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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland function, development, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 PMCID: PMC9126227 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury, will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels: the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis, and regeneration, and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Michael DJ, Daugherty S, Santos A, Ruby BC, Kalns JE. Fatigue biomarker index: an objective salivary measure of fatigue level. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2012; 45 Suppl:68-73. [PMID: 22239935 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue changed the composition of the small-molecular weight (sMW) proteome of saliva during a 10h session of moderate (70% of maximum ventilatory threshold) physical exertion. Saliva samples were collected from nine recreationally trained cyclists participating in a cross-over study designed to simulate prolonged manual labor, a military operation or wildfire-suppression work. During each hour of the study, participants performed an exercise program that included upper and lower body exercises separated by short periods of recovery. Over the course of the study, fatigue level increased as suggested by a significant increase in the participants' relative perceived exertion. The composition of the sMW proteome was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection. Isotopes of acetic anhydride were used for mass-specific labeling of samples and subsequent identification of ions with significant changes in intensity. Cluster analysis was used to identify a pair of peptides with concentrations that changed in opposite directions with fatigue level, i.e. concentration of one peptide increased while concentration of the other decreased. The sequences of the two peptides were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The ratio of the ion intensities of these two peptides, referred to as the fatigue biomarker index, was calculated for subjects throughout the study. The FBI values from the start of the study likely arose from a different distribution than the FBI values measured at the end of the study (Mann-Whitney test, P<.05). While this study is restricted to a small population of recreationally trained cyclists performing exercise under controlled conditions, it holds promise for the development of an objective salivary measurement of fatigue that is applicable to a much broader population performing in uncontrolled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Michael
- Hyperion Biotechnology, Inc., 13302 Langtry Rd., San Antonio, TX 78248, United States.
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3
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Koller MM, Cowman RA, Humphreys-Beher MG, Scarpace PJ. An analysis of submandibular salivary gland function with desipramine and age in female NIA Fischer 344 rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 119:131-47. [PMID: 11080533 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dry mouth is one of the major side effects of cyclic antidepressants, which are still a dominating group of psychotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of depression. In this study we analyzed the effects of 28 day tricyclic antidepressant administration and the reversibility of this treatment following a 15 day washout period on different parameters in submandibular gland function in aging rats. We postulated that desipramine would decrease gland function, accented with age, and delay recovery in senescent animals. In contrast to body weight, desipramine had no effect on glandular wet weight. While glandular DNA synthesis was changed with age and treatment, the concentration of total membrane and soluble proteins was not affected. Flow rate was significantly changed with age, but desipramine increased salivary flow in the youngest animals only. Neither age nor treatment influenced salivary protein concentrations, but the total amount of proteins secreted, revealed perturbation with age. SDS- polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed changes in protein expression with treatment and age. Desipramine decreased epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in all age groups, but increased the secretion of peroxidase and lysozyme. Analysis of total RNA showed a pronounced decrease with age. These data indicate that desipramine has profound effects on submandibular salivary gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Koller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Claude Denson Pepper Center for Research on Oral Health in Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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4
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Koller MM, Maeda N, Scarpace PJ, Humphreys-Beher MG. Desipramine changes salivary gland function, oral microbiota, and oral health in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 408:91-8. [PMID: 11070187 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants are still a dominating group of psychotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of depression. Oral dryness is one of their major side-effects, leading in humans to increased oral disease and dysfunction of speech, chewing, swallowing and taste. We previously reported that the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine desensitizes beta-adrenergic signal transduction in salivary glands. In this study, we evaluated the effects of this treatment on parotid and submandibular gland function, oral microbiota, and oral health in rats. Total protein secretion and salivary alpha-amylase was not affected by treatment, while cellular alpha-amylase and the content of epidermal growth factor was depressed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed increased secretion for proline-rich proteins and glycoproteins. Surprisingly, flow rates were temporarily increased. These alterations in salivary gland function may partially explain the observed changes in oral microbiota and the increased incidence of gingivitis. Under other nutritional conditions, desipramine might have more severe impacts on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Koller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Claude Denson Pepper Center for Research on Oral Health in Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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5
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Abe K, Okina A, Yano T, Gao C, Ohmori H, Ishibashi K, Nishiura T, Letić-Gavrilović A. Abnormally high levels of cystatin S in submandibular glands, saliva, and gingiva of plaque-resistant rats. J Dent Res 1998; 77:1913-9. [PMID: 9823730 DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify salivary biomarkers of periodontal diseases, we used plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats as animal models. The levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva, salivary glands, and gingiva were tested in Nembutal-anesthetized young and adult plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats of both sexes with and without chronic treatment with isoproterenol. Isoproterenol was injected i.p. once a day for 4 or 6 consecutive days. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis by the PhastSystem and the western blotting method were used to separate different proteins and to identify a salivary cystatin S band in these samples. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was also determined by the northern blotting method. Depending upon the types of agonists, a few differences were observed in secretory functions between both strains of rats in both sexes, but the levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva elicited from the submandibular gland and in the extracts of the submandibular glands and gingiva were significantly higher in plaque-resistant rats when compared with those of plaque-susceptible rats in both sexes. However, no significant difference was seen between the strains after chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The N-terminal 26-amino-acid sequence of salivary cystatin S purified from submandibular saliva of plaque-resistant rats was identical with that purified from submandibular saliva of Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was dramatic in the submandibular glands of the plaque-resistant rats and in the submandibular glands of Wistar rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol, but not in those of plaque-susceptible rats. These results suggest that salivary cystatin S might be a good biomarker in distinguishing between the two strains of rats and that its concentration is correlated with plaque resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abe
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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6
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Scott NA, Beal AM. Response of the parotid gland of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, to adrenergic stimulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 120:283-8. [PMID: 9773509 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic stimulation of parotid secretion was investigated in anaesthetised brushtail possums to ascertain fluid secretion rates and salivary composition. Because neither alpha- nor beta-adrenergic stimulation evoked saliva output, infusion of the adrenergic agonists was superimposed on a pre-existing bethanechol-stimulated flow. Isoprenaline infusion (2.4 nmol min-1) increased salivary amylase activity, [protein]; [HCO3]; [PO4] and [Ca], and amylase/Ca and protein/Ca ratios; reduced [Cl]; [K] and osmolality; but did not alter H+ activity; [urea]; [Na]; [Mg]; amylase/protein or saliva/plasma urea ratios. These data are consistent with isoprenaline stimulating acinar secretion of protein, Ca and PO4 but not the ion transport necessary for primary fluid formation at the endpieces and modifying transport of monovalent ions in the excurrent ducts. Consequently, the possum parotid has beta-adrenergic receptors in both the endpieces and excurrent ducts. Phenylephrine infusions at 2.4 and 24 nmol min-1 were without effect whereas phenylephrine at 240 nmol min-1 caused changes in salivary composition which paralleled those for isoprenaline administration but were generally of lesser magnitude. Thus, the possum parotid has few or no alpha-adrenergic receptors and the salivary response elicited was the result of cross-reaction of phenylephrine with beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Scott
- School of Biological Science, University of N.S.W., Sydney, Australia
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8
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Anderson LC, Garrett JR, Zhang X, Proctor GB. Protein secretion from rat submandibular acini and granular ducts: effects of exogenous VIP and substance P during parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 119:327-31. [PMID: 11253803 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(97)00426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influences of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P on the release of peroxidase from acini and true tissue kallikrein (rK1) from granular ducts of the rat submandibular gland were studied during continuous parasympathetic stimulation. Parasympathetic nerve impulses caused a moderate flow of saliva (mean +/- SD, 108+/-26 microl/g tissue/min) that had a low protein concentration (174+/-88 microg/ml). The outputs of peroxidase and rK1 were minimal (14.3+/-11.8 pmol DCF/g tissue/min and 6.5+/-3.4 nmol AFC/g tissue/min, respectively). When administered intravenously, VIP had no apparent effect on the overall flow rate, but caused a significant increase in the output of peroxidase; 450% at 1 microg/kg and a further 10-fold increase at 10 microg/kg. In contrast, substance P (1 microg/kg) evoked a marked increase in flow rate (68%), and peroxidase secretion increased only 3-fold. The output of rK1 was unaffected by either VIP or substance P. Our results support the hypothesis that acinar, but not granular duct, protein secretion is evoked by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic peptides released from parasympathetic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Anderson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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9
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Murai S, Saito H, Masuda Y, Itoh T, Kawaguchi T. Sex-dependent differences in the concentrations of the principal neurotransmitters, noradrenaline and acetylcholine, in the three major salivary glands of mice. Arch Oral Biol 1998; 43:9-14. [PMID: 9569985 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(97)00088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of principal neurotransmitters in the submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands were compared between two pairs of age-matched male and female ddY mice, one pair consisting of 4-week-old and the other 8-week-old animals. Sex-dependent differences in both noradrenaline and acetylcholine concentrations were observed only in the submandibular gland, although each neurotransmitter showed distinct features. The acetylcholine concentration in the submandibular gland was higher in the female at both ages, whereas the noradrenaline concentration was higher in the female at the age of 4 weeks but became higher in the male by the age of 8 weeks. On the other hand, the total amounts of noradrenaline and acetylcholine per submandibular gland were already greater in the male at 4 weeks, and the male parotid and sublingual glands also had a greater noradrenaline content by 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Each type of gland had similar growth rates over the 4-week period, and the male submandibular and parotid glands were heavier than the female. In addition, each type of gland had its characteristic ratio of noradrenaline to acetylcholine concentration, which did not differ between the sexes and remained in similar basic patterns during the period examined, except for the submandibular gland of 8-week-old male mice, which developed greater amounts of the sympathetic neurotransmitter noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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10
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Dehpour AR, Ghafourifar P, Juibari AM, Mousavizadeh K. Alteration by ouabain of rat submandibular glands function. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 26:1009-13. [PMID: 7557242 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00285-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Effects of various doses of intraperitoneal ouabain (1,2 and 5 mg/kg) on rat submandibular saliva were investigated in this study. 2. Potassium and calcium and their product (K+ x Ca2+) were found to be elevated in all groups. 3. Changes in salivary flow were not the major cause of the alterations in electrolytes. 4. Protein concentrations were elevated in the doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg of the drug and somewhat reduced in the dose of 5 mg/kg of ouabain but still above the base line. 5. The results show that there is an ouabain-induced close parallelism between magnesium and total protein secretion from rat submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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11
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Anderson LC, Garrett JR, Zhang X, Proctor GB, Shori DK. Differential secretion of proteins by rat submandibular acini and granular ducts on graded autonomic nerve stimulations. J Physiol 1995; 485 ( Pt 2):503-11. [PMID: 7666371 PMCID: PMC1158009 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The influence of graded parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulations on the secretion of protein from rat submandibular gland was studied. Peroxidase was used as a marker for the acini and rat tissue kallikrein (official nomenclature rK1) as the marker for granular ducts. Tonin (rK2) was also measured, and the ratio of rK2:rK1 was calculated as an indication of the cellular route of secretion. 2. Continuous parasympathetic nerve stimulation caused a copious flow of saliva that had a low protein content. The secretion of peroxidase (acini) showed a gradual moderate increase as the frequency increased. However, the concentrations of rK1 and rK2 (granular ducts) showed little change throughout, and the ratio of rK2:rK1 remained relatively constant. 3. Graded sympathetic stimulation was applied against a background of parasympathetic stimulation. Secretion of peroxidase was increased by the addition of 0.1 Hz continuous sympathetic stimulation. The amount increased thereafter up to 2 Hz, but showed no further increase if the stimulation was applied as bursts of 10 or 20 Hz. In comparison, the secretion of proteinase activity showed little change with superimposed continuous sympathetic stimulation, and the rK2:rK1 ratio was similar to that in saliva produced by parasympathetic stimulation alone. Sympathetic stimulation applied in bursts, however, caused a large increase in the secretion of proteinase activity, and with 20 Hz burst stimulation the rK2:rK1 ratio was indistinguishable from that of sympathetic saliva per se. There was an augmented secretion of both peroxidase and kallikrein when 20 Hz burst stimulation was combined with parasympathetic stimulation. The effects of sympathetic stimulation were abolished by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Anderson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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12
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Baba A, Taniguchi K, Motokawa W, Abe K. Fluid and protein secretion by the submandibular glands of weanling rats in response to various agonists. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39:979-84. [PMID: 7535048 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Secretion of fluid and protein by the submandibular glands of 25-day-old rats was investigated by stimulation with 22 sialogogues classified into five categories, four cholinergic, five beta 1-, seven alpha 1- and three alpha 2-adrenergic, and three peptidergic, at optimal doses. For fluid secretion, cholinergic and peptidergic agonists were the most powerful, whereas the beta 1- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists were the most effective for the concentration of protein among the five categories, except for methoxamine. For total output of protein, the beta 1- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists and pilocarpine were the most powerful among the 22 agonists, except for methoxamine and norephedrine. Cholinergic, peptidergic and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists among the five categories were less effective for protein secretion, except for pilocarpine. For the specific activity of esteroprotease, methoxamine and oxymetazoline, as alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, were the most powerful among the 22 agonists. Thus fluid and protein secretion evoked from the submandibular glands of weanling rats in response to a wide variety of agonists are similar to those of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Okina A, Abe K, Tashiro M, Ishibashi K. The effects of p-octopamine on salivary flow rates and protein secretion by rat submandibular glands. J Dent Res 1993; 72:993-1000. [PMID: 8098722 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p on salivary flow rates and proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of rats were studied with and without various types of autonomic blockers at different doses, and with two enzyme inhibitors. The salivary flow rates and the amounts of protein secreted progressively increased with increasing doses injected both i.v. and i.p., whereas they were dramatically reduced with almost all autonomic blockers and disulfiram, a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Salivation was completely abolished in response to p-octopamine in combination with metoprolol or phenoxybenzamine at high doses, and simultaneous injections of prazosin and propranolol. The concentration of protein in submandibular saliva in response to p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p. was not dose-dependent and significantly increased with all of the alpha-blockers except yohimbine, and with atropine and disulfiram. The protease activity was dose-dependent but was reduced significantly with alpha-blockers except yohimbine and with two enzyme inhibitors. The alpha-type of protein was secreted in response to p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p. at all doses except with the lowest dose i.p., which caused the beta-type to be secreted. The alpha-type was completely replaced by the beta-type with all alpha-blockers at all doses, except with yohimbine, but no change was observed with various types of beta-blockers, yohimbine, atropine, and two enzyme inhibitors. Thus, p-octopamine could stimulate both the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the submandibular glands of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okina
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Okina A, Hidaka S, Tashiro M, Abe K. The effects of tyramine on salivary flow rate and protein secretion by rat submandibular glands. J Dent Res 1993; 72:897-906. [PMID: 8099090 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of different doses of p-tyramine injected i.v. and i.p. on salivary flow rates and proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of rats were studied with and without various types of autonomic blockers and two enzyme inhibitors. The salivary flow rates and the amounts of protein secreted progressively increased with increasing doses injected both i.v. and i.p., whereas they were dramatically reduced with all autonomic blockers except the lowest doses of beta-blockers, atropine, and yohimbine. Salivation in response to p-tyramine injected i.v. and i.p. was completely abolished by simultaneous injections of both prazosin and propranolol. The concentration of protein was not dose-dependent and was not reduced by yohimbine and phenoxybenzamine at almost all doses used. However, prazosin significantly increased the protein concentration. Protease activities were dose-dependent but were significantly reduced with alpha-blockers other than yohimbine, and with most beta-blockers. The proteins secreted in response to p-tyramine at all doses injected i.v. and i.p. were of the alpha-type except with the lowest dose injected i.p. However, the alpha-type was completely replaced by the beta-type in the presence of all alpha-blockers except yohimbine, but not with beta-blockers, atropine, or two enzyme inhibitors. Pargyline, a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor, but not disulfiram, a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, affected all parameters except the type of protein. Thus, p-tyramine may activate both the alpha 1- and beta 1-adrenoceptors in the submandibular glands of rats directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okina
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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15
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Bedi GS. The effect of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the expression of proteins in rat submandibular and parotid glands. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1993; 4:565-71. [PMID: 7690605 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040034301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of adrenoreceptor modulators on the expression of salivary proteins. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 10 consecutive days with adrenergic agonists isoproterenol, dobutamine, terbutaline, salbutamol, methoxyphenamine, or methoxamine. Antiserum to selected salivary proteins was used to compare the concentration of these proteins in the submandibular and parotid glands of treated animals. Chronic treatments of rats (50 mumol/kg body weight for 10 d) with either isoproterenol or dobutamine induced synthesis of a cysteine-proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) in the submandibular glands. When isoproterenol was injected concomitantly with the mixed beta-antagonist propranolol or the beta 1-adrenergic antagonists metaprolol, protocol, or atenolol, the induction of cystatin was totally suppressed. However, the beta 2-antagonist, ICI-118551, produced only partial reduction in cystatin induction elicited by isoproterenol. On the contrary, rats treated with either isoproterenol or beta 1-agonists demonstrated a significantly reduced concentration of serine-proteinase kallikrein in submandibular glands. The decrease observed in submandibular kallikrein of rats treated with isoproterenol was prevented by concomitant treatment with beta 1-antagonists but not with beta 2-antagonists. Because kallikreins are produced by ductal cells and cystatins are produced by acinar cells of submandibular glands, these observations suggest that there may be differential control of expression of proteins synthesized by ductal and acinar cells. Chronic treatment of rats with nonselective beta-agonist isoproterenol or beta 1-selective agonists increased markedly the proline-rich proteins (PRP) in parotid glands, but the parotid amylase concentration was not significantly affected by beta-adrenergic agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bedi
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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Okina A, Abe K, Inuzuka H, Yano T, Okina T, Nakashima T, Nishiura T. The effects of m-octopamine on salivary flow rates and protein secretion by rat submandibular glands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 103:469-76. [PMID: 1363297 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1. m-Octopamine given i.v. or i.p. was a potent sialogogue for rat salivary glands. 2. Salivation in response to i.v. m-octopamine was completely abolished by prazosin and phenoxybenzamine. 3. The alpha-type of proteins were secreted in response to all doses of i.v. and i.p. m-octopamine and these were converted into the beta-type with prazosin, but not with yohimbine. 4. m-Octopamine stimulated both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and was a much more selective alpha 1-agonist than was the p-isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okina
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Shibaike S, Abe K, Okina A, Nishiura T. The effects of clonidine and three 2-imidazoline derivatives on the secretion of protein and some electrolytes by rat submandibular and parotid glands. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1992; 101:547-56. [PMID: 1354132 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90085-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Three imidazoline analogues of clonidine were potent secretagogues for the parotid and submandibular glands at relatively high doses. 2. Salivation in response to clonidine was completely abolished by prazosin, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and dihydroergotamine. 3. The gamma-type of proteins was secreted in response to three of the analogues, whereas with p-aminoclonidine the alpha-type of proteins was secreted by the submandibular gland. 4. Albumin was specifically secreted by the submandibular gland in response to clonidine but not to isoproterenol or phenylephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibaike
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Koller MM, Maeda N, Purushotham KR, Scarpace PJ, Humphreys-Beher MG. A biochemical analysis of parotid and submandibular salivary gland function with age after simultaneous stimulation with pilocarpine and isoproterenol in female NIA Fischer 344 rats. Arch Oral Biol 1992; 37:219-30. [PMID: 1375022 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(92)90092-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This analysis of physiological, biochemical and molecular changes related to aging was made in 3-, 12- and 24-month-old rats. The salivary gland weight/body weight ratio and the structural membrane proteins did not change with age for either gland, but a significant age-related decline in DNA synthesis for both glands was detected, unrelated to the hormonal responsiveness at the level of the plasma membrane. There was a marked increase in the concentration of soluble proteins in adolescent parotid gland and, for the two older age groups, in submandibular gland. The saliva flow rate was different when expressed as volume per time, as volume per time and g glandular wet weight, and/or kg body weight. The concentration of secreted proteins was not affected by age in either gland. The total amount of proteins secreted over 30 min revealed no age-related perturbation for the parotid gland, but showed a significant age-related increase in submandibular saliva. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed changes in the protein bands between 39 and 50 kDa in the Coomassie blue-stained gels from 12-month-old animals. Amylase showed an initial increase (12 months), followed by a marked decline in its activity in parotid saliva. The glandular supernatant had low residual cellular amylase activity after stimulation. Therefore, secretory impairment with age after pilocarpine-isoproterenol stimulation was excluded. Analysis of total RNA showed a pronounced decrease of amylase mRNA in the parotid gland between 12 and 24 months of age. No amylase mRNA was expressed in any of the submandibular samples. For epidermal growth factor, total saliva showed a decrease with age. It seemed that the submandibular gland followed the same picture with age as the parotid gland, with a specific decline in the biosynthesis of single secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Koller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Claude Denson Pepper Center for Research on Oral Health in Aging, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Secretagogue-coupled changes in the expression of glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins (GRPs). Isoproterenol induces changes in GRP transcript expression and changes in isoforms secreted. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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Bedi GS. The effect of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on cysteine-proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) in rat saliva. Arch Oral Biol 1991; 36:611-8. [PMID: 1685882 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(91)90112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a number of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the induction of rat salivary cystatin was investigated. A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was used to determine cystatin in rat whole saliva. Treatment for 10 consecutive days with a non-specific beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, or the beta 1-adrenergic agonists dobutamine or methoxyphenamine, resulted in the induction of the salivary cystatin. Induction was also found in rats treated for 10 days with arterenol. Only trace quantities of cystatin could be detected in saliva of rats treated with the beta 2-adrenergic agonists terbutaline or salbutamol. When isoproterenol was injected concomitantly with the mixed beta-antagonist propranolol or the beta 1-adrenergic antagonists metaprolol, proctocol or atenolol the production of cystatin was totally suppressed. However, the beta 2-antagonist, ICI 118551, produced only a partial reduction in salivary cystatin induction elicited by isoproterenol. The findings suggest that the induction of salivary cystatin is regulated, in part, by beta 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bedi
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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21
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Sandborg RR, Siegel IA. Effects of 5-fluorouracil on protein synthesis and secretion of the rat parotid gland. Arch Oral Biol 1990; 35:991-1001. [PMID: 1706175 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(90)90019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
100 mg/kg of FU were injected intraperitoneally once daily for three days. Animals were anaesthetized with 50 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital before cannulation of the parotid duct. The total volume, amylase and protein content of the saliva were determined after stimulation with either 5 mg/kg pilocarpine or 5 mg/kg isoproterenol in FU-treated, pair-fed, and control animals. Saliva from FU-treated animals was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in volume, amylase and protein content than that of both control groups. SDS, anionic and cationic gel electrophoresis of parotid saliva revealed no qualitative changes in the types of proteins secreted. FU reduced the total glandular amylase per unit DNA in both unstimulated and isoproterenol-stimulated parotids (p less than 0.05). Decreased protein synthesis may be the mechanism underlying the depleted secretory protein stores because the contents of isolated secretory granules from experimental glands contained less radiolabelled protein than those of either control group, and whole-gland homogenates had marked reductions in the activities of three lysosomal enzymes and in total RNA content. The secretory granules of experimental animals contained less labelled protein than those of controls, but experimental animals secreted a greater proportion of their total glandular radiolabelled secretory protein into saliva relative to amylase, suggesting that newly synthesized secretory proteins were preferentially secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Sandborg
- Department of Physiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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22
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Tanaka E, Habu T, Letić-Gavrilović A, Abe K. Changes in protein secretion by rat submandibular glands in response to isoproterenol, alpha-methylnoradrenaline, and clonidine during post-natal development. J Dent Res 1990; 69:60-6. [PMID: 2406307 DOI: 10.1177/00220345900690011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied developmental changes in salivary volumes and proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of male rats at weekly intervals from two to ten weeks of age in response to the beta 1-, alpha 1-, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, isoproterenol (IPR), alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha-mNA), and clonidine (Clonid). The types of proteins in saliva samples were determined and compared by isoelectric-focusing electrophoresis with the Phast system in both the gradient pH -3.5-to-5 and pH-3.5-to-9 gels by means of silver staining. Salivary volume and protein concentration in saliva samples elicited by IPR and alpha-mNA were positively related to the weight of the submandibular glands up to six or seven weeks of age, whereas in saliva elicited by Clonid, no relation was found in the protein concentration [corrected]. The isoelectric-focusing electrophoretic patterns of proteins secreted by the glands in response to three stimuli were different from each other during post-natal development. Within one stimulation, differences were also observed at two and three weeks of age for Clonid, and from seven weeks of age for the three stimuli, respectively. The alpha-type proteins, but not the beta-type proteins, were very similar to those in extracts from glands of rats at seven weeks of age. Almost all of the alpha-type proteins, but not the beta-type proteins, reacted with antibodies to two proteases. We conclude that functional maturation precedes morphological maturation in the submandibular glands of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tanaka
- First Department of Prosthodontics, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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23
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Case RM, Howorth AJ, Padfield PJ. Effects of acetylcholine, isoprenaline and forskolin on electrolyte and protein composition of rabbit mandibular saliva. J Physiol 1988; 406:411-30. [PMID: 3254419 PMCID: PMC1191107 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The major purpose of this study was to investigate cellular regulation of the ductal transport processes in salivary glands which act to modify the electrolyte composition of primary saliva and cause it to become hypotonic. This was achieved using an isolated mandibular gland preparation by observing the effect of different stimuli on the electrolyte composition of saliva secreted at the same flow rate, on the assumption that these stimuli do not influence primary saliva composition. The effects of the same stimuli on the volume of primary fluid secretion and on protein secretion were also observed. Proteins were measured in total and as individual components after their separation by high-performance liquid chromatography. 2. Acetylcholine was used as a 'Ca2+-mobilizing' agonist (i.e. one which both elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates protein kinase C). Isoprenaline was initially used to elevate intracellular cyclic AMP concentration but was subsequently abandoned in favour of forskolin. 3. Acetylcholine was a very potent stimulus of primary fluid secretion. By contrast, isoprenaline and forskolin were essentially without effect, even when superimposed on acetylcholine stimulation. 4. As judged by saliva electrolyte composition, increasing the concentration of acetylcholine enhanced ductal absorption of Na+ and Cl- and secretion of K+ (and presumably HCO3-). Forskolin had the opposite effect: when superimposed on submaximal acetylcholine stimulation it caused saliva concentrations of Na+ and Cl- to remain high and K+ low (i.e. it inhibited ductal transport processes). The inhibitory effect of forskolin on ductal transport could be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine, and vice versa. 5. Acetylcholine, isoprenaline and forskolin each increased salivary protein secretion, although the kinetics of secretion differed. The spectrum of proteins secreted in response to the three stimuli was the same. The relative proportions of the individual proteins was influenced by the strength of stimulation (i.e. the proportions at high total protein output differed from those at low total protein output) but not apparently by the nature of the stimulus. 6. Thus, the three major secretory processes in the rabbit mandibular salivary gland respond differently to the two major signal transduction mechanisms. For primary fluid secretion, Ca2+ is stimulatory and cyclic AMP almost without effect; for ductal transport, Ca2+ is stimulatory and cyclic AMP inhibitory; and for protein secretion both Ca2+ and cyclic AMP are stimulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Case
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester
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24
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Denny PC, Denny PA, Yim MS. The effects of various secretagogues on the mucin content of pure submandibular salivas. J Dent Res 1987; 66:1011-5. [PMID: 3475316 DOI: 10.1177/00220345870660050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of a specific mucin and total protein were compared in pure submandibular saliva samples elicited by pilocarpine (PILO), epinephrine (EPI), and isoproterenol (IPR) in mice. At the dosages employed, IPR-stimulated samples contained, on the average, the highest concentrations of protein and mucin. EPI samples contained intermediate levels, and PILO the lowest concentrations. The average mucin-to-protein ratio in the PILO saliva samples was intermediate between the IPR and EPI samples. Non-stimulated saliva samples showed a broader range of mucin to total protein than did the stimulated saliva sets. Within the PILO saliva samples, there was a very strong positive correlation between the mucin content of saliva and the mucin content in the pre-secretory gland prior to stimulation. The mucin content of EPI and IPR samples also showed strong positive relationships with the content of mucin in the gland. The mucin and protein in EPI saliva samples were significantly correlated in at least one of the collections, whereas in the IPR samples, there was a much weaker relationship. With the exception of the third sequential collection of EPI saliva, all nine of the other EPI, IPR, and PILO collection sets showed only a weakly negative or no correlation between flow rate and saliva mucin or protein content. This is in sharp contrast with the strongly negative correlation which was noted between saliva protein or mucin contents and flow rate when all of the data were combined. These observations suggest that the nature of the stimulant is a very important determinant of overall flow rates, saliva protein, and mucin concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Katoh K, Kaneko K, Nishiyama A. Effects of adrenergic neurotransmitter on K transport in superfused segments of rat submaxillary gland. Pflugers Arch 1986; 406:1-5. [PMID: 3081874 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the adrenergic neurotransmitter on K transport in the segments isolated from the rat submaxillary gland was investigated, employing the technique of electrical field stimulation (FS) and applying tyramine, a releasing drug for the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter. FS (16 Hz, 2 ms and 80 V for 1 min) caused a K release (peak value, 1.0 mumol/g/min) followed by a K uptake (peak value, 0.4 mumol/g/min) in the absence of any autonomic antagonist. Both FS-induced K release and uptake were blocked by the addition of tetrodotoxin (10(-7) g/ml). In the presence of atropine (1.4 X 10(-6) M), FS caused only a transient K uptake, which was abolished by the superimposed addition of propranolol (5 X 10(-6) M). Application of tyramine (6 X 10(-6)-6 X 10(-4) M) always only caused K uptake (peak value, 0.96 mumol/g/min), which was abolished by the addition of propranolol. The K uptake evoked either by FS or by tyramine application in the presence of atropine was not seen in the segments from rats pretreated (i.p.) with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the adrenergic neurotransmitter activates mainly a beta-adrenergic receptor and evokes K uptake through receptor activation.
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26
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Ikeno K, Ikeno T, Kuzuya H, Ishiguro I. Assay of trypsin-like protease in rat submandibular saliva and gland. Arch Oral Biol 1986; 31:357-61. [PMID: 3530218 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(86)90157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin-like protease activity was high in the submandibular gland, low in the pancreas, and absent in the liver, kidney and brain of adult rats. The alpha-sympathomimetic agent, norepinephrine, induced a marked secretion of the enzyme into submandibular saliva and the remaining protease activity within the gland decreased to about 64 per cent of control levels. Six peaks of protease activity, found by isoelectric focusing in intact submandibular glands, were also detected in the saliva of norepinephrine-stimulated rats. Isoprenaline also increased the protease activity in saliva, but far less so than norepinephrine. The parasympathomimetic agent, pilocarpine, had little effect on the secretion of the enzyme into saliva.
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Abe K, Inoue H, Yokota Y. Effects of the selective beta 2-adrenergic agonists, procaterole and terbutaline, on protein secretion by rat submandibular glands. J Dent Res 1985; 64:886-90. [PMID: 3158682 DOI: 10.1177/00220345850640060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the secretory effects of two beta 2-adrenergic agonists, procaterole and terbutaline, on the submandibular glands of anesthetized rats. After stimulation with these agents with and without a range of antagonists (non-specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers), submandibular saliva was collected. The flow rate, protein concentration, the electrophoretic patterns, and amino acid composition of saliva were examined. These parameters were compared with their counterparts in saliva stimulated with isoproterenol (IPR), with and without antagonists. Assessed by these criteria, secreted proteins were classified as the alpha- or beta-type. In addition, IPR-stimulated proteins were compared in submandibular saliva of rats chronically treated with IPR or procaterole. Both beta 2-agonists were potent secretagogues for the submandibular glands of rats. All beta-antagonists completely abolished the secretory effects elicited by both beta 2-agonists, with the exceptions of carteolol and propranolol. However, no blocking agent abolished the secretory effects of IPR (60 mg/kg). The types of proteins in all submandibular saliva samples elicited by both beta 2-agonists with and without antagonists were the beta-type. Enlargement of the submandibular glands was not observed in rats subjected to chronic administration of procaterole, nor were abnormal and additional proteins observed, as confirmed by electrophoresis and by the amino acid analyses.
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28
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Abe K, Dawes C. The effects of oxymetazoline on secretion of protein and some electrolytes by rat submandibular and parotid glands. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1985; 80:347-53. [PMID: 2861020 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxymetazoline is a potent secretagogue for the salivary glands of rats. In the parotid gland, it activates preferentially alpha-adrenoceptors. As for the submandibular glands, it activates alpha-adrenoceptors at relatively low doses but at higher doses it allows secretion of new types of proteins.
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Jones CJ, Wilson SM. The effect of autonomic agonists and nerve stimulation on protein secretion from the rat submandibular gland. J Physiol 1985; 358:65-73. [PMID: 2858587 PMCID: PMC1193331 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva samples were obtained from the cannulated duct of the rat submandibular gland following intravenous administration of the autonomic agonists, acetyl beta-methyl choline (methacholine), phenylephrine and isoprenaline and by stimulating sympathetically at 5 and 20 Hz. Phenylephrine and isoprenaline produced a saliva approximately 50-fold richer in protein than that induced by methacholine. Protease activity was greatest in saliva induced by phenylephrine. Methacholine, phenylephrine and isoprenaline caused the secretion of markedly different protein populations, determined by separation on SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gels followed by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. Many species in the molecular weight range 10000-40000 were secreted in response to phenylephrine and isoprenaline. Methacholine produced a saliva poor in protein and the resulting electrophoretic banding patterns were faint. Staining with periodic acid-Schiff's reagent showed that the largest protein species (mol. wt. 150000) secreted in response to isoprenaline was glycosylated and that small quantities of a similar protein were present in saliva produced by methacholine and phenylephrine but were not visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. Phosphorylated proteins of molecular weights 30000-35000 and 38000-45000 were detected in saliva produced by isoprenaline but not in saliva produced by methacholine or phenylephrine. Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk at 5 Hz yielded a population of salivary proteins, many of which behaved similarly on electrophoresis to proteins secreted in response to isoprenaline. At 20 Hz a different population was secreted, resembling that present in phenylephrine-induced saliva.
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Johnson DA. Changes in rat parotid salivary proteins associated with liquid diet-induced gland atrophy and isoproterenol-induced gland enlargement. Arch Oral Biol 1984; 29:215-21. [PMID: 6587843 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(84)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of secretory proteins in the parotid saliva of untreated rats, fed a stock pelleted diet (CON), was compared to that of rats maintained on a liquefied diet (LIQ), so as to reduce gland secretory activity, and to rats treated chronically with isoproterenol (ISO), so as to enhance activity. Each experimental treatment resulted in marked changes in protein composition. In CON rats, the basic and acidic proline-rich proteins accounted for 25 per cent of all secretory protein. In LIQ rats, the proportion was 13 per cent. Several basic proline-rich proteins were absent and the major acidic proline-rich protein was markedly reduced. Amylase was reduced whereas DNase and a leucine-rich protein (fraction I) were increased. The proportion of cystine-rich protein (fraction V) was not different from CON rats. The changes observed in the saliva of ISO rats were in marked contrast to these findings. Basic and acidic proline-rich proteins were increased and accounted for 90 per cent of all secretory protein, amylase was responsible for the remaining 10 per cent. Thus the composition of secretory proteins in the parotid saliva of rats can be altered by experimental conditions which affect gland secretory activity. The mechanisms by which these changes occur is not known.
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Abe K, Nitta H. Amino acid composition of salivary protein secreted by the parotid glands of rats in response to parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs. Arch Oral Biol 1984; 29:127-30. [PMID: 6586116 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(84)90115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the total protein concentration in the saliva varied markedly, depending on the nature of the stimulus, the proportions of the amino-acid residues were independent on the nature of the stimuli, where they were cholinergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic. However, the difference in protein composition of saliva previously shown in chronically isoprenaline-treated rats electrophoretically could be determined by amino-acid analysis.
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Abe K, Dawes C. The effects of alpha-methylnoradrenaline on protein and electrolyte secretion by rat submandibular and parotid glands. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 78:383-9. [PMID: 6149085 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Methylnoradrenaline (alpha-mNA) is a potent secretagogue for the parotid and submandibular glands of rats. With regard to the parotid glands, alpha-mNA activates mainly beta-adrenoceptors. In the submandibular glands, alpha-mNA activates alpha-adrenoceptors at higher doses whereas at relatively lower doses it activates beta-adrenoceptors. alpha-mNA may not stimulate the specific alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the salivary glands of rats.
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Abe K, Dawes C. Secretion of protein by the submandibular glands of the rat, mouse, and hamster in response to various parasympatho- and sympatho-mimetic drugs. J Dent Res 1982; 61:1454-7. [PMID: 6129269 DOI: 10.1177/00220345820610121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The types of proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of rats in response to high doses of α-adrenergic agonists are electrophoretically different from those secreted in response to cholinergic and β-adrenergic agonists, but, in mice and hamsters, they appear to be independent of the nature of the stimulus.
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Wilson SM. An electrophoretic study of proteins secreted by the rat submandibular gland in response to autonomic agonists. EXPERIENTIA 1982; 38:608-10. [PMID: 6124451 DOI: 10.1007/bf02327077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteins secreted by the rat submandibular gland after administration of autonomic agonists have been fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. alpha-Adrenoceptor, beta-adrenoceptor and muscarinic agonists were all found to cause the secretion of different protein populations.
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35
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Abe K, Dawes C. Dopamine-induced secretion of protein and of some electrolytes by rat submandibular and parotid glands. Arch Oral Biol 1982; 27:635-43. [PMID: 6127990 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(82)90186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abe K, Yokota Y, Dawes C. Effects of parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs on the secretion and composition of rat sublingual saliva. J Dent Res 1982; 61:52-6. [PMID: 6948017 DOI: 10.1177/00220345820610011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sublingual glands of adult, male rats secreted considerable volumes of saliva in response to several cholinergic agonists, but very little in response to α-adrenergic stimuli and none in response to a β-adrenergic agonist. The types of proteins secreted were quite different from those in submandibular and parotid saliva or serum, and were largely independent of the nature of the stimulus. However, some differences in staining intensity of electrophoretic patterns occurred both between stimuli and with the same stimulus used on different rats.
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Baum BJ, Kiyatt BL. Protein production and release by dispersed rat submandibular gland cells in vitro after adrenergic stimulation. Life Sci 1981; 29:1143-51. [PMID: 7289778 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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