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Deng Q, Wong HM, Peng S. Effect of adiposity status on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 39171484 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of adiposity status, salivary physicochemical parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers on the salivary abundance of the two main cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus among Hong Kong adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study included 180 adolescents aged 12-15 years from Hong Kong local secondary schools. Anthropometric measurements and oral health examinations were performed. Saliva samples were collected to measure salivary physicochemical parameters, protein biomarker levels, and salivary abundance of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and total bacteria. RESULTS Adolescents with general overweight/obesity or central obesity had significantly higher salivary Streptococcus mutans abundance and total bacterial load, lower stimulated salivary flow rate, and lower secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA levels than the lean controls. Adolescents with general overweight/obesity (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.28-8.65) and those with central obesity (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.02-6.00) had a significantly higher chance of having high salivary abundance of Streptococcus mutans than the lean controls after adjusting for confounders, with a similar detection rate of salivary Streptococcus sobrinus. CONCLUSION General overweight or obesity and central obesity were associated with a high salivary abundance of Streptococcus mutans but had no significant effect on salivary Streptococcus sobrinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Deng
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simin Peng
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Wassel MO, Salman NS, Metwalli NE. A preliminarily Investigation on Oral Colonization and Counts of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis in a Group of Predentate Infants in Relation to Some Maternal and Infant Factors (A Longitudinal Observational study). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:79-86. [PMID: 37020784 PMCID: PMC10067990 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Bacterial colonization of infants' oral cavities is a key factor for future caries risk. This study sought to longitudinally assess oral bacterial colonization in a group of predentate infants in relation to some mother and infant factors. Materials and methods A total of 50 mother-infant pairs were enrolled. When infants were 3-month-old, data were collected about some infant and mother factors; additionally, maternal Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores and salivary samples of mothers and infants were obtained. At 6 months of infant's age, another infants' salivary samples were obtained. Saliva was cultured to detect and quantify Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis). Results Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) was detected in all infants at 3 months. 74 and 96% of infants acquired S. mutans at 3 and 6 months, respectively. S. mutans detection was significantly higher with higher maternal DMFT scores, salivary S. mutans counts, and lower S. mitis counts, as well as when infants were given sugar-containing complementary foods/drinks. At 3-6 months, infants' S. mutans counts were significantly positively correlated with maternal S. mutans counts and DMFT scores and negatively correlated with maternal S. mitis counts. The opposite was evident for infants' S. mitis counts. Regression analysis showed that increased maternal DMFT scores and S. mutans counts, and Cesarean delivery were strong predictors for increased infant's S. mutans counts. While increased DMFT scores and maternal S. mutans counts were strong predictors for reduced infant's S. mitis counts. Conclusion Poor maternal oral health, early introduction of sugars in the diet, and probably Cesarean delivery can negatively impact infants' oral bacterial colonization and possibly future caries risk. Clinical significance Understanding factors associated with oral colonization of both caries-producing and protective flora in infants of different populations is important for caries prevention. This, in turn, can aid tailoring oral health promotion programs for expectant mothers. How to cite this article Wassel MO, Salman NS, Metwalli NE. A preliminarily Investigation on Oral Colonization and Counts of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis in a Group of Predentate Infants in Relation to some Maternal and Infant Factors (A Longitudinal Observational study). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):79-86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem O Wassel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora S Salman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Heliopolis, Egypt
| | - Nadia E Metwalli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Lam PPY, Chua H, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Does Early Childhood Caries Increase Caries Development among School Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013459. [PMID: 36294037 PMCID: PMC9603429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to determine whether early childhood caries (ECC) is significantly associated with caries development in permanent teeth among school children and adolescents, and to identify the association of other risk factors over 24 months. A systematic literature search was performed in four electronic databases and via a manual search from inception to 28 July 2022. Independent study selection and screening, data extraction, evaluation of risk of bias using ROBINS-I tool and certainty of evidence with GRADE were performed. Ten cohort studies were included, all of which identified that ECC significantly increased the risk of caries in permanent teeth. Meta-analysis suggested children with ECC were three times more likely to develop caries in their permanent teeth (OR, 3.22; 95% CI 2.80, 3.71; p < 0.001), especially when the lesions were in primary molars and progressed to dentine. However, the certainty of evidence was substantially compromised by serious risk of bias and inconsistency between studies. There were inconsistent findings between socioeconomic or behavioural factors on caries development, which could not be pooled for meta-analyses. ECC significantly increases the likelihood of caries development in permanent teeth. Evidence on the association of socioeconomic and oral health behavioural factors is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Pui Ying Lam
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Helene Chua
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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4
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Blum J, Silva M, Byrne SJ, Butler CA, Adams GG, Reynolds EC, Dashper SG. Temporal development of the infant oral microbiome. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 48:730-742. [PMID: 35015598 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2025042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human oral microbiome is becoming recognized as playing roles in health and disease well beyond the oral cavity over the lifetime of the individual. The oral microbiome is hypothesized to result from specific colonization events followed by a reproducible and ordered development of complex bacterial communities. Colonization events, proliferation, succession and subsequent community development are dependent on a range of host and environmental factors, most notably the neonate diet. It is now becoming apparent that early childhood and prenatal influences can have long term effects on the development of human oral microbiomes. In this review, the temporal development of the infant human oral microbiome is examined, with the effects of prenatal and postnatal influences and the roles of specific bacteria. Dietary and environmental factors, especially breastfeeding, have a significant influence on the development of the infant oral microbiome. The evidence available regarding the roles and functions of early colonizing bacteria is still limited, and gaps in knowledge where further research is needed to elucidate these specific roles in relation to health and disease still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blum
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Mihiri Silva
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Samantha J Byrne
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Geoffrey G Adams
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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5
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Yu KF, Wen W, Liu P, Gao X, Lo ECM, Wong MCM. Effectiveness of Family-Centered Oral Health Promotion on Toddler Oral Health in Hong Kong. J Dent Res 2021; 101:286-294. [PMID: 34515552 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211036663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries is common in Hong Kong, and parental practices on maintaining good oral health of their young children are far from satisfactory. This article reports on the effectiveness of a randomized controlled trial on family-centered oral health promotion to new parents in establishing proper feeding habits and oral hygiene practices and in reducing caries risk among 3-y-old toddlers. At baseline, pregnant mothers and their husbands were recruited and randomly allocated into 2 groups. The test group received individualized oral health education (OHE) via a behavioral and educational counseling approach while the control group received the OHE pamphlets only. Information related to the feeding habits, oral hygiene practices, and oral health of the toddlers was collected by parent-completed questionnaires and oral examination annually via home visits. A total of 580 families were recruited at baseline, and 436 toddlers were followed up when they reached 3 y old (test, n = 228; control, n = 208; follow-up rate, 75.2%). The proportions of toddlers who held food in the mouth, fell asleep when milk feeding, had prolonged use of the nursing bottle, ate before bed, and consumed a sweet snack daily were significantly lower in the test group than in the control group (all P < 0.05). Significantly higher proportions of toddlers brushed their own teeth twice daily, were brushed by their parents twice daily, and used fluoride toothpaste than in the control group (all P < 0.001). Toddlers in the test group had better oral health status with a lower level of visible plaque, Streptococcus mutans, white spot lesion, and cavitated lesion (all P < 0.05). Family-centered oral health promotion and individualized OHE for parents via a behavioral and educational counseling approach are more effective in establishing good feeding habits and parental toothbrushing practices and in decreasing the caries risk of their toddlers than the distribution of OHE pamphlets alone (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02937194).
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Wen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - P Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - X Gao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E C M Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M C M Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nakai Y, Mori Y, Tamaoka I. Antenatal Health Care and Postnatal Dental Check-Ups Prevent Early Childhood Caries. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 240:303-308. [PMID: 27941252 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.240.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first stage of early childhood caries (ECC) is infection by mutans streptococci, of which the primary infection source is the child's mother. Early intervention programs including antenatal and postnatal phases are effective for reducing ECC. This study was conducted to assess the respective effects of antenatal health care and postnatal care such as regular dental check-ups on reducing ECC among 3-year-old Japanese children. This nested case-control study of 155 three-year-old children (49.0% boys) was conducted at a dental clinic that provides collaborative health services with the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Okayama. Child characteristics and the mothers' antenatal data were collected retrospectively from the dental charts. They were divided into two groups: caries-free children (n = 77) and children without ECC (n = 78). Most of the children (81.9%) received regular check-ups with topical fluoride application. Most of the mothers reported morning sickness during pregnancy (81.3%), normal delivery (72.9%), and used antenatal health care (80.6%). Over half (55.5%) were primigravida. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidential interval (95% CI) were computed to assess the strength of association using logistic regression analysis. Receiving antenatal health care (AOR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.30-8.24) and child's having regular check-ups (AOR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.35-8.69) were significantly associated with caries-free status among three-year old children. For ECC prevention, antenatal health care is as effective as regular check-ups up to three years of age. The results of this retrospective study demonstrate that maternal health education during pregnancy is effective for ECC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Nakai
- Department of Dental Hygiene, University of Shizuoka Junior College
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Karjalainen S, Tolvanen M, Pienihäkkinen K, Söderling E, Lagström H, Simell O, Niinikoski H. High sucrose intake at 3 years of age is associated with increased salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, and with increased caries rate from 3 to 16 years of age. Caries Res 2016; 49:125-32. [PMID: 25756173 DOI: 10.1159/000369358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the long-term associations between sucrose intake (SI), selected representatives of the cariogenic oral flora, and the dental health of children from 3 to 16 years of age. METHODS At 7 months of age 1,062 infants (540 intervention; 522 controls) were included in the prospective, randomised STRIP-project aimed at restricting the child's saturated fat and cholesterol intake to prevent atherosclerosis when they become adults. At 3 years of age, every fifth child was invited (n = 178) to an oral sub-study, and 148 (78 boys) children attended. A restudy was conducted on 135 children aged 6, 127 aged 9, 114 aged 12 and 88 aged 16. SI using 4-day food records, plate-cultured mutans streptococci (MS), salivary lactobacilli (LB) and yeasts using commercial kits (Orion Diagnostica, Espoo Finland), toothbrushing frequency using fluoridated toothpaste and dental health expressed as d 3 mft/D 3 MFT were regularly recorded. RESULTS The SI of children whose intake was ≥ 10 E% (high SI) at 3 years remained high throughout the entire follow-up (p < 0.001, GLM for repeated measures) period, and they had higher salivary MS and LB counts (p = 0.024 and p = 0.068, respectively, GLM) than their counterparts whose SI was below 10 E% (low SI). No differences in toothbrushing habits were found between the high and low SI-groups. Caries-survival was strongly associated with low 6-year-counts of MS (p = 0.008, Cox regression analysis), and the d 3 mft/D 3 MFTscores of the high SI-group were higher than those of the low SI-group (p = 0.046, GLM). CONCLUSIONS High SI at 3 years was associated with high MS-counts ( ≥ 10 5 cfu/ml) and with a high risk for caries.
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8
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Lin YT, Lin YTJ. Factors associated with the risk of caries development after comprehensive dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:164-169. [PMID: 30894966 PMCID: PMC6395190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine the possible risk factors of caries development in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and to perform a caries risk assessment using Cariogram over a 12-month period. There is no report in examining caries risk assessment under 6 years old children in Taiwan. Materials and methods Seventy-nine children (mean age 48.80 ± 10.71 months) with ECC indicated for comprehensive dental reconstruction under general anesthesia were selected. A questionnaire was completed by the parents to assess the possible caries-related factors at a 12-month follow-up. Data were collected for caries index, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB) counts, and salivary buffering capacity at the initial examination and at the 12-month follow-up. Children were divided into two groups: caries-free (decayed, extracted, and filled teeth = 0) and caries-recurrent (decayed, extracted, and filled teeth > 0). The children's caries risk was assessed using the Cariogram software program. Results At the 12-month follow-up, 79.7% of the children had developed new caries. No significant differences were found in parents' education levels, child's oral health practices, or parental knowledge and attitudes toward oral health (P > 0.05) between the caries-free group and the caries-recurrent group. The SM count (P = 0.001) and caries risk assessment (CRA) score (P < 0.001) were found to be significantly associated with new caries development. Conclusion This study has shown that SM count and CRA score were associated with new caries development in ECC children who needed to be treated under general anesthesia. The modified Cariogram used in this study is another significant tool for predicting new carries development in this particular population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yai-Tin Lin
- Pediatric Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yng-Tzer J Lin
- Pediatric Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Gao X, Jiang S, Koh D, Hsu CYS. Salivary biomarkers for dental caries. Periodontol 2000 2015; 70:128-41. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Oda Y, Hayashi F, Okada M. Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in patients with intellectual disabilities. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:102. [PMID: 26328921 PMCID: PMC4557917 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus) are considered to be major etiologic agents of dental caries. Using a polymerase chain reaction method, we detected those bacteria from 145 outpatients (6–30 years old) with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries. Methods Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites in subjects with a sterile toothbrush. A dental examination was performed to determine the number of decayed and filled teeth (DFT score) in permanent dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. A Mann–Whitney U-test was employed to compare the caries scores between combinations of the bacteria, and with a Wilcoxon rank test used to compare caries scores between the baseline and after 1 year. Results Among all subjects, S. mutans and S. sobrinus were possessed by 78.7 and 83.5 %, respectively, while 13.1 % were positive for S. mutans alone, 17.9 % for S. sobrinus alone, and 65.6 % for both organisms, with 3.4 % were negative for both. The mean DFT score of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at after 1 year was significantly higher than that of those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.01). The increase in caries increment was also significantly greater in subjects with both bacteria detected (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results indicate that patients with ID harboring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oda
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Hayashi
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Mitsugi Okada
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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Lapirattanakul J, Nakano K. Mother-to-child transmission of mutans streptococci. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:807-23. [PMID: 25046526 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutans streptococci (MS) are the major group of pathogens implicated in dental caries. Like other infectious diseases, transmission of the causative microorganisms is the initial and essential step that should be understood relative to disease control and prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding MS transmission, especially from mothers to their children. Included are methods used to study transmission, sources of MS, initial acquisition, factors concerning transmission and prevention of transmission. Information accumulated over many decades showed the involvement of MS transmission in the pathogenesis of caries, hence several preventive measurements have been proposed. Nevertheless, some essential aspects remain to be elucidated for more benefits of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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12
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Conrads G, de Soet JJ, Song L, Henne K, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I, Zeng AP. Comparing the cariogenic species Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans on whole genome level. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26189. [PMID: 25475081 PMCID: PMC4256546 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two closely related species of mutans streptococci, namely Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are associated with dental caries in humans. Their acidogenic and aciduric capacity is directly associated with the cariogenic potential of these bacteria. To survive acidic and temporarily harsh conditions in the human oral cavity with hundreds of other microbial co-colonizers as competitors, both species have developed numerous mechanisms for adaptation. Objectives The recently published novel genome information for both species is used to elucidate genetic similarities but especially differences and to discuss the impact on cariogenicity of the corresponding phenotypic properties including adhesion, carbohydrate uptake and fermentation, acid tolerance, signaling by two component systems, competence, and oxidative stress resistance. Conclusions S. sobrinus can down-regulate the SpaA-mediated adherence to the pellicle. It has a smaller number of two-component signaling systems and bacteriocin-related genes than S. mutans, but all or even more immunity proteins. It lacks the central competence genes comC, comS, and comR. There are more genes coding for glucosyltransferases and a novel energy production pathway formed by lactate oxidase, which is not found in S. mutans. Both species show considerable differences in the regulation of fructan catabolism. However, both S. mutans and S. sobrinus share most of these traits and should therefore be considered as equally virulent with regard to dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lifu Song
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry & Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Group Microbial Communication, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems, Technical University Hamburg, Harburg, Germany
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Vestman NR, Timby N, Holgerson PL, Kressirer CA, Claesson R, Domellöf M, Öhman C, Tanner ACR, Hernell O, Johansson I. Characterization and in vitro properties of oral lactobacilli in breastfed infants. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:193. [PMID: 23945215 PMCID: PMC3751747 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus species can contribute positively to general and oral health and are frequently acquired by breastfeeding in infancy. The present study aimed to identify oral lactobacilli in breast and formula-fed 4 month-old infants and to evaluate potential probiotic properties of the dominant Lactobacillus species detected. Saliva and oral swab samples were collected from 133 infants who were enrolled in a longitudinal study (n=240) examining the effect of a new infant formula on child growth and development. Saliva was cultured and Lactobacillus isolates were identified from 16S rRNA gene sequences. Five L. gasseri isolates that differed in 16S rRNA sequence were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of selected oral bacteria and for adhesion to oral tissues. Oral swab samples were analyzed by qPCR for Lactobacillus gasseri. Results 43 (32.3%) infants were breastfed and 90 (67.7%) were formula-fed with either a standard formula (43 out of 90) or formula supplemented with a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction (47 out of 90). Lactobacilli were cultured from saliva of 34.1% breastfed infants, but only in 4.7% of the standard and 9.3% of the MFGM supplemented formula-fed infants. L. gasseri was the most prevalent (88% of Lactobacillus positive infants) of six Lactobacillus species detected. L. gasseri isolates inhibited Streptococcus mutans binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, and inhibited growth of S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum in a concentration dependent fashion. L. gasseri isolates bound to parotid and submandibular saliva, salivary gp340 and MUC7, and purified MFGM, and adhered to epithelial cells. L. gasseri was detected by qPCR in 29.7% of the oral swabs. Breastfed infants had significantly higher mean DNA levels of L. gasseri (2.14 pg/uL) than infants fed the standard (0.363 pg/uL) or MFGM (0.697 pg/uL) formula. Conclusions Lactobacilli colonized the oral cavity of breastfed infants significantly more frequently than formula-fed infants. The dominant Lactobacillus was L. gasseri, which was detected at higher levels in breastfed than formula-fed infants and displayed probiotic traits in vitro.
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14
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Nelson-Filho P, Borba IG, Mesquita KSFD, Silva RAB, Queiroz AMD, Silva LAB. Dynamics of Microbial Colonization of the Oral Cavity in Newborns. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:415-9. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defense mechanisms are not well developed in neonates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of microbial colonization of the oral cavity in newborns. Eighty-one samples of the oral microbiota were obtained from 51 healthy newborns 10 min to 53 h after birth by gently rubbing sterile swabs onto the surface of the tongue, cheek mucosa, alveolar process and palate. After microbiological processing, counting of the colony forming units of streptococci, staphylococci and Gram-negative aerobic bacilli was performed. Between 10 min and 8 h, Staphylococcus epidermidis was detected in 30.7% of the samples; between 8 and 16 h, S. epidermidis was detected in 69.5% of the samples and streptococci in 56.5% of the samples; between 16 and 24 h, S. epidermidis, streptococci and S. aureus were detected in 77.78%, 85.18% and 37.03% of the samples, respectively. Between 24 and 53 h, S. epidermidis was detected in 88.89%, streptococci in 94.4% and S. aureus in 33.3% of the samples. Mutans streptococci were not detected in any of the samples. The adoption of strict hygienic measures by the mother and the nursing staff should be emphasized to avoid or at least delay the occurrence of infections caused by microorganisms in newborns. In addition, hospital procedures must be aseptic and invasive interventions must be minimized.
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Kunte SS, Chaudhary S, Singh A, Chaudhary M. Evaluation and co-relation of the Oratest, colorimetric Snyder's test and salivary Streptococcus mutans count in children of age group of 6-8 years. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2013; 3:59-66. [PMID: 24778981 PMCID: PMC4000913 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Evaluation and co-relation of the caries susceptibility using Oratest, colorimetric Snyder's test and salivary Streptococcus mutans count amongst children in the age group of 6-8 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 healthy children were grouped into control and test groups according to their dmft/DMFT scores. Snyder's test, salivary S. mutans count and Oratest were performed for each individual. RESULTS The relationship of three caries activity tests with each other and with existing caries status was found out. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The present study has shown that Oratest has a definite clinical relationship with caries status and microbiological relationship with S. mutans count of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket S. Kunte
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Chaudhary
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha Singh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur Chaudhary
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra, India
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Mäkinen KK, Järvinen KL, Anttila CH, Luntamo LM, Vahlberg T. Topical xylitol administration by parents for the promotion of oral health in infants: a caries prevention experiment at a Finnish Public Health Centre. Int Dent J 2013; 63:210-24. [PMID: 23879257 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This demonstration programme tested topical use of xylitol as a possible oral health promoting regimen in infants at a Finnish Public Health Centre in 2002-2011. METHODS Parents (usually mothers) began once- or twice-daily administration of a 45% solution of xylitol (2.96 m) onto all available deciduous teeth of their children at the age of approximately 6-8 months. The treatment (xylitol swabbing), which continued till the age of approximately 36 months (total duration 26-28 months), was carried out using cotton swabs or a children's toothbrush; the approximate daily xylitol usage was 13.5 mg per each deciduous tooth. RESULTS At the age of 7 years, caries data on the deciduous dentition of 80 children were compared with those obtained from similar, untreated children (n = 90). Xylitol swabbing resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the incidence of enamel and dentine caries compared with the comparison subjects (relative risk 2.1 and 4.0, respectively; 95% confidence intervals 1.42-3.09 and 2.01-7.98, respectively). Similar findings were obtained when the children were 5 or 6 years old. The treatment reduced the need of tooth filling relative risk and 95% confidence intervals at 7 years: 11.86 and 6.36-22.10, respectively; P < 0.001). Compared with untreated subjects, the oral counts of mutans streptococci were reduced significantly (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Considerable improvement in dental health was accomplished in infants participating in a topical at-home xylitol administration experiment, which was offered to families in the area by the Public Health Centre as a supplement to standard oral health care. Caregiver assessment of the programme was mostly rated as high or satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauko K Mäkinen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the effect of diet on the oral microbiota of infants, although diet is known to affect the gut microbiota. The aims of the present study were to compare the oral microbiota in breast-fed and formula-fed infants, and investigate growth inhibition of streptococci by infant-isolated lactobacilli. METHODS A total of 207 mothers consented to participation of their 3-month-old infants. A total of 146 (70.5%) infants were exclusively and 38 (18.4%) partially breast-fed, and 23 (11.1%) were exclusively formula-fed. Saliva from all of their infants was cultured for Lactobacillus species, with isolate identifications from 21 infants. Lactobacillus isolates were tested for their ability to suppress Streptococcus mutans and S sanguinis. Oral swabs from 73 infants were analysed by the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Lactobacillus gasseri. RESULTS Lactobacilli were cultured from 27.8% of exclusively and partially breast-fed infants, but not from formula-fed infants. The prevalence of 14 HOMIM-detected taxa, and total salivary lactobacilli counts differed by feeding method. Multivariate modelling of HOMIM-detected bacteria and possible confounders clustered samples from breast-fed infants separately from formula-fed infants. The microbiota of breast-fed infants differed based on vaginal or C-section delivery. Isolates of L plantarum, L gasseri, and L vaginalis inhibited growth of the cariogenic S mutans and the commensal S sanguinis: L plantarum >L gasseri >L vaginalis. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota of the mouth differs between 3-month-old breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Possible mechanisms for microbial differences observed include species suppression by lactobacilli indigenous to breast milk.
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Plonka K, Pukallus M, Barnett A, Holcombe T, Walsh L, Seow W. A Longitudinal Case-Control Study of Caries Development from Birth to 36 Months. Caries Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000345073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Okada M, Kawamura M, Oda Y, Yasuda R, Kojima T, Kurihara H. Caries prevalence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Japanese schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012; 22:342-8. [PMID: 22225789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2011.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with dental caries in humans. AIM We used a polymerase chain reaction method to detect S. mutans and S. sobrinus in 128 Japanese schoolchildren and then compared their presence with the dental caries experience. DESIGN Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites with a sterile toothbrush, and dental examinations were performed to determine the numbers of decayed and filled teeth in primary (dft) and permanent (DFT) dentition using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. Fisher's PLSD test was employed to compare caries scores between combinations of the detected bacteria. RESULTS Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus were present in 38.3% and 68.0%, respectively, whereas 14.8% were positive for S. mutans alone, 44.5% for S. sobrinus alone, and 23.5% for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with 17.2% negative for both. The DFT, dft, and total (DFT + dft) scores for subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly higher than those positive for S. mutans alone (P < 0.05, in triplicate). CONCLUSION These results suggest that schoolchildren harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significant higher dental caries experience in both permanent and primary teeth as compared to those with S. mutans alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugi Okada
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
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20
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Köhler B, Andréen I. Mutans streptococci and caries prevalence in children after early maternal caries prevention: a follow-up at 19 years of age. Caries Res 2012; 46:474-80. [PMID: 22796731 DOI: 10.1159/000339665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The efficacy of early maternal caries prevention was evaluated. Furthermore, the difference between children colonised with mutans streptococci (MS) at an early or late stage with regard to the prevalence of carious lesions was determined. METHODS The children of first-time mothers selected on the basis of high salivary levels of MS for participation in a caries prevention programme were recalled at the age of 19 years. They were examined for salivary MS, lesion prevalence (decayed and filled surfaces, DFS) and MS in plaque from 12 selected proximal surfaces. RESULTS The recall rate was 70% for the children of both the high-control and interventional groups. All high-control children and 67% of the interventional children were colonised by MS. All the children with non-detectable MS in saliva were also negative in all plaque samples. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of DFS, although more interventional children were caries free than in the control group. Early-colonised children, irrespective of group identity, had higher salivary MS levels and DFS than later MS-colonised children. CONCLUSION The results indicate that it is possible to remain negative for MS into adulthood if non-colonised at an early age and this affects the development of carious lesions. Strategies for the prevention of dental caries in early childhood should, therefore, include measures to prevent or delay early colonisation by cariogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köhler
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Childers NK, Osgood RC, Hsu KL, Manmontri C, Momeni SS, Mahtani HK, Cutter GR, Ruby JD. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for enumeration of Streptococcus mutans from oral samples. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119:447-54. [PMID: 22112030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study compared SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) with standard plate counting for the enumeration of Streptococcus mutans in oral samples. Oral samples (n = 710) were collected from high-caries-risk children for quantification of S. mutans by qPCR using primer pairs. The S. mutans copy number was calculated with reference to a qPCR quantification cycle (Cq) standard curve and compared with the absorbance value at 600 nm of a standard suspension of S. mutans UA159. The S. mutans copy number results were evaluated in relation to standard plate count (SPC) results obtained from each sample following culture on Petri plates containing S. mutans selective media and reported as colony-forming units (CFUs). The mean S. mutans copy number calculated from qPCR was higher than the SPC CFUs (1.3 × 10(6) and 1.5 × 10(5) CFUs, respectively). The qPCR values were usually higher in individual samples and qPCR detected the presence of S. mutans 84% (231/276) of the time that the SPC did not, compared with 33% (4/12) of the time when qPCR failed to detect S. mutans and the SPC did. The qPCR technique was found to be more sensitive for detection of S. mutans from oral samples, a method that is not dependent on the viability of the sample taken and therefore is proposed as a more reliable and efficient means of quantification of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel K Childers
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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Baca P, Castillo AM, Liébana MJ, Castillo F, Martín-Platero A, Liébana J. Horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in schoolchildren. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17:e495-500. [PMID: 22143733 PMCID: PMC3476088 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetive: The aim of this study was to analyze possible horizontal transmission patterns of S. mutans among 6-7-yr-old schoolchildren from the same class, identifying genotypes and their diversity and relationship with caries disease status.
Study Design: Caries indexes and saliva mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts were recorded in 42 schoolchildren. Mutans streptococci colonies were identified by means of biochemical tests and all S. mutans strains were genotyped by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. A child was considered free of S. mutans when it could not be isolated in 3 samples at 1-week intervals.
Results: S. mutans was isolated in 30 schoolchildren: 20 having one genotype and 10 two genotypes. Higher mutans streptococci and caries index values were found in those with two genotypes. Five genotypes were isolated in more than 1 schoolchild and one of these was isolated in 3 schoolchildren. Our results suggest that horizontal transmission may take place.
Conclusion: Schoolchildren aged 6-7 yrs may be the source of mutual transmission of S. mutans.
Key words:Streptococcus mutans, Horizontal transmission, AP-PCR, genotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
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Bretz WA, Rosa OPS. Emerging technologies for the prevention of dental caries. Are current methods of prevention sufficient for the high risk patient? Int Dent J 2011; 61 Suppl 1:29-33. [PMID: 21726223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorides and chlorhexidine are technologies that are 65 and 40 years old, respectively. This overview argues that current methods of caries prevention are not effective for the high caries risk patient. In this review examples, arguments and recommendations are provided to address the high caries risk patient that include: failure of comprehensive chemical modalities treatments to address the high caries risk patient; ecological alteration - would this be an effective approach?; and biomaterials and oral microbiome research to address the high caries risk patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Bretz
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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24
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Samot J, Lebreton J, Badet C. Adherence capacities of oral lactobacilli for potential probiotic purposes. Anaerobe 2011; 17:69-72. [PMID: 21514395 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The most abundantly used probiotic strains come from the genus Lactobacillus and only a few studies have investigated their role in oral health. Even if a positive correlation has been established between the saliva Lactobacillus count and dental caries, this genus is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Moreover, lactobacilli could in some cases play a beneficial role by inhibiting the growth of some oral pathogenic bacteria. This activity could justify their use as probiotic. To establish the potential health benefit of probiotic candidates, appropriate in vitro tests are required, particularly on their adhesive capacity. The aim of this work was to investigate the adhesive properties and surface characteristics of 70 oral lactobacilli that could be used as probiotics for oral health. For this, three methods were used: biofilm formation on a glass surface and on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs and the microbial adhesion to solvent method. The results of the biofilm formed on glass surface showed 13 strains with an adhesion score equal to or higher than 3. 57/70 (81%) of the tested lactobacilli did not form any biofilm on glass surfaces. All of the 13 strains formed biofilms on HA discs. Among these 13 strains, 10/13 (77%) showed low surface hydrophobicity (0-35%) and 3/13 (23%) showed medium hydrophobicity (36-70%). Some of the selected strains showed potentially useful adhesive capacity. This work paves the way for the selection of probiotics that could be used for oral health purposes with the aim to reduce carious risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Samot
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Unité de recherche OENOLOGIE, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Lenčová E, Broukal Z, Spížek J. Point-of-care salivary microbial tests for detection of cariogenic species--clinical relevance thereof--review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 55:559-68. [PMID: 21253899 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a highly prevalent multifactorial disease that can result in serious health impairment. It was shown that oral bacteria play a significant role in caries development. Point-of-care (POC) salivary microbial tests for detection of cariogenic species have been investigated as a potential tool for caries risk assessment. This review aims to evaluate clinical relevance of these tests in the light of recent scientific evidence. Methodology involved PubMed search using key words salivary microbial tests, cariogenic bacteria and caries risk prediction. Articles obtained by the search were cross-referenced to obtain further sources. Specificity and negative-predictive value of these tests are higher than their sensitivity and positive value. Predictive power of the POC salivary microbial tests as a single predictor is generally weak, although it increases when included in multifactorial models for caries prediction. Literature findings support the use of these tests for screening of at-risk individuals in a population of young preschool children without visible caries and for motivation of subjects on individual level. POC salivary microbial tests are simple and inexpensive and, therefore, may be advantageous from public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lenčová
- Institute of Dental Research, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General Teaching Hospital in Prague, 12111 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Late Established Mutans Streptococci in Children over 3 Years Old. Int J Dent 2010; 2010:732468. [PMID: 20339489 PMCID: PMC2836819 DOI: 10.1155/2010/732468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of mutans streptococci has been reported to most commonly occur at approximately 26 months of age. In the present study, we detected Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in children, then re-examined the subjects to determine the time of acquisition of these bacteria over a 1-year period. The subjects were 57 children ranging in age from 3 to 5 years old, each with primary dentition. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites using a sterile toothbrush. PCR assays were performed to detect the targeted mutans streptococci at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after 1 year. At the baseline examination, the prevalence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was 61.4% and 54.4%, respectively, in all subjects, of whom 14 (24.6%) were positive for S. mutans alone, 10 (17.5%) for S. sobrinus alone, and 21 (36.8%) for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with 12 (21.1%) negative for both. After 1 year, 4 of 22 (18.2%) subjects newly had acquired S. mutans and 15 of 26 (57.7%) had aquired S. sobrinus, while 5 (8.8%) remained negative for both bacteria. The age of the first positive S. mutans finding ranged from 49 to 71 months, while that for S. sobrinus ranged from 49 to 81 months old. Our results suggest that S. sobrinus becomes established later than S. mutans in the oral cavities of children over the age of 3 years old.
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Nakai Y, Shinga-Ishihara C, Kaji M, Moriya K, Murakami-Yamanaka K, Takimura M. Xylitol Gum and Maternal Transmission of Mutans Streptococci. J Dent Res 2009; 89:56-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509352958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An important caries prevention strategy for children includes measures to interfere with transmission of mutans streptococci (MS). This study confirmed the effectiveness of maternal early exposure to xylitol chewing gum on mother-child transmission of MS. After screening, 107 pregnant women with high salivary MS were randomized into two groups: xylitol gum (Xylitol; n = 56) and no gum (Control; n = 51) groups. Maternal chewing started at the sixth month of pregnancy and terminated 13 months later in the Xylitol group. Outcome measures were the presence of MS in saliva or plaque of the children until age 24 months. The Xylitol-group children were significantly less likely to show MS colonization than Control-group children aged 9–24 months. The Control-group children acquired MS 8.8 months earlier than those in the Xylitol group, suggesting that maternal xylitol gum chewing in Japan shows beneficial effects similar to those demonstrated in Nordic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Nakai
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - C. Shinga-Ishihara
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - M. Kaji
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - K. Moriya
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - K. Murakami-Yamanaka
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - M. Takimura
- Department of Behavioral Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Kishi M, Abe A, Kishi K, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Kimura S, Yonemitsu M. Relationship of quantitative salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus in mothers to caries status and colonization of mutans streptococci in plaque in their 2.5-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37:241-9. [PMID: 19508271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relationships of quantitative salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus in mothers with the colonization of mutans streptococci (MS) in plaque and caries status in their 2.5-year-old children. Furthermore, the dynamics of caries status in the children was evaluated in a 2-year follow-up survey. METHODS After oral examination of 54 mother-and-child pairs, the saliva samples from the mothers and the plaque samples from the children were collected. The levels (log DNA copies/ml saliva) of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, while MS in the plaque samples were detected using a cultivation method. In addition, 50 of the 54 children participated in a 2-year follow-up survey of caries prevalence. RESULTS In the 2.5-year-old children, the percentage of dft-positive subjects and mean number of dft were significantly higher in the MS(+) group when compared with the MS(-) group. Findings from the 2-year follow-up survey indicated that MS(+) subjects had a persistently higher mean number of dft at 4.5 years. The 2.5-year-old children were divided into three groups based on the quantitative levels of salivary S. mutans and S. sobrinus in their mothers: those whose mothers had low levels of S. mutans (<4 log DNA copies/ml) and S. sobrinus (<2) (group 1); those whose mothers had a high level of S. mutans (> or = 4) and low level of S. sobrinus (<2) (group 2); and those whose mothers had high levels of both (> or = 4 and > or = 2, respectively) (group 3). Among the three groups, the percentages of MS(+) and dft-positive children were highest in group 3 and lowest in group 1. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that grouping the mothers based on salivary level of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was an efficient means to predict both MS colonization (OR = 2.96) and prevalence of dental caries (OR = 9.39) in children at 2.5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS In the 54 mother-and-child pairs tested, the maternal salivary levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus determined by real-time PCR were significantly related to MS colonization in plaque as well as dental caries in their children at 2.5 years of age. Thus, determination of maternal levels of both organisms using the present cut-off values is proposed as an efficient method to indicate the risks of maternal transmission of MS and childhood dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kishi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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Papaioannou W, Gizani S, Haffajee AD, Quirynen M, Mamai-Homata E, Papagiannoulis L. The microbiota on different oral surfaces in healthy children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:183-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ibrahim S, Nishimura M, Matsumura S, Rodis OM, Nishida A, Kariya N, Yamanaka K, Shimono T. Microbial screening of Cariostat ® -inoculated plaque samples from low and high caries risk children. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(09)70172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Badet C, Thebaud N. Ecology of lactobacilli in the oral cavity: a review of literature. Open Microbiol J 2008; 2:38-48. [PMID: 19088910 PMCID: PMC2593047 DOI: 10.2174/1874285800802010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli appear in the oral cavity during the first years of a child's life. Their presence depends on numerous factors such as the presence of ecological niches e.g. natural anfractuosities of the teeth.A strong correlation has been established between the saliva Lactobacillus count and dental caries, the higher the DMF index, the higher the number of children harbouring a high Lactobacillus count.Among children, the presence of lactobacilli in coronal caries is incontestable. Among adults, lactobacilli are found in root caries. Since 1999, taxonomical revisions make it difficult to interpret the results obtained in the numerous previous studies carried out on the identification of oral lactobacilli, but whatever the sampling method or the identification technique, the carious site or the age of sampled subjects, most species belong to the Lactobacillus casei group.This is important because if a specific correlation can be found between few species of lactobacilli and caries a better understanding of their properties could allow the development of new tools for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badet
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UFR d’Odontologie, 16 cours de la Marne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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Nagashima S, Yoshida A, Ansai T, Watari H, Notomi T, Maki K, Takehara T. Rapid detection of the cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 22:361-8. [PMID: 17949337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are associated with the development of dental caries in humans. In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive method for detecting these major cariogenic pathogens using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The assay procedure is quite simple: the amplification is carried out in a single tube under isothermal conditions at 63 degrees C, and the result can be obtained in less than 1 h. METHODS Initially, a set of six primers was designed by targeting S. mutans-specific and S. sobrinus-specific regions, identified using the genomic subtractive hybridization technique. We evaluated the specificities and sensitivities of these assays. Furthermore, we detected and quantified these bacteria in saliva and carious dentin from eight children. RESULTS The sensitivities of the S. mutans-specific and S. sobrinus-specific LAMP methods, examined using agarose gel electrophoresis, were each one cell for a 30-min reaction. The detection limits using real-time turbidimetry analysis were 1 to 10(7) cells (3.28 x 10(1) to 3.28 x 10(8) fg S. mutans template DNA) per reaction tube and 1 to 10(5) cells (2.72 x 10(3) to 2.72 x 10(8) fg S. sobrinus template DNA) per reaction tube. Using these assays, we detected and quantified these cariogenic bacteria for evaluation of the LAMP assay for clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the LAMP-based assay in combination with subtractive hybridization is valuable for preparing species-specific primers for closely related species. Furthermore, the LAMP-based assay will be a useful tool for the rapid and sensitive prediction of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagashima
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Wernersson J, Danielsson Niemi L, Einarson S, Hernell O, Johansson I. Effects of human milk on adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro. Caries Res 2006; 40:412-7. [PMID: 16946610 DOI: 10.1159/000094287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of bacteria to pellicle-coated tooth surfaces is the first step in biofilm formation on teeth. The aim of this study was to explore whether human milk prevents or promotes adhesion of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (HA) using an in vitro model system. S. mutans binding to HA coated with human parotid saliva (s-HA) or human milk was studied, in addition to binding inhibition to s-HA by human milk. S. mutans did not bind to HA coated with milk. S. mutans binding to s-HA was inhibited by milk from 15 (71 %) of 21 women, whereas milk from the remaining 6 mothers enhanced binding of S. mutans to s-HA. Inhibition of S. mutans binding correlated with bacterial binding to s-HA (r = 0.76). Human milk does not mediate adhesion of S. mutans to HA in vitro, but affects adhesion in an individually varying fashion. Phenotypic variations in milk and saliva glycosylation may explain the inhibitory capacity and possibly affect susceptibility to colonization by S. mutans in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wernersson
- Department of Odontology/Cariolog, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Delgado-Angulo EK, Prado-Armas J, Bernabé E. First molar eruption related to plaque acidogenicity in children of different socio-economic status. Acta Odontol Scand 2006; 64:134-40. [PMID: 16809189 DOI: 10.1080/00016350500419990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the eruption stage of the lower first permanent molar and dental plaque acidogenicity. Socio-economic status (SES), gender, and oral hygiene condition were also variables considered. MATERIAL AND METHODS 230 children between 6 and 8 years of age were recruited from one public and one private primary school with different SES in Lima, Peru. Clinical examinations were performed to assess lower first permanent molar eruption stage, plaque acidogenicity, and oral hygiene condition. Bivariate associations were analyzed through chi-square tests and the variable interactions were analyzed through a hierarchical log-linear analysis with backward elimination. RESULTS 21.8% of the population had highly acidogenic plaque, 34.3% acidogenic plaque, and 43.9% non-acidogenic plaque. Of the lower first permanent molars, 46.1% were fully erupted, whereas 53.9% were partially erupted. According to the final log-linear model, children with fully erupted molars and non-acidogenic plaque are less frequent in low than in high SES. Also, the frequency of children with partially erupted molars and acidogenic to highly acidogenic plaque is higher in males than in females. Finally, fully erupted molars and non-acidogenic plaque are more frequent in children with good hygiene than in children with moderate to poor hygiene. CONCLUSIONS Association between eruption stage of the lower first permanent molar and plaque acidogenicity was not significant in a bivariate context. However, in a multivariate context, socio-economic status, oral hygiene condition, and gender had an impact on the association between the two main variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa K Delgado-Angulo
- Department of Dentistry of the Child and Adolescent, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Okada M, Soda Y, Hayashi F, Doi T, Suzuki J, Miura K, Kozai K. Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in pre-school children. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:661-665. [PMID: 15947431 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with the development of dental caries. In this study these bacteria were detected in pre-school children (each with primary dentition, age range 3-5 years, n = 60) using a PCR method, and then their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries over a 1-year period. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites using a sterile toothbrush. Dental examinations at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after 1 year were also performed to determine decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) scores using WHO caries diagnostic criteria. The prevalences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus across all the subjects were 61.7% and 56.6%, respectively; 13 subjects (21.7%) were positive for S. mutans alone, 10 (16.6%) were positive for S. sobrinus alone and 24 (40.0%) were positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, whereas 13 (21.7%) were negative for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus. dmft scores of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at baseline and after 1 year were significantly higher than of those positive for S. mutans alone at the same stages (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). The caries incremental increase was also significantly greater in those with both bacteria detected (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that pre-school children harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugi Okada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Soda
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumiko Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takako Doi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junji Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
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Köhler B, Lundberg AB, Birkhed D, Papapanou PN. Longitudinal study of intrafamilial mutans streptococci ribotypes. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:383-9. [PMID: 12974680 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the intrafamilial homology and longitudinal stability of colonization by early acquired mutans streptococci, genomic fingerprinting was performed on 254 strains (192 Streptococcus mutans and 62 Streptococcus sobrinus strains) collected from 16 families (16 mother-child pairs, seven fathers and four siblings). Genomic DNA was digested by the restriction endonuclease HindIII, followed by gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled 16S rDNA probe, and hybrid detection by enhanced chemiluminescence. One to five ribotypes were identified per person, and between two and nine (median five) within each family. Fourteen of the 16 mother-child pairs showed homology for at least one ribotype (range 1-4). Six of the seven father-child pairs had one ribotype in common. Ten of the 13 longitudinally examined children showed persistence of at least one ribotype over a period of up to 16 yr. The results support the notion of intrafamilial transfer of mutans streptococci, and suggest that colonization of early acquired strains persists into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Köhler
- Public Dental Service, Göteborg, Faculty of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
This paper presents the current best evidence on the respective and comparative outcomes of chlorhexidine and xylitol and extrapolates these data to individuals with special needs. It analyzes the probable mechanisms of action for both chlorhexidine and xylitol then reviews individual products and discusses the anticipated effectiveness of these products in individuals with special needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Anderson
- Washington Dental Service, 9706 4th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98125, USA.
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Abstract
Optimal growth and development are the primary objectives of pediatric nutrition. Dietary habits and food choices to support both oral health and systemic health are similar. Each emphasizes structured meal patterns and food choices. The oral health professional has a responsibility to screen for diet-related disorders and to treat or refer as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Marshall
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, N335 Dental Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Ozawa Y, Chiba J, Sakamoto S. HLA class II alleles and salivary numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli among young adults in Japan. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 16:353-7. [PMID: 11737658 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.160606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the genetic predisposition toward the accumulation of oral microorganisms, the association between the alleles of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 and -DRB1 and the salivary numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were examined in 102 young adults in Japan. HLA-DQA1*0102, DQB1*0604, DRB1*0802, and DRB1*1302 were weakly associated with the numbers of lactobacilli in saliva samples (P<0.05). HLA-DQB1*0601 was associated with the salivary numbers of mutans streptococci (P<0.01). Two HLA class II haplotypes, HLA-[DRB1*0802-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302] and HLA-[DRB1*1302-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0604], were also weakly associated with the salivary numbers of lactobacilli (P<0.05). These observations suggest that HLA class II alleles may be related to the salivary populations of oral microorganisms, such as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ozawa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Colloca ME, Ahumada MC, López ME, Nader-Macías ME. Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from healthy subjects. Oral Dis 2000; 6:227-33. [PMID: 10918560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactobacilli are considered cariogenic micro-organisms. As oral species of lactobacilli have not been thoroughly described, the aim of this work was to isolated and identify these organisms from teeth, tongue, saliva and gum of healthy patients and to describe some of their surface properties. SUBJECTS Forty-four subjects from Tucumán, Argentina, with D, d and M, m indices equal to 0. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were obtained from different areas of the oral cavity. Microorganisms were cultured in lactobacilli selected media (LBS) and identified morphologically and biochemically. Hydrophobicity was analysed by partition in organic solvents, acidity by affinity with chloroform and basicity with ethyl acetate (MATH method), aggregation and coaggregation in presence of (NH4)2SO4, and haemagglutination with ABO erythrocytes in microplates. RESULTS Eighty-five lactobacilli were isolated; 29.4% were homofermenter, 44.7% facultative heterofermenter and 25.9% obligate heterofermenter. Predominant species were L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. salivarius, and L. rhamnosus. Most of the strains showed moderate to high hydrophobicity and demonstrated high acid and basic surface charges with almost 40% showing salt aggregation. Few strains haemagglutinated. CONCLUSIONS A variety of Lactobacillus species were isolated from healthy mouths, some of whom showed adhesion-related properties such as high hydrophobicity and charged surfaces. Probable mechanisms related to the ecological behaviour of lactobacilli in the oral cavity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Colloca
- CERELA (Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos), Chacabuco 145, (4000)-San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Söderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihäkkinen K, Tenovuo J. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants. J Dent Res 2000; 79:882-7. [PMID: 10765964 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is effective as a non-cariogenic sugar substitute. Habitual xylitol consumption appears to select for mutans streptococci (MS) with impaired adhesion properties, i.e., they shed easily to saliva from plaque. One hundred sixty-nine mother-child pairs participated in a two-year study exploring whether the mothers' xylitol consumption could be used to prevent mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci. All mothers showed high salivary levels of mutans streptococci during pregnancy. The mothers in the xylitol group (n = 106) were requested to chew xylitol-sweetened gum (65% w/w) at least 2 or 3 times a day, starting three months after delivery. In the two control groups, the mothers received either chlorhexidine (n = 30) or fluoride (n = 33) varnish treatments at 6, 12, and 18 months after delivery. The children did not chew gum or receive varnish treatments. MS were assessed from the mothers' saliva at half-year intervals and from the children's plaque at the one- and two-year examinations. The MS were cultured on Mitis salivarius agars containing bacitracin. The salivary MS levels of the mothers remained high and not significantly different among the three study groups throughout the study. At two years of age, 9.7% of the children in the xylitol, 28.6% in the chlorhexidine, and 48.5% in the fluoride varnish group showed a detectable level of MS. In conclusion, therefore, habitual xylitol consumption by mothers was associated with a statistically significant reduction of the probability of mother-child transmission of MS assessed at two years of age. The effect was superior to that obtained with either chlorhexidine or fluoride varnish treatments performed as single applications at six-month intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Abstracts. Br Dent J 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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