e151-e160. [PMID: 33139146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Wnt signaling pathway acts as a key regulator of skeletal development and its homeostasis. However, the potential role of Wnt1 in the mechanotransduction machinery of orthodontic tooth movement-initiated bone remodeling is still unclear. Hence, this study focused on the regulatory dynamics of the Wnt1 expression in both the periodontal ligament (PDL) and osteocytes in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The Wnt1 expression in the orthodontically moved maxillary first molar in mice was assessed at 0, 1, and 5 days, on both the compression and tension sides. Primary isolated human PDL (hPDL) fibroblasts, as well as murine long-bone osteocyte-Y4 (MLO-Y4) cells, were exposed to continuous compressive force and static tensile force. RESULTS The relative quantification of immunodetection showed that orthodontic tooth movement significantly stimulated the Wnt1 expression in both the PDL and alveolar osteocytes on the tension side on day 5, whereas the expression on the compression side did not change. This increase in the Wnt1 expression, shown in vivo, was also noted after the application of 12% static tensile force in isolated hPDL fibroblasts and 20% in MLO-Y4 cells. In contrast, a compressive force led to the attenuation of the Wnt1 gene expression in both hPDL fibroblasts and MLO-Y4 cells in a force-dependent manner. In the osteocyte-PDL coculture system, recombinant sclerostin attenuated Wnt1 in PDL, whereas the antisclerostin antibody upregulated its gene expression, indicating that mechanically-driven Wnt1 signaling in PDL might be regulated by osteocytic sclerostin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide that Wnt1 signaling plays a vital role in tooth movement-initiated bone remodeling via innovative mechanotransduction approaches.
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Li W, Zhao J, Sun W, Wang H, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang WB. Osteocytes promote osteoclastogenesis via autophagy-mediated RANKL secretion under mechanical compressive force. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108594. [PMID: 32979390 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes sense extracellular mechanical stimuli and transduce them into biochemical signals to regulate bone remodeling. The function is also evidenced in orthodontic tooth movement. But the underlying mechanisms haven't been clarified. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process which affects cellular secretory capabilities. We hypothesized that mechanical force activated osteocyte autophagy through TFE3-related signaling and further promoted osteocyte-mediated osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that osteocyte autophagy was activated under mechanical compressive force using murine orthodontic tooth movement model since the number of LC3B-positive osteocytes increased by 3-fold in the compression side. In addition, both in vitro mechanical compression and chemical autophagy agonist increased the secretion of RANKL in osteocytes by 3-fold and 4-fold respectively, which is a crucial cytokine for osteoclastogenesis. Lastly, conditioned medium collected from compressed osteocytes promoted the development of osteoclasts. These results suggest that osteocytes could promote osteoclastogenesis via autophagy-mediated RANKL secretion under mechanical compressive force. Our research might provide evidence for exploring methods to accelerate tooth movement in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei-Bing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Abdalla HB, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Trindade-da-Silva CA, Alves LJ, Prats RDS, Youssef A, Vieira Dos Santos PC, Buarque E Silva WA, Andrade E Silva F, Napimoga MH. Occlusion Heightened by Metal Crown Cementation is Aggressive for Periodontal Tissues. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:142-149. [PMID: 32783328 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of experimental traumatic occlusion (ETO) induced by metal crowns on alveolar bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metal crowns were custom-made for the lower first molars with occlusal discrepancy of 0.4 and 0.7 mm from the maximum intercuspation. Thirty-six animals were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 animals per group): 0.4-mm hyperocclusion group, 0.7-mm hyperocclusion group and the sham group (no metal crown). Twenty-eight days after crown cementation, the animals were euthanized and gingival tissue was collected to assess cytokine levels of IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mandibles were stained with 1% methylene blue and alveolar bone levels were quantified. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), and its ligand (RANKL), secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells (SOFAT) and TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE). Also, mandibles were histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, from which the presence of osteoclast-like cells, multinucleated cells containing ≥3 nuclei was counted at 100× magnification. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS Experimental occlusal trauma for 28 consecutive days significantly increased alveolar bone loss and multinucleated cell counts (p < 0.05). RANK, RANKL, SOFAT, TACE, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly higher in gingival tissues of ETO groups (p < 0.05). IL-17 titers were unchanged among the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Experimental traumatic occlusion activates and sustains bone resorption pathways in the periodontium inducing alveolar bone resorption. As the intensity of occlusal trauma increased, alternative osteoclastic pathways were activated, such as TACE and SOFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Ballassini Abdalla
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Laboratoy of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Trindade Clemente-Napimoga
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Laboratoy of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antônio Trindade-da-Silva
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Laboratoy of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Jorge Alves
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Immunology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Silva Prats
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Immunology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Youssef
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Immunology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Vieira Dos Santos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilkens Aurélio Buarque E Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Andrade E Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Napimoga
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Laboratoy of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Immunology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Wei T, Xie Y, Wen X, Zhao N, Shen G. Establishment of in vitro three-dimensional cementocyte differentiation scaffolds to study orthodontic root resorption. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3174-3184. [PMID: 32855686 PMCID: PMC7444329 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic-induced root resorption is a severe side effect that can lead to tooth root shortening and loss. Compressive force induces tissue stress in the cementum that covers the tooth root, which is associated with activation of bone metabolism and cementum resorption. To investigate the role of cementocytes in mechanotransduction and osteoclast differentiation, the present study established an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) model replicating cellular cementum and observed the effects of static compression on the cellular behavior of the cementocytes. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase staining and dentin matrix protein 1 quantification were used to evaluate the cementocyte differentiation in the 3D scaffolds. Cellular viability under static compression was evaluated using live/dead staining, and expression of mineral metabolism-related genes were analyzed via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results suggested that the cementocytes maintained their phenotype and increased the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin (SOST) in the 3D model compared with cells cultured in two dimensions. Compression force increased cell death and induced osteoclastic differentiation via the upregulation of SOST and RANKL/OPG ratio, and the downregulation of osteocalcin. The effect of compression showed a force magnitude-dependent pattern. The present study established an in vitro model of cellular cementum to study the biology of cementocytes. The results indicated that cementocytes are sensitive to mechanical loading and may serve potential roles in the metabolic regulation of minerals during orthodontic root resorption. These findings provide a novel tool to study biological processes in the field of orthodontics and expand knowledge of the biological function of cementocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Matsugaki A, Matsuzaka T, Murakami A, Wang P, Nakano T. 3D Printing of Anisotropic Bone-Mimetic Structure with Controlled Fluid Flow Stimuli for Osteocytes: Flow Orientation Determines the Elongation of Dendrites. Int J Bioprint 2020; 6:293. [PMID: 33088998 PMCID: PMC7557340 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques enable the construction of various living tissues and organs, the generation of bone-like oriented microstructures with anisotropic texture remains a challenge. Inside the mineralized bone matrix, osteocytes play mechanosensing roles in an ordered manner with a well-developed lacunar-canaliculi system. Therefore, control of cellular arrangement and dendritic processes is indispensable for construction of artificially controlled 3D bone-mimetic architecture. Herein, we propose an innovative methodology to induce controlled arrangement of osteocyte dendritic processes using the laminated layer method of oriented collagen sheets, combined with a custom-made fluid flow stimuli system. Osteocyte dendritic processes showed elongation depending on the competitive directional relationship between flow and substrate. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the successful construction of the anisotropic bone-mimetic microstructure and further demonstrate that the dendritic process formation in osteocytes can be controlled with selective fluid flow stimuli, specifically by regulating focal adhesion. Our results demonstrate how osteocytes adapt to mechanical stimuli by optimizing the anisotropic maturation of dendritic cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aira Matsugaki
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Matsuzaka
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ami Murakami
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pan Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 73 Nanyang Drive, 637662, Singapore
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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35
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Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145169. [PMID: 32708317 PMCID: PMC7404053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of bone remodeling is the result of the regulated balance between bone cell populations, namely bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the osteocyte, the mechanosensory cell type. Osteoclasts derived from the hematopoietic stem cell lineage are the principal cells involved in bone resorption. In osteolytic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, and osteoporosis, the balance is lost and changes in favor of bone resorption. Therefore, it is vital to elucidate the mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. It has been reported that osteocytes express Receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand (RANKL), an essential factor for osteoclast formation. RANKL secreted by osteocytes is the most important factor for physiologically supported osteoclast formation in the developing skeleton and in pathological bone resorption such as experimental periodontal bone loss. TNF-α directly enhances RANKL expression in osteocytes and promotes osteoclast formation. Moreover, TNF-α enhances sclerostin expression in osteocytes, which also increases osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that osteocyte-related cytokines act directly to enhance osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In this review, we outline the most recent knowledge concerning bone resorption-related cytokines and discuss the osteocyte as the master regulator of bone resorption and effector in osteoclast formation.
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Men Y, Wang Y, Yi Y, Jing D, Luo W, Shen B, Stenberg W, Chai Y, Ge WP, Feng JQ, Zhao H. Gli1+ Periodontium Stem Cells Are Regulated by Osteocytes and Occlusal Force. Dev Cell 2020; 54:639-654.e6. [PMID: 32652075 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Teeth are attached to alveolar bone by the periodontal ligament (PDL), which contains stem cells supporting tissue turnover. Here, we identified Gli1+ cells in adult mouse molar PDL as multi-potential stem cells (PDLSCs) giving rise to PDL, alveolar bone, and cementum. They support periodontium tissue turnover and injury repair. Gli1+ PDLSCs are surrounding the neurovascular bundle and more enriched in the apical region. Canonical Wnt signaling is essential for their activation. Alveolar bone osteocytes negatively regulate Gli1+ PDLSCs activity through sclerostin, a Wnt inhibitor. Blockage of sclerostin accelerates the PDLSCs lineage contribution rate in vivo. Sclerostin expression is modulated by physiological occlusal force. Removal of occlusal force upregulates sclerostin and inhibits PDLSCs activation. In summary, Gli1+ cells are the multipotential PDLSCs in vivo. Osteocytes provide negative feedback to PDLSCs and inhibit their activities through sclerostin. Physiological occlusal force indirectly regulates PDLSCs activities by fine-tuning this feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Men
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yating Yi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Dian Jing
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - William Stenberg
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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37
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Liu AQ, Zhang LS, Chen J, Sui BD, Liu J, Zhai QM, Li YJ, Bai M, Chen K, Jin Y, Hu CH, Jin F. Mechanosensing by Gli1 + cells contributes to the orthodontic force-induced bone remodelling. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12810. [PMID: 32472648 PMCID: PMC7260067 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Gli1+ cells have received extensive attention in tissue homeostasis and injury mobilization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Gli1+ cells respond to force and contribute to bone remodelling. Materials and methods We established orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model to assess the bone response for mechanical force. The transgenic mice were utilized to label and inhibit Gli1+ cells, respectively. Additionally, mice that conditional ablate Yes‐associated protein (Yap) in Gli1+ cells were applied in the present study. The tooth movement and bone remodelling were analysed. Results We first found Gli1+ cells expressed in periodontal ligament (PDL). They were proliferated and differentiated into osteoblastic cells under tensile force. Next, both pharmacological and genetic Gli1 inhibition models were utilized to confirm that inhibition of Gli1+ cells led to arrest of bone remodelling. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining identified classical mechanotransduction factor Yap expressed in Gli1+ cells and decreased after suppression of Gli1+ cells. Additionally, conditional ablation of Yap gene in Gli1+ cells inhibited the bone remodelling as well, suggesting Gli1+ cells are force‐responsive cells. Conclusions Our findings highlighted that Gli1+ cells in PDL directly respond to orthodontic force and further mediate bone remodelling, thus providing novel functional evidence in the mechanism of bone remodelling and first uncovering the mechanical responsive property of Gli1+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Ming Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng-Hu Hu
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Li Z, Yu M, Jin S, Wang Y, Luo R, Huo B, Liu D, He D, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Stress Distribution and Collagen Remodeling of Periodontal Ligament During Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1263. [PMID: 31708784 PMCID: PMC6821875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL), as a mechanical connection between the alveolar bone and tooth, plays a pivotal role in force-induced orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, how mechanical force controls remodeling of PDL collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to evaluate the stress distribution and ECM fiber remodeling of PDL during the process of OTM. An experimental tooth movement model was built by ligating a coil spring between the left maxillary first molar and the central incisors. After activating the coil spring for 7 days, the distance of tooth movement was 0.324 ± 0.021 mm. The 3D finite element modeling showed that the PDL stress obviously concentrated at cervical margin of five roots and apical area of the mesial root, and the compression region was distributed at whole apical root and cervical margin of the medial side (normal stress < -0.05 MPa). After force induction, the ECM fibers were disordered and immature collagen III fibers significantly increased, especially in the apical region, which corresponds to the stress concentration and compression area. Furthermore, the osteoclasts and interleukin-1β expression were dramatically increased in the apical region of the force group. Taken together, orthodontic loading could change the stress distribution of PDL and induce a disordered arrangement and remodeling of ECM fibers. These findings provide orthodontists both mechanical and biological evidences that root resorption is prone to occur in the apical area during the process of OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Li
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing He
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Wang S, Kim M, Ali Z, Ong K, Pae EK, Chung MK. TRPV1 and TRPV1-Expressing Nociceptors Mediate Orofacial Pain Behaviors in a Mouse Model of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1207. [PMID: 31620023 PMCID: PMC6763553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force produces mechanical irritation and inflammation in the periodontium, which is inevitably accompanied by pain. Despite its prevalence, treatment of orthodontic pain is ineffective. Elucidating underlying neural mechanisms is critical to improving the management of orthodontic pain. We have assessed the contribution of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and the TRPV1-expressing subset of nociceptive afferents to pain behaviors induced by orthodontic force in mice. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography analysis showed that application of an orthodontic force of 10 g to the maxillary first molar produced reliable tooth movement in mice. Mouse grimace scale (MGS) was evaluated as an indication of non-evoked spontaneous pain and bite force (BF) was measured for assessing bite-evoked nocifensive behaviors. Orthodontic force increased MGS and decreased BF, both of which were interpreted as increased levels of pain. These behaviors peaked at 1d and returned near to the sham level at 7d. Retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical assays showed TRPV1-expressing peptidergic afferents are abundantly projected to the periodontium. Direct injection of resiniferatoxin into trigeminal ganglia (TG) decreased TRPV1-expressing afferents by half in the targeted region of TG. The chemical ablation of TRPV1-expressing afferents significantly attenuated orthodontic pain behaviors assessed by MGS and BF. Consistently, the knockout of TRPV1 also attenuated orthodontic force-induced changes in MGS and BF. These results suggest that TRPV1 and TRPV1-expressing trigeminal nociceptors constitute a primary pathway mediating orthodontic pain behaviors in mice. This model will be useful for mechanistic studies on orthodontic pain aimed at developing novel approaches for painless orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Martin Kim
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zayd Ali
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine Ong
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eung-Kwon Pae
- Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Ishihara Y, Wang Z, Odagaki N, Kamioka H. Role of intracellular Ca 2+-based mechanotransduction of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:10409-10424. [PMID: 31238000 PMCID: PMC6704454 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900484r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts are thought to receive mechanical stress (MS) produced by orthodontic tooth movement, thereby regulating alveolar bone remodeling. However, the role of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i)-based mechanotransduction is not fully understood. We explored the MS-induced [Ca2+]i responses both in isolated hPDL fibroblasts and in intact hPDL tissue and investigated its possible role in alveolar bone remodeling. hPDL fibroblasts were obtained from healthy donors' premolars that had been extracted for orthodontic reasons. The oscillatory [Ca2+]i activity induced by static compressive force was measured by a live-cell Ca2+ imaging system and evaluated by several feature extraction method. The spatial pattern of cell-cell communication was investigated by Moran's I, an index of spatial autocorrelation and the gap junction (GJ) inhibitor. The Ca2+-transporting ionophore A23187 was used to further investigate the role of [Ca2+]i up-regulation in hPDL cell behavior. hPDL fibroblasts displayed autonomous [Ca2+]i responses. Compressive MS activated this autonomous responsive behavior with an increased percentage of responsive cells both in vitro and ex vivo. The integration, variance, maximum amplitude, waveform length, and index J in the [Ca2+]i responses were also significantly increased, whereas the mean power frequency was attenuated in response to MS. The increased Moran's I after MS indicated that MS might affect the pattern of cell-cell communication via GJs. Similar to the findings of MS-mediated regulation, the A23187-mediated [Ca2+]i uptake resulted in the up-regulation of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl) and Sost along with increased sclerostin immunoreactivity, suggesting that [Ca2+]i signaling networks may be involved in bone remodeling. In addition, A23187-treated hPDL fibroblasts also showed the suppression of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Our findings suggest that augmented MS-mediated [Ca2+]i oscillations in hPDL fibroblasts enhance the production and release of bone regulatory signals via Rankl/Osteoprotegerin and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway as an early process in tooth movement-initiated alveolar bone remodeling.-Ei Hsu Hlaing, E., Ishihara, Y., Wang, Z., Odagaki, N., Kamioka, H. Role of intracellular Ca2+-based mechanotransduction of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS DC2), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Wang Z, Ishihara Y, Ishikawa T, Hoshijima M, Odagaki N, Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Kamioka H. Screening of key candidate genes and pathways for osteocytes involved in the differential response to different types of mechanical stimulation using a bioinformatics analysis. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:614-626. [PMID: 30413886 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the key genes and pathways that are activated when different types of mechanical loading are applied to osteocytes. mRNA expression datasets (series number of GSE62128 and GSE42874) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). High gravity-treated osteocytic MLO-Y4 cell-line samples from GSE62128 (Set1), and fluid flow-treated MLO-Y4 samples from GSE42874 (Set2) were employed. After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment was performed. The common DEGs between Set1 and Set2 were considered as key DEGs, then a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the minimal nodes from all of the DEGs in Set1 and Set2, which linked most of the key DEGs. Several open source software programs were employed to process and analyze the original data. The bioinformatic results and the biological meaning were validated by in vitro experiments. High gravity and fluid flow induced opposite expression trends in the key DEGs. The hypoxia-related biological process and signaling pathway were the common functional enrichment terms among the DEGs from Set1, Set2 and the PPI network. The expression of almost all the key DEGs (Pdk1, Ccng2, Eno2, Egln1, Higd1a, Slc5a3 and Mxi1) were mechano-sensitive. Eno2 was identified as the hub gene in the PPI network. Eno2 knockdown results in expression changes of some other key DEGs (Pdk1, Mxi1 and Higd1a). Our findings indicated that the hypoxia response might have an important role in the differential responses of osteocytes to the different types of mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ishikawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hoshijima
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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Effect of TNF- α-Induced Sclerostin on Osteocytes during Orthodontic Tooth Movement. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9716758. [PMID: 31341915 PMCID: PMC6612957 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9716758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are abundant cells in bone, which contribute to bone maintenance. Osteocytes express receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and regulate osteoclast formation. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) occurs by osteoclast resorption of alveolar bone. Osteocyte-derived RANKL is critical in bone resorption during OTM. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is important in osteoclastogenesis during OTM. Sclerostin has been reported to enhance RANKL expression in the MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cell line. This study investigated the effect of TNF-α on sclerostin expression in osteocytes during OTM. In vitro analysis of primary osteocytes, which were isolated from DMP1-Topaz mice by sorting the Topaz variant of GFP-positive cells, revealed that SOST mRNA expression was increased when osteocytes were cultured with TNF-α and that RANKL mRNA expression was increased when osteocytes were cultured with sclerostin. Moreover, the number of TRAP-positive cells was increased in osteocytes and osteoclast precursors cocultured with sclerostin. In vivo analysis of mouse calvariae that had been subcutaneously injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or TNF-α revealed that the number of TRAP-positive cells and the percentage of sclerostin-positive osteocytes were higher in the TNF-α group than in the PBS group. Furthermore, the level of SOST mRNA was increased by TNF-α. As an OTM model, a Ni-Ti closed-coil spring connecting the upper incisors and upper-left first molar was placed to move the first molar to the mesial direction in wild-type (WT) mice and TNF receptor 1- and 2-deficient (TNFRsKO) mice. After 6 days of OTM, the percentage of sclerostin-positive osteocytes on the compression side of the first molar in TNFRsKO mice was lower than that in WT mice. In this study, TNF-α increased sclerostin expression in osteocytes, and sclerostin enhanced RANKL expression in osteocytes. Thus, TNF-α may play an important role in sclerostin expression in osteocytes and enhance osteoclast formation during OTM.
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Sakamoto M, Fukunaga T, Sasaki K, Seiryu M, Yoshizawa M, Takeshita N, Takano-Yamamoto T. Vibration enhances osteoclastogenesis by inducing RANKL expression via NF-κB signaling in osteocytes. Bone 2019; 123:56-66. [PMID: 30902792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To shorten the duration of orthodontic treatment it is important not only to reduce risks such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and root resorption, but also to decrease pain and discomfort caused by a fixed appliance. Several studies have investigated the effect of vibration applied to fixed appliances to accelerate tooth movement. Although it was reported that vibration accelerates orthodontic tooth movement by enhancing alveolar bone resorption, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of vibration on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Vibration applied to pre-osteoclast cell line RAW264.7 cells enhanced cell proliferation but did not affect their differentiation into osteoclasts. Osteocytes in bone are known to be mechanosensitive and to act as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). Therefore, in the present study, vibration was applied to cells from the osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4. In MLO-Y4 cells, vibration induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and caused nuclear localization of NF-κB p65. Additionally, vibration increased RANKL mRNA expression, but did not affect osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in MLO-Y4 cells, thus resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG ratio. Consistent with these findings, vibration applied during experimental tooth movement increased NF-κB activation and RANKL expression in osteocytes on the compression side of alveolar bone in vivo, whereas vibration had no such effects on the tension side. Furthermore, in a co-culture of MLO-Y4 cells and RAW264.7 cells, vibration applied to MLO-Y4 cells enhanced osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that vibration could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by enhancing osteoclastogenesis through increasing the number of pre-osteoclasts and up-regulating RANKL expression in osteocytes on the compression side of alveolar bone via NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Sakamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kiyo Sasaki
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Seiryu
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Takeshita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
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Bullock WA, Pavalko FM, Robling AG. Osteocytes and mechanical loading: The Wnt connection. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:175-179. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A. Bullock
- Department of Anatomy & Cell BiologyIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Frederick M. Pavalko
- Department of Anatomy & Cell BiologyIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy & Cell BiologyIndiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
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Samiei M, Janjić K, Cvikl B, Moritz A, Agis H. The role of sclerostin and dickkopf-1 in oral tissues - A review from the perspective of the dental disciplines. F1000Res 2019; 8:128. [PMID: 31031968 PMCID: PMC6468704 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17801.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is of high relevance in the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of oral tissues. Therefore, Wnt signaling is considered to be a potential target for therapeutic strategies. The action of Wnt is tightly controlled by the inhibitors sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf (DKK)-1. Given the impact of SOST and DKK-1 in hard tissue formation, related diseases and healing, it is of high relevance to understand their role in oral tissues. The clinical relevance of this knowledge is further underlined by systemic and local approaches which are currently in development for treating a variety of diseases such as osteoporosis and inflammatory hard tissue resorption. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding on the Wnt signaling inhibitors SOST and DKK-1, and their role in physiology, pathology, and regeneration in oral tissues. We present this role from the perspective of the different specialties in dentistry, including endodontics, orthodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
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Lu W, Zhang X, Firth F, Mei L, Yi J, Gong C, Li H, Zheng W, Li Y. Sclerostin injection enhances orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:43-50. [PMID: 30605820 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was aimed to investigate the in vivo effects of local injection of sclerostin protein on orthodontic tooth movement. DESIGN A total of 48 rats underwent orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars on both sides. Local injection was given at the compression side in the alveolar bone on both maxillary sides, with sclerostin protein carried by hydrogel on one side, and the same volume of normal saline carried by hydrogel on the other side serving as the control. After two weeks, the tooth movement amount and effects on the periodontium were assessed through micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. RESULTS After two weeks of intervention, tooth movement was significantly greater in the 4 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg sclerostin injection groups, compared to the control. Analysis of the furcation area of the maxillary first molar showed that the 20 μg/kg group had significantly decreased BV/TV. At the compression side, the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was significantly increased in 20 μg/kg group compared to the control. The expression of RANKL was statistically higher in all the sclerostin groups, while the expression of OPG was statistically lower in the 4 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg groups, compared to the control. At the tension side, the expression of RUNX2 and COL-1 was statistically higher in the 20 μg/kg group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Local injection of sclerostin protein in the alveolar bone at the compression side accelerates OTM in rats by promoting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; 3E Dental Clinic, Chengdu, China
| | - Fiona Firth
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Li Mei
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hanshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
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