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Itoh N, Kurokawa J, Isogai Y, Ogasawara M, Matsunaga T, Okubo T, Katsube Y. Functional Characterization of Epitheaflagallin 3-O-Gallate Generated in Laccase-Treated Green Tea Extracts in the Presence of Gallic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10473-10481. [PMID: 29131612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Epitheaflagallin (ETFG) and epitheaflagallin 3-O-gallate (ETFGg) are minor polyphenols in black tea extract that are enzymatically synthesized from epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), respectively, in green tea extract via laccase oxidation in the presence of gallic acid. The constituents of laccase-treated green tea extract in the presence of gallic acid are thus quite different from those of nonlaccase-treated green tea extract: EGC and EGCg are present in lower concentrations, and ETFG and ETFGg are present in higher concentrations. Additionally, laccase-treated green tea extract contains further polymerized catechin derivatives, comparable with naturally fermented teas such as oolong tea and black tea. We found that ETFGg and laccase-treated green tea extracts exhibit versatile physiological functions in vivo and in vitro, including antioxidative activity, pancreatic lipase inhibition, Streptococcus sorbinus glycosyltransferase inhibition, and an inhibiting effect on the activity of matrix metalloprotease-1 and -3 and their synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts. We confirmed that these inhibitory effects of ETFGg in vitro match well with the results obtained by docking simulations of the compounds with their target enzymes or noncatalytic protein. Thus, ETFGg and laccase-treated green tea extracts containing ETFGg are promising functional food materials with potential antiobesity and antiperiodontal disease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masaru Ogasawara
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research , 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsunaga
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research , 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Research Center, Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd. , 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 512-1111, Japan
| | - Yuji Katsube
- Kracie Pharma, Ltd. , 3-1 Kanebo-Machi, Takaoka, Toyama 933-0856, Japan
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Ren Z, Chen L, Li J, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide synthesis by molecules targeting glycosyltransferase activity. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:31095. [PMID: 27105419 PMCID: PMC4841093 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.31095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (Gtf) is one of the crucial virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological pathogen of dental caries. All the available evidence indicates that extracellular polysaccharide, particularly glucans produced by S. mutans Gtfs, contribute to the cariogenicity of dental biofilms. Therefore, inhibition of Gtf activity and the consequential polysaccharide synthesis may impair the virulence of cariogenic biofilms, which could be an alternative strategy to prevent the biofilm-related disease. Up to now, many Gtf inhibitors have been recognized in natural products, which remain the major and largely unexplored source of Gtf inhibitors. These include catechin-based polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin oligomers, polymeric polyphenols, and some other plant-derived compounds. Metal ions, oxidizing agents, and some other synthetic compounds represent another source of Gtf inhibitors, with some novel molecules either discovered by structure-based virtual screening or synthesized based on key structures of known inhibitors as templates. Antibodies that inhibit one or more Gtfs have also been developed as topical agents. Although many agents have been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against glucan synthesis by Gtfs, bacterial cell adherence, and caries development in animal models, much research remains to be performed to find out their mechanism of action, biological safety, cariostatic efficacies, and overall influence on the entire oral community. As a strategy to inhibit the virulence of cariogenic microbes rather than eradicate them from the microbial community, Gtf inhibition represents an approach of great potential to prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; @scu.edu.cn; @scu.edu.cn
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3
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Taubman MA, Smith DJ. Mucosal Vaccines for Dental Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bowen WH, Koo H. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res 2011; 45:69-86. [PMID: 21346355 PMCID: PMC3068567 DOI: 10.1159/000324598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Streptococcus mutans in the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries is certainly controversial, in part because excessive attention is paid to the numbers of S. mutans and acid production while the matrix within dental plaque has been neglected. S. mutans does not always dominate within plaque; many organisms are equally acidogenic and aciduric. It is also recognized that glucosyltransferases from S. mutans (Gtfs) play critical roles in the development of virulent dental plaque. Gtfs adsorb to enamel synthesizing glucans in situ, providing sites for avid colonization by microorganisms and an insoluble matrix for plaque. Gtfs also adsorb to surfaces of other oral microorganisms converting them to glucan producers. S. mutans expresses 3 genetically distinct Gtfs; each appears to play a different but overlapping role in the formation of virulent plaque. GtfC is adsorbed to enamel within pellicle whereas GtfB binds avidly to bacteria promoting tight cell clustering, and enhancing cohesion of plaque. GtfD forms a soluble, readily metabolizable polysaccharide and acts as a primer for GtfB. The behavior of soluble Gtfs does not mirror that observed with surface-adsorbed enzymes. Furthermore, the structure of polysaccharide matrix changes over time as a result of the action of mutanases and dextranases within plaque. Gtfs at distinct loci offer chemotherapeutic targets to prevent caries. Nevertheless, agents that inhibit Gtfs in solution frequently have a reduced or no effect on adsorbed enzymes. Clearly, conformational changes and reactions of Gtfs on surfaces are complex and modulate the pathogenesis of dental caries in situ, deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Sun J, Yang X, Xu QA, Bian Z, Chen Z, Fan M. Protective efficacy of two new anti-caries DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:7459-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Niu Y, Sun J, Fan M, Xu QA, Guo J, Jia R, Li Y. Construction of a New Fusion Anti-caries DNA Vaccine. J Dent Res 2009; 88:455-60. [PMID: 19493890 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509336727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutans streptococci (MS) are generally considered to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries. MS have two important virulence factors: cell- surface protein PAc and glucosyltransferases (GTFs). GTFs have two functional domains: an N-terminal catalytic sucrose-binding domain (CAT) and a C-terminal glucan-binding domain (GLU). A fusion anti-caries DNA vaccine, pGJA-P/VAX, encoding two important antigenic domains, PAc and GLU, of S. mutans, was successful in reducing the levels of dental caries caused by S. mutans in gnotobiotic animals. However, its protective effect against S. sobrinus infection proved to be weak. Does the DNA vaccine need an antigen of S. sobrinus to enhance its ability to inhibit infection? To answer this question, in this study, we cloned the catalytic ( cat) fragment of S. sobrinus gtf-I, which demonstrated its ability to inhibit water-insoluble glucan synthesis by S. sobrinus, into pGJA-P/VAX to produce a new anti-caries DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Niu
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J. Sun
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - M. Fan
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Q.-A. Xu
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J. Guo
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - R. Jia
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y. Li
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xu QA, Yu F, Fan MW, Bian Z, Chen Z, Peng B, Jia R, Guo JH. Protective efficacy of a targeted anti-caries DNA plasmid against cariogenic bacteria infections. Vaccine 2006; 25:1191-5. [PMID: 17095128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a targeted anti-caries DNA plasmid pGJA-P/VAX which was constructed against the antigenic determinants of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) successfully induced antibody responses in mice and monkeys. The present study explored the protective efficacy of pGJA-P/VAX against cariogenic bacterial challenge. Groups of rats were orally challenged with S. mutans or Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) and then immunized with pGJA-P/VAX or the vector pVAX1 intranasally. Serum IgG and salivary IgA antibody levels were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and caries activity was evaluated by the Keyes method. The results showed that specific salivary IgA antibody responses were induced following intranasal vaccination with pGJA-P/VAX. Moreover, immunization with pGJA-P/VAX resulted in significantly reduced enamel and dentinal caries lesions in rats after S. mutans infection and significantly reduced enamel caries lesions after S. sobrinus infection. Thus, pGJA-P/VAX was not only protective toward S. mutans infection, but also provided cross-strain protection against S. sobrinus infection in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q A Xu
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School&hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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8
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Mucosal Vaccines for Dental Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Morisaki H, Igarashi T, Yamamoto A, Goto N. Analysis of a dextran-binding domain of the dextranase of Streptococcus mutans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:223-7. [PMID: 12180945 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the dextran-binding domain of the dextranase (Dex) of Streptococcus mutans. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion mutants of the Dex gene of Strep. mutans were prepared by polymerase chain reaction and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. Binding of the truncated Dexs to dextran was measured with a Sephadex G-150 gel. Although the Dexs which lacked the N-terminal variable region lost enzyme activity, they still retained dextran-binding ability. In addition, further deletion into the conserved region from the N-terminal did not influence the dextran-binding ability. However, the Dex which carried a deletion in the C-terminus still possessed both enzyme activity and dextran-binding ability. Further deletion into the conserved region from the C-terminal resulted in complete disappearance of both enzyme and dextran-binding activities. CONCLUSIONS Deletion analysis of the Dex gene of Strep. mutans showed that the C-terminal side (about 120 amino acid residues) of the conserved region of the Dex was essential for dextran-binding ability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The dextran-binding domain was present in a different area from the catalytic site in the conserved region of the Dex molecule. The amino acid sequence of the dextran-binding domain of the Dex differed from those of glucan-binding regions of other glucan-binding proteins reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morisaki
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases. Of the oral bacteria, mutans streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus, are considered to be causative agents of dental caries in humans. There have been numerous studies of the immunology of mutans streptococci. To control dental caries, dental caries vaccines have been produced using various cell-surface antigens of these organisms. Progress in recombinant DNA technology and peptide synthesis has been applied to the development of recombinant and synthetic peptide vaccines to control dental caries. Significant protective effects against dental caries have been shown in experimental animals, such as mice, rats and monkeys, which have been subcutaneously, orally, or intranasally immunized with these antigens. Only a few studies, however, have examined the efficacy of dental caries vaccines in humans. Recently, local passive immunization using murine monoclonal antibodies, transgenic plant antibodies, egg-yolk antibodies, and bovine milk antibodies to antigens of mutans streptococci have been used to control the colonization of the organisms and the induction of dental caries in human. Such immunization procedures may be a safer approach for controlling human dental caries than active immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Koga
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Igarashi T, Yamamoto A, Goto N. Nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of a dextranase gene from Streptococcus downei. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 45:341-8. [PMID: 11471821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragments encoding the Streptococcus downei dextranase were amplified by PCR and inverse PCR based on a comparison of the dextranase gene (dex) sequences from S. sobrinus, S. mutans, and S. salivarius, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the S. downei dex was determined. An open reading frame (ORF) of dex was 3,891 bp long. It encoded a dextranase protein (Dex) consisting of 1,297 amino acids with a molecular mass of 139,743 Da and an isoelectric point of 4.49. The deduced amino acid sequence of S. downei Dex had homology to those of S. sobrinus, S. mutans and S. salivanus Dex in the conserved region (made of about 540 amino acid residues). DNA hybridization analysis showed that a dex DNA probe of S. downei hybridized to the chromosomal DNA of S. sobrinus as well as that of S. downei, but did not to other species of mutans streptococci. The C terminus of the S. downei Dex had a membrane-anchor region which has been reported as a common structure of C termini of both the S. mutans and S. sobrinus Dex. The recombinant plasmid which harbored the dex ORF of S. downei produced a recombinant Dex enzyme in Escherichia coli cells. The analysis of the recombinant enzyme on SDS-PAGE containing blue dextran showed multiple active forms as well as dextranases of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Igarashi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Smith DJ, King WF, Barnes LA, Trantolo D, Wise DL, Taubman MA. Facilitated intranasal induction of mucosal and systemic immunity to mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase peptide vaccines. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4767-73. [PMID: 11447149 PMCID: PMC98563 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.4767-4773.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptide vaccines which are derived from functional domains of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases (GTF) have been shown to induce protective immunity in Sprague-Dawley rats after subcutaneous injection in the salivary gland region. Since mucosal induction of salivary immunity would be preferable in humans, we explored methods to induce mucosal antibody in the rat to the GTF peptide vaccines HDS and HDS-GLU after intranasal administration. Several methods of facilitation of the immune response were studied: the incorporation of peptides in bioadhesive poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) microparticles, the use of monoepitopic (HDS) or diepitopic (HDS-GLU) peptide constructs, or the use of mucosal adjuvants. Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses were not detected after intranasal administration of diepitopic HDS-GLU peptide constructs in alum or after incorporation into PLGA microparticles. However, significant primary and secondary salivary IgA and serum IgG antibody responses to HDS were induced in all rats when cholera holotoxin (CT) or a detoxified mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (R192G LT) were intranasally administered with HDS peptide constructs in PLGA. Coadministration of LT with HDS resulted in predominantly IgG2a responses in the serum, while coadministration with CT resulted in significant IgG1 and IgG2a responses to HDS. Serum IgG antibody, which was induced to the HDS peptide construct by coadministration with these adjuvants, also bound intact mutans streptococcal GTF in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and inhibited its enzymatic activity. Thus, immune responses which are potentially protective for dental caries can be induced to peptide-based GTF vaccines after mucosal administration if combined with the CT or LT R192G mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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13
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Smith DJ, King WF, Godiska R. Passive transfer of immunoglobulin Y antibody to Streptococcus mutans glucan binding protein B can confer protection against experimental dental caries. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3135-42. [PMID: 11292733 PMCID: PMC98269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3135-3142.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunization with Streptococcus mutans glucan binding protein B (GBP-B) has been shown to induce protection against experimental dental caries. This protection presumably results from continuous secretion of salivary antibody to GBP-B, which inhibits accumulation of S. mutans within the oral biofilm. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of short-term (9- or 24-day) passive oral administration of antibody to S. mutans GBP-B on the longer-term accumulation and cariogenicity of S. mutans in a rat model of dental caries. Preimmune chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) or IgY antibody to S. mutans GBP-B was supplied in lower (experiment 1) and higher (experiment 2) concentrations in the diet and drinking water of rats for 9 (experiment 1) or 24 (experiment 2) days. During the first 3 days of IgY feeding, all animals were challenged with 5 x 10(6) streptomycin-resistant S. mutans strain SJ-r organisms. Rats remained infected with S. mutans for 78 days, during which rat molars were sampled for the accumulation of S. mutans SJ-r bacteria and total streptococci. Geometric mean levels of S. mutans SJ-r accumulation on molar surfaces were significantly lower in antibody-treated rats on days 16 and 78 of experiment 2 and were lower on all but the initial (day 5) swabbing occasions in both experiments. Relative to controls, the extent of molar dental caries measured on day 78 was also significantly decreased. The decrease in molar caries correlated with the amount and duration of antibody administration. This is the first demonstration that passive antibody to S. mutans GBP-B can have a protective effect against cariogenic S. mutans infection and disease. Furthermore, this decrease in infection and disease did not require continuous antibody administration for the duration of the infection period. This study also indicates that antibody to components putatively involved only in cellular aggregation can have a significant effect on the incorporation of mutans streptococci in dental biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Taubman MA, Smith DJ, Holmberg CJ, Eastcott JW. Coimmunization with complementary glucosyltransferase peptides results in enhanced immunogenicity and protection against dental caries. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2698-703. [PMID: 10768962 PMCID: PMC97477 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2698-2703.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide constructs from the catalytic (CAT) and glucan-binding (GLU) regions of the mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase enzymes (GTF) can provide immunity to dental caries infection. A strategy of coimmunization was tested to determine whether protection could be enhanced. Rats were immunized with one of the previously described peptide constructs from the CAT or GLU region of the GTF of mutans streptococci or coimmunized with a combination of these constructs (CAT-GLU). Coimmunized animals demonstrated significantly higher serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and salivary IgA antibody levels to CAT or GTF than rats immunized with either construct alone. To assess the functional significance of coimmunization with these constructs, animals were immunized as above or with Streptococcus sobrinus GTF and then infected with S. sobrinus to explore the effects of immunization on immunological, microbiological, and disease (dental caries) parameters. Serum antibody from the communized group inhibited S. sobrinus GTF-mediated insoluble glucan synthesis in vitro above that of the individual-construct-immunized groups. Immunization with CAT or GLU constructs resulted in significantly reduced dental caries after infection with S. sobrinus compared with sham-immunized animals. Coimmunization produced greater reductions in caries than after immunization with either CAT or GLU. Also, significant elevations in lymphocyte proliferative responses to CAT, GLU, and GTF were observed after coimmunization with CAT-GLU compared with the responses after immunization with the individual constructs. The results suggested that increased numbers of memory T cells, which could proliferate to CAT, were generated by coimmunization. The experiments support the functional significance of these GTF domains in dental caries pathogenesis and present coimmunization as a simple alternative to intact GTF to enhance protective immunity against cariogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taubman
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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15
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Jespersgaard C, Hajishengallis G, Greenway TE, Smith DJ, Russell MW, Michalek SM. Functional and immunogenic characterization of two cloned regions of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase I. Infect Immun 1999; 67:810-6. [PMID: 9916095 PMCID: PMC96391 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.2.810-816.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes of mutans streptococci are considered virulence factors due to their ability to synthesize adhesive glucans, which facilitate cell-to-cell adherence and accumulation. In this study we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the catalytic (CAT) and glucan-binding (GLU) domains of S. mutans GTF-I encoded by gtfB. The CAT and GLU polypeptides represent amino acid residues 253 to 628 and 1183 to 1473, respectively, of S. mutans GTF-I. Antibodies to recombinant CAT and GLU were generated in rabbits and purified by affinity chromatography. Purified anti-CAT antibodies significantly inhibited water-insoluble glucan synthesis by S. mutans and S. sobrinus GTFs (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The purified anti-GLU antibodies significantly inhibited both water-insoluble and water-soluble glucan synthesis by S. mutans GTFs (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). These results demonstrate that anti-CAT and anti-GLU antibodies are capable of inhibiting a variety of GTF activities. Since antibodies to S. mutans in saliva are implicated in protection against disease, we next assessed the ability of CAT and GLU polypeptides to induce mucosal antibody responses in mice. Intranasal (i.n.) immunization of mice with CAT showed significantly (P < 0.005) elevated levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody activity in serum and specific IgA antibody activity in serum, saliva, vaginal washes, and fecal samples. GLU immunized animals showed significantly (P < 0.005) elevated levels of specific IgA antibody activity in serum and vaginal secretions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the recombinant CAT and GLU polypeptides are effective in inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. The ability of these polypeptides to induce a mucosal IgA immune response in mice after i.n. immunization supports their use as subunit vaccine candidates in the development of an anticaries vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jespersgaard
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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16
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Smith DJ, King WF, Wu CD, Shen BI, Taubman MA. Structural and antigenic characteristics of Streptococcus sobrinus glucan binding proteins. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5565-9. [PMID: 9784575 PMCID: PMC108701 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5565-5569.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three purified glucan binding proteins (GBP-2, GBP-3, and GBP-5) from Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 were compared structurally by mass spectroscopy of tryptic fragments and antigenically by Western blot analysis with rat antisera to each GBP or to peptides containing putative glucan binding epitopes of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases. Structural and antigenic analyses indicated that GBP-3 and GBP-5 are very similar but that both are essentially unrelated to GBP-2. None of these S. sobrinus GBPs appeared to have a strong antigenic relationship with GBPs from Streptococcus mutans. Thus, S. sobrinus GBP-2 and GBP-3 appear to be distinct proteins with potentially different functions. S. sobrinus GBP-5 may be a proteolytic fragment of GBP-3, or, alternatively, the genes coding for these proteins may be closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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17
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Smith DJ, Taubman MA. Experimental immunization of rats with a Streptococcus mutans 59-kilodalton glucan-binding protein protects against dental caries. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3069-73. [PMID: 8757835 PMCID: PMC174189 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3069-3073.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucan-binding proteins (GBPs) are theoretically important in the molecular pathogenesis of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans. The present study evaluated the ability of antibody induced by the S. mutans 59-kDa GBP (GBP59) to affect dental caries caused by experimental infection with S. mutans in a rodent model. Groups of 20-day-old rats were injected twice at 9-day intervals subcutaneously in the salivary gland vicinity with GBP59, glucosyltransferase (GTF), or phosphate-buffered saline (sham injection), each incorporated in an adjuvant. Two weeks after the second injection, GBP59- and GTF-injected rats contained significant levels of salivary immunoglobulin A and serum immunoglobulin G antibody to the respective injected antigens. However, cross-reacting antibody to S. mutans GTF or GBP59 was not induced by the respective antigen. Rats were then orally infected with S. mutans. After 71 days of infection, GBP59- and GTF-injected groups had smaller numbers of S. mutans on their molar surfaces, compared with the sham-injected infected group. Total, sulcal, and smooth-surface molar caries in the GBP59- and GTF-immunized S. mutans-infected groups were each significantly lower (P < or = 0.003) than the respective measures of caries in the sham injected infected group. The results of this investigation demonstrate that immunization with S. mutans GBP59 induces an immune response in rats that can interfere with the accumulation of S. mutans and can reduce the level of dental caries caused by this cariogenic streptococcus. Furthermore, the protective immunity induced by either GBP59 or GTF appears to result from antibodies to independent epitopes since these two S. mutans components do not have a close antigenic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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18
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Uezono Y, Tsumori H, Shimamura A, Mukasa H. Purification and properties of extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus bovis. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 11:115-20. [PMID: 8941763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1996.tb00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight Streptococcus bovis strains were classified into 3 types on the basis of isoelectric point (pI) and molecular mass (M(r)) of extracellular glucosyltransferase. Strains ATCC 9809, 35034 and 43143 produced glucosyltransferase of pI 3.7 and M(r) 165 kDa; strains ATCC 15351, 27960 and 33317 produced glucosyltransferase of pI 4.1 and M(r) 140 kDa; strains ATCC 43085 and 43144 did not produce any glucosyltransferase. The glucosyltransferase form S. bovis 9809 was purified by Bio-Gel hydroxyapatite chromatography and DEAE-Toyopearl chromatography. The S. bovis 9809 glucosyltransferase was immunologically identical with the other 5 S. bovis glucosyltransferases and not related to mutants streptococcal glucosyltransferases. The specific activity, the optimum pH and the Km value for sucrose were 17.9 U/mg protein, 6.0 and 5.0 mM, respectively. The first 11 N-terminal amino acid residues of the glucosyltransferases were DETSAVTLTRE, and the region was hydrophilic. The glucosyltransferases from S. bovis 9809 and 3317 synthesized from sucrose 1, 6-alpha-D-glucan with 9 and 2 mol%, 1, 3, 6-alpha-branched glucose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Uezono
- Department of Chemistry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Igarashi T, Yamamoto A, Goto N. Sequence analysis of the Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt dexA gene encoding extracellular dextranase. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:853-60. [PMID: 8657012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence (3,747 bp) of the dextranase gene (dexA) and flanking regions of the chromosome of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt (serotype c) were determined. The open reading frame for dexA was 2,550 bp, ending with a stop codon TGA. A putative ribosome-binding site, promoter preceding the start codon, and potential stem-loop structure were identified. The presumed dextranase protein (DexA) consisting of 850 amino acids was estimated to have a molecular size of 94,536 Da and a pI of 4.79. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequences of S. mutans dexA exhibited homologies of 57.8% and 47.0%, respectively, to those of Streptococcus sobrinus dex. The homologous region of dex of S. sobrinus was in the N-terminal half. The C terminus of DexA consisted of a hexapeptide LPQTGD, followed by 7 charged amino acids, 21 amino acids with a strongly hydrophobic character, and a charged hexapeptide tail, which have been reported as a common structure of C termini of not only the surface-associated proteins of Gram-positive cocci but also the extracellular enzymes such as beta-fructosidase of S. mutans and dextranase of S. sobrinus. The DexA protein had no significant homology with the glucosyltransferases, the glucan-binding protein, or the dextranase inhibitor of mutans streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Igarashi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Taubman MA, Holmberg CJ, Smith DJ. Immunization of rats with synthetic peptide constructs from the glucan-binding or catalytic region of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase protects against dental caries. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3088-93. [PMID: 7622235 PMCID: PMC173421 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.8.3088-3093.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have described peptide constructs from two regions of glucosyltransferase (GTF) of mutans streptococci. A putative catalytic site in the amino-terminal half of the molecule and a repeated glucan-binding site in the carboxyl-terminal half of GTF were the regions upon which sequences were based. The present study explored the effects of immunization with these peptide constructs (called CAT or GLU) and with streptococcal GTFs from Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans on immunological, microbiological, and disease parameters. Groups of immunized Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with either 10(8) S. sobrinus 6715 or 10(8) S. mutans SJ32 organisms. Serum immunoglobulin G antibody levels, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to the respective peptide constructs and to the appropriate streptococcal GTF were significantly increased (after immunization) prior to infection and at the end of the experiment. Also, serum antibody from CAT-, GLU-, and S. sobrinus GTF-immunized rats inhibited S. sobrinus GTF-mediated insoluble glucan synthesis (all) and S. mutans GTF-mediated soluble glucan synthesis (all except anti-GLU) from sucrose. Immunization with the CAT or GLU peptide construct resulted in significantly reduced smooth surface and sulcal caries after infection with S. sobrinus. Sulcal dental caries after infection with S. mutans SJ32 were also significantly reduced in CAT- and GLU-immunized rats. Thus, immunization with peptides whose sequences are based on putative functional domains of mutans streptococcal GTF are protective toward a cariogenic S. sobrinus or S. mutans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taubman
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Sun JW, Wanda SY, Curtiss R. Purification, characterization, and specificity of dextranase inhibitor (Dei) expressed from Streptococcus sobrinus UAB108 gene cloned in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:1703-11. [PMID: 7896691 PMCID: PMC176796 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.7.1703-1711.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dextranase inhibitor gene (dei) from Streptococcus sobrinus UAB108 was previously cloned, expressed, and sequenced. Its gene product (Dei) has now been purified as a single band with apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of Dei increased 121-fold upon purification. Most Dei activity (91.2%) was located in the periplasmic fraction from recombinant Escherichia coli cells. Dei competitively inhibits dextranase (Dex). This competitive inhibition mechanism has been further shown by detection and recovery of the intermediate enzyme-inhibitor (Dex-Dei) complex by gel filtration technology using fast protein liquid chromatography. Calibration of their molecular masses indicated that native Dei exists as a tetramer, Dex exists as dimer, and the Dex-Dei complex consists of two Dex molecules with two Dei molecules. Deletion analysis indicates that the intact Dei molecule is essential for Dei activity but not for glucan binding and immune cross-reaction. Dei is a special kind of glucan-binding protein with ability to inhibit Dex with high specificity. It can inhibit endogenous Dex, which can make more branches in glucan with the cooperation of the glucosyltransferase GTF-I. This inhibition cause the accumulation of water-soluble glucan. The latter reaction product can inhibit plaque formation and adherence of the mutans group of streptococcal cells. Dei derived from S. sobrinus UAB108 can inhibit only Dex from S. sobrinus (serotypes d and g), S. downei (previously S. sobrinus, serotype h), and S. macacae (serotype h). This finding suggests that Dei is another important protein existing in some serotypes of the mutans group of streptococci which participates in sucrose metabolism through its interaction with Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Sun
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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22
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Smith DJ, Taubman MA, King WF, Eida S, Powell JR, Eastcott J. Immunological characteristics of a synthetic peptide associated with a catalytic domain of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase. Infect Immun 1994; 62:5470-6. [PMID: 7960128 PMCID: PMC303290 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.12.5470-5476.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of a multiple antigenic peptide construct consisting of four copies of the synthetic 21-mer peptide DANFDSIRVDAVDNVDADLLQ was measured. The composition of this peptide was derived from a sequence in the N-terminal region of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases (GTFs) containing an aspartic acid implicated in catalysis. The peptide (CAT) construct was synthesized as a tetramer on a lysine backbone and subcutaneously injected into Sprague-Dawley rats for polyclonal antibody formation or intraperitoneally injected into BALB/c mice, and then spleen cell fused with Sp2/0Ag14 murine myeloma cells for monoclonal antibody formation. The resulting rat antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies reacted with CAT and with native GTF isozymes from Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans (in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot [immunoblot] analyses). Functional inhibition of the water-insoluble glucan synthetic activity of S. sobrinus GTF-I was demonstrated with an immunoglobulin M anti-CAT monoclonal antibody (> 80% inhibited) and with rat sera (approximately 17% inhibited). The monoclonal antibody preparation also modestly inhibited the water-soluble glucan synthetic activity of an S. mutans GTF mixture. These results suggest that the CAT peptide contains B-cell epitopes that are similar to those of intact mutans streptococcal GTFs and has the potential to elicit antibody that can inhibit GTF function. Thus, sequences within this peptide construct may have value for inclusion in a synthetic dental caries vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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23
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Sun JW, Wanda SY, Camilli A, Curtiss R. Cloning and DNA sequencing of the dextranase inhibitor gene (dei) from Streptococcus sobrinus. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:7213-22. [PMID: 7961493 PMCID: PMC197109 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.23.7213-7222.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Some dextranase-deficient (Dex-) mutants of Streptococcus sobrinus UAB66 (serotype g) synthesize a substance which inhibits dextranase activity (S.-Y. Wanda, A. Camilli, H. M. Murchison, and R. Curtiss III, J. Bacteriol. 176:7206-7212, 1994). This substance produced by the Dex- mutant UAB108 was designated dextranase inhibitor (Dei) and identified as a protein. The Dei gene (dei) from UAB108 has been cloned into pACYC184 to yield pYA2651, which was then used to generate several subclones (pYA2653 to pYA2657). The DNA sequence of dei was determined by using Tn5seq1 transposon mutagenesis of pYA2653. The open reading frame of dei is 990 bp long. It encodes a signal peptide of 38 amino acids and a mature Dei protein of 292 amino acids with a molecular weight of 31,372. The deduced amino acid sequence of Dei shows various degrees of similarity with glucosyltransferases and glucan-binding protein and contains A and C repeating units probably involved in glucan binding. Southern hybridization results showed that the dei probe from UAB108 hybridized to the same-size fragment in S. sobrinus (serotype d and g) DNA, to a different-size fragment in S. downei (serotype h) and S. cricetus (serotype a), and not at all to DNAs from other mutans group of streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Sun
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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24
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Wanda SY, Curtiss R. Purification and characterization of Streptococcus sobrinus dextranase produced in recombinant Escherichia coli and sequence analysis of the dextranase gene. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:3839-50. [PMID: 8021165 PMCID: PMC205580 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.13.3839-3850.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmid (pYA902) with the dextranase (dex) gene of Streptococcus sobrinus UAB66 (serotype g) produces a C-terminal truncated dextranase enzyme (Dex) with a multicomplex mass form which ranges from 80 to 130 kDa. The Escherichia coli-produced enzyme was purified and characterized, and antibodies were raised in rabbits. Purified dextranase has a native-form molecular mass of 160 to 260 kDa and specific activity of 4,000 U/mg of protein. Potential immunological cross-reactivity between dextranase and the SpaA protein specified by various recombinant clones was studied by using various antisera and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. No cross-reactivity was observed. Optimal pH (5.3) and temperature (39 degrees C) and the isoelectric points (3.56, 3.6, and 3.7) were determined and found to be similar to those for dextranase purified from S. sobrinus. The dex DNA restriction map was determined, and several subclones were obtained. The nucleotide sequence of the dex gene was determined by using subclones pYA993 and pYA3009 and UAB66 chromosomal DNA. The open reading frame for dex was 4,011 bp, ending with a stop codon TAA. A ribosome-binding site and putative promoter preceding the start codon were identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of Dex revealed the presence of a signal peptide of 30 amino acids. The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli chi 2831(pYA902). The C terminus consists of a serine- and threonine-rich region followed by the peptide LPKTGD, 3 charged amino acids, 19 amino acids with a strongly hydrophobic character, and a charged pentapeptide tail, which are proposed to correspond to the cell wall-spanning region, the LPXTGX consensus sequence, and the membrane-anchoring domains of surface-associated proteins of gram-positive cocci.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wanda
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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25
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Smith DJ, Akita H, King WF, Taubman MA. Purification and antigenicity of a novel glucan-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2545-52. [PMID: 8188378 PMCID: PMC186543 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.6.2545-2552.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel glucan-binding protein (GBP) having an apparent molecular mass of 59 kDa (GBP59) has been purified from Streptococcus mutans SJ by a combination of affinity chromatography on alpha-1,6-linked glucan, gel filtration chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. GBP59 was distinct from the quantitatively predominant S. mutans GBP (GBP74) on the basis of size, elution position in a salt gradient, and antigenicity. Rat antisera to purified GBP59 and GBP74 did not cross-react. GBP59 is apparently immunogenic in humans, since immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody in 20 of 24 adult parotid saliva samples was shown to react with GBP59 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The glucan-binding activity of GBP59 was confirmed by anti-GBP59 immunogold labelling of Sephadex G-50 that had been preincubated with S. mutans culture supernatant. GBP59 could be detected in culture supernatants of all laboratory strains of S. mutans (e.g., Ingbritt), as well as all strains of S. mutans that had been recently isolated from young children. GBP59 was often the only component in protease inhibitor-containing 4-h S. mutans culture supernatants that reacted with human parotid salivary IgA antibody in Western blot (immunoblot) analyses. These studies suggest that GBP59 is a structurally and antigenically distinct S. mutans GBP that can elicit significant levels of salivary IgA antibody in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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26
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Smith DJ, Taubman MA, Holmberg CF, Eastcott J, King WF, Ali-Salaam P. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide derived from a glucan-binding domain of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase. Infect Immun 1993; 61:2899-905. [PMID: 8514393 PMCID: PMC280937 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.7.2899-2905.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity and antigenicity of a multiply antigenic peptide construct containing four copies of the synthetic peptide TGAQTIKGQKLYFKANGQQVKG were measured in rodents and humans, respectively. The composition of this peptide construct (termed GLU) was derived from a major repeating sequence in the C-terminal region of mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases that synthesize water-insoluble glucan (GTF-I). The GLU peptide elicited high levels of serum immunoglobulin G antibody to GLU after subcutaneous injection into Sprague-Dawley rats. These antisera also reacted with intact GTF isozymes from Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and Western blot [immunoblot] analyses) and with an 87-kDa glucan-binding protein from S. sobrinus (by Western blot). The synthesis of filter-retained glucan by GTF-Sd of S. sobrinus could be inhibited (30%) by preincubation with anti-GLU rat serum. Splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from rats injected once with S. sobrinus GTF isozymes demonstrated significant proliferation after 5 days of culture with GLU. The GLU peptide reacted with 4 of 29 human parotid saliva samples and 5 of 29 human serum samples (by ELISA). These results suggest that the GLU peptide contains B- and T-cell epitopes that are similar to those of intact mutans streptococcal GTFs and possibly certain other glucan-binding proteins as well. Furthermore, since antibody to this epitope(s) appears to inhibit GTF function, sequences within this peptide construct may have value for inclusion in a synthetic dental caries vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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27
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Fukushima K, Okada T, Ochiai K. Production, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies which distinguish three glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 1993; 61:323-8. [PMID: 8418055 PMCID: PMC302722 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.323-328.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the three glucosyltransferases (GTFs) (GTF-I, -SI, and -S) from Streptococcus mutans were obtained by the fusion of murine myeloma cells (P3X63-Ag8-U1) with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with pure GTF-S or partially purified GTF-I from serotype c S. mutans PS14. The immunoreactivities of these MAbs were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting (immunoblotting) with various GTF preparations. GTF-I and GTF-SI were expressed from two Streptococcus milleri or Escherichia coli transformants harboring gtfB or gtfC, respectively. All of the five MAbs raised against the GTF-S from PS14 reacted only with the homologous enzymes. Of these, 8 MAbs reacted only with the gtfB gene product (GTF-I), 4 MAbs reacted only with the gtfC gene product (GTF-SI), and the remaining 16 MAbs reacted with both gene products. The existence of GTF-SI in the purified GTF-I from PS14 was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using the representative monospecific MAbs. Further, the relative levels of the three GTFs in the extracellular and cellular fractions of S. mutans clinical isolates were examined by immunoblot analysis. The findings indicated that the relative level of GTF-SI, unlike that of GTF-I or GTF-S, differed markedly among isolates although the three GTFs were synthesized extracellularly by all the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukushima
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Kato C, Kuramitsu HK. Carboxyl-terminal deletion analysis of theStreptococcus mutansglucosyltransferase-I enzyme. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Dertzbaugh MT, Macrina FL. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase activity by antiserum to a subsequence peptide. Infect Immun 1990; 58:1509-13. [PMID: 2140339 PMCID: PMC258662 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.6.1509-1513.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigenic 15-amino-acid peptide sequence (gtfB.1) from the glucosyltransferase B enzyme of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans GS-5 was identified previously from the genetic fusion of this sequence to the B subunit of cholera toxin. The resulting chimeric protein was used to raise antiserum in rabbits. This antiserum was shown to recognize the native glucosyltransferase enzyme and to inhibit its activity. The antiserum inhibited the synthesis of water-soluble glucan by approximately 40% and the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan by greater than 90%. The antiserum was shown to partially inhibit fructosyltransferase activity as well. The ability of this antipeptide antiserum to inhibit several enzymes from S. mutans suggests that these enzymes share an epitope related to enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Dertzbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
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30
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Abstract
Computer analysis of the primary amino acid sequences deduced from nucleotide sequences of cloned genes from Streptococcus mutans and Strep. downei was used to examine features of enzymes involved in formation and degradation of glucans. All 4 glucosyltransferases for which sequence data are available show a common structure characterized by a series of reiterated repeats in the carboxy-terminal one third of the molecule. These repeats are also found in Strep. mutans glucan-binding protein and resemble those found in enzymes from other bacteria with binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Russell
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, England
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31
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Hanada N, Kuramitsu HK. Isolation and characterization of the Streptococcus mutans gtfD gene, coding for primer-dependent soluble glucan synthesis. Infect Immun 1989; 57:2079-85. [PMID: 2543630 PMCID: PMC313844 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.7.2079-2085.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two glucosyltransferase genes from Streptococcus mutans GS-5, gtfB and gtfC, have been previously isolated and sequenced in this laboratory. In the present communication a third gtf gene, gtfD, was isolated and characterized. Isolation of the gene involved a novel procedure utilizing the integration plasmid pVA891. A peptide expressed by the 1.7-kilobase DNA fragment from strain NHS1 (containing deletions in both the gtfB and gtfC genes) was initially identified in a pUC18 clone bank with antiglucosyltransferase antibodies. This fragment was integrated into the GS-5 chromosome following ligation into pVA891 and transformation, yielding strain DP2. The vector together with one complete and one incomplete copy of the gtfD gene was removed from the chromosome of strain DP2 following EcoRI digestion, religation, and transformation of E. coli HB101. The resultant plasmid, pNH4, expressed glucosyltransferase S (GTF-S) activity. The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity and was shown to synthesize water-soluble glucan exclusively in a primer-dependent manner. The molecular mass (155 kilodaltons) and the kinetic parameters of the purified enzyme were similar to those observed for the GTF-S enzyme previously purified from culture fluids of strain GS-5. Insertional inactivation of the gtfD gene indicated that this gene is not required for in vitro sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces. Furthermore, inactivation of the gtfD gene in a gtfC gtfB mutant indicated that three distinct gtf genes involved in glucan formation are present on the S. mutans GS-5 chromosome. Southern blot analysis further suggested that the gtfD gene does not share demonstrable homology with the gtf genes from Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus sobrinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hanada
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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32
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Taubman MA, Smith DJ, King WF, Eastcott JW, Bergey EJ, Levine MJ. Immune properties of glucosyltransferases from S. sobrinus. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 17:466-70. [PMID: 2977790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
GTF activity was separated into water-insoluble (GTF-I) and water-soluble (GTF-S) polyglucan-synthesizing enzymes. Each preparation demonstrated a single band on 6% SDS PAGE. Only water-insoluble or water-soluble polyglucan was synthesized by the respective enzyme preparation. Rats were immunized, on Days 1 and 14, with either GTF-I or GTF-S in adjuvant. Animals were bled 13, 35 and 54 days after the initial immunization. Individual antisera were tested against either the GTF-I or the GTF-S for inhibition of radioactive glucose incorporation into glucan, and in gel diffusion, and by Western transfer analyses. The respective antisera reacted with the homologous, but not the heterologous enzyme in gel diffusion and Western transfer. GTF-I activity was not inhibited by antibody to GTF-S, but antibody to GTF-I inhibited GTF-I by 68%. GTF-S was inhibited by more than 60% by each of 3 anti-GTF-S sera. Only one anti-GTF-I serum inhibited GTF-S at as much as a modest 30% level. These data support the antigenic and functional distinctiveness of the GTF enzymes of S. sobrinus 6715.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taubman
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, MA 02115
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33
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Abstract
The ethanol-insoluble product formed from sucrose by purified enzyme encoded by the gtfA gene from Streptococcus mutans, expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli, was analyzed by 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. The product was identified as alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, and it was concluded that the GTF-A enzyme is sucrose phosphorylase (sucrose:orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase [EC 2.4.1.7]).
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