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Rolph MJ, Bolfa P, Cavanaugh SM, Rolph KE. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for the Detection of Intracellular Bacteria in Companion Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:52. [PMID: 38275934 PMCID: PMC10821249 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
FISH techniques have been applied for the visualization and identification of intracellular bacteria in companion animal species. Most frequently, these techniques have focused on the identification of adhesive-invasive Escherichia coli in gastrointestinal disease, although various other organisms have been identified in inflammatory or neoplastic gastrointestinal disease. Previous studies have investigated a potential role of Helicobacter spp. in inflammatory gastrointestinal and hepatic conditions. Other studies evaluating the role of infectious organisms in hepatopathies have received some attention with mixed results. FISH techniques using both eubacterial and species-specific probes have been applied in inflammatory cardiovascular, urinary, and cutaneous diseases to screen for intracellular bacteria. This review summarizes the results of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kerry E. Rolph
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Harikai N, Tanaka Y, Miyashita S, Zaima K, Shinomiya K. Real-time PCR method for detection of short DNA using a deoxyuridine probe and application for detection of fomivirsen. Biotechniques 2022; 73:281-287. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to develop a short DNA detection method using a deoxyuridine probe and polymerase chain reaction. The probe was hybridized to the target short DNA, which was then extended by DNA polymerase. The extended DNA was used for real-time PCR after the probe was removed by uracil DNA glycosylase. This method measured from 0.01 to 10 nM of a model short DNA sequence of 17 nucleotides. The method was then used to detect the nucleic acid medicine fomivirsen, as well as 21 phosphorothioate nucleotides, and to quantify 0.1–100 nM of fomivirsen. This method may be useful for detecting short DNA fragments, such as functional nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harikai
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyashita
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Zaima
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kazufusa Shinomiya
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
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Christie L, van Aerle R, Paley RK, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Tidbury H, Green M, Feist SW, Cano I. The skin immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), associated with puffy skin disease (PSD). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:355-363. [PMID: 29709592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Puffy skin disease (PSD) is an emerging skin condition which affects rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The transmission pattern of PSD suggests an infectious aetiology, however, the actual causative infectious agent(s) remain(s) unknown. In the present study, the rainbow trout epidermal immune response to PSD was characterised. Skin samples from infected fish were analysed and classified as mild, moderate or severe PSD by gross pathology and histological assessment. The level of expression of 26 immune-associated genes including cytokines, immunoglobulins and cell markers were examined by TaqMan qPCR assays. A significant up-regulation of the gene expression of C3, lysozyme, IL-1β and T-bet and down-regulation of TGFβ and TLR3 was observed in PSD fish compared to control fish. MHCI gene expression was up-regulated only in severe PSD lesions. Histological examinations of the epidermis showed a significant increase in the number of eosinophil cells and dendritic melanocytes in PSD fish. In severe lesions, mild diffuse lymphocyte infiltration was observed. IgT and CD8 positive cells were detected locally in the skin of PSD fish by in situ hybridisation (ISH), however, the gene expression of those genes was not different from control fish. Total IgM in serum of diseased animals was not different from control fish, measured by a sandwich ELISA, nor was significant up regulation of IgM gene expression in PSD lesions observed. Taken together, these results show activation of the complement pathway, up-regulation of a Th17 type response and eosinophilia during PSD. This is typical of a response to extracellular pathogens (i.e. bacteria and parasites) and allergens, commonly associated with acute dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Christie
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - David W Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Hannah Tidbury
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Matthew Green
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Irene Cano
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Mandalos N, Rhinn M, Granchi Z, Karampelas I, Mitsiadis T, Economides AN, Dollé P, Remboutsika E. Sox2 acts as a rheostat of epithelial to mesenchymal transition during neural crest development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:345. [PMID: 25309446 PMCID: PMC4162359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of self-renewal and differentiation of progenitor cells into the cranial neural crest (CNC) pool ensures proper head development, guided by signaling pathways such as BMPs, FGFs, Shh and Notch. Here, we show that murine Sox2 plays an essential role in controlling progenitor cell behavior during craniofacial development. A “Conditional by Inversion” Sox2 allele (Sox2COIN) has been employed to generate an epiblast ablation of Sox2 function (Sox2EpINV). Sox2EpINV/+(H) haploinsufficient and conditional (Sox2EpINV/mosaic) mutant embryos proceed beyond gastrulation and die around E11. These mutant embryos exhibit severe anterior malformations, with hydrocephaly and frontonasal truncations, which could be attributed to the deregulation of CNC progenitor cells during their epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This irregularity results in an exacerbated and aberrant migration of Sox10+ NCC in the branchial arches and frontonasal process of the Sox2 mutant embryos. These results suggest a novel role for Sox2 as a regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) that are important for the cell flow in the developing head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Mandalos
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming" Vari-Attica, Greece
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Zoraide Granchi
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, ZZM Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Karampelas
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming" Vari-Attica, Greece ; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thimios Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich, ZZM Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Dollé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Eumorphia Remboutsika
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming" Vari-Attica, Greece
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Boissinot K, Huletsky A, Peytavi R, Turcotte S, Veillette V, Boissinot M, Picard FJ, mARTEL EA, Bergeron MG. Rapid exonuclease digestion of PCR-amplified targets for improved microarray hybridization. Clin Chem 2007; 53:2020-3. [PMID: 18030700 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.091157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Boissinot
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Quebec City, Québec, G1V 4G2 Canada
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Sparano BA, Koide K. Fluorescent sensors for specific RNA: a general paradigm using chemistry and combinatorial biology. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4785-94. [PMID: 17385867 DOI: 10.1021/ja070111z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a new paradigm for the development of small molecule-based RNA sensors. We prepared a series of potential PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensors on the basis of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorophore conjugated with two aniline derivatives as electron donors (quenchers). NMR and fluorescent spectroscopic analyses of these DCF derivatives revealed the correlation between the conformations, the PET, and the fluorescent intensities of these DCF derivatives, enabling us to select a sensor candidate. RNA aptamers were raised against the aniline-based quencher via in vitro selection (SELEX). One of these aptamers enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the DCF-aniline conjugate in a concentration-dependent manner. To demonstrate the power and generality of this approach, additional in vitro selection was performed and aptamers from this selection were found to have similar activities. These results show that one can develop fluorescence-inducing reporter RNA and morph it into remotely related sequences without prior structural insight into RNA-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Sparano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Knuchel MC, Speck RF, Schlaepfer E, Kuster H, Ott P, Günthard HF, Opravil M, Cone RW, Weber R. Impact of TNFalpha, LTalpha, Fc gammaRII and complement receptor on HIV-1 trapping in lymphoid tissue from HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2000; 14:2661-9. [PMID: 11125884 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200012010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate HIV trapping mechanisms in patients with acute infection and in asymptomatic individuals prior to and during antiretroviral therapy. To determine the role of complement receptor (CR), Fc gamma receptor II (Fc gammaRII), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) expression in HIV trapping efficiency. METHODS Lymphoid tissues from three acutely HIV-infected patients and six asymptomatic, chronically HIV-infected patients collected prior to and during antiretroviral therapy were compared with lymphoid tissues from six HIV-seronegative subjects. HIV, TNFalpha and LTalpha RNA expression was detected and quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. CR, Fc gammaRII and HIV p24 antigen were detected and quantified by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The amount of trapped HIV did not differ significantly between patients with acute HIV infection and asymptomatic individuals, and was independent of the presence of CR or Fc gammaRII expression. However, in patients with acute infection, the amount of trapped virus was correlated inversely with the number of HIV-infected cells (P = 0.0092) and with the size of the light zone (P = 0.037). In these patients, the number of TNFalpha-expressing cells was correlated inversely with the amount of trapped virus (P = 0.014) and positively correlated with the size of the light zone in germinal centers (P = 0.041). No correlations were observed between TNFalpha or LTalpha expression and Fc gammaRII or CR expression. CONCLUSION This report provides the first evidence that in humans TNFalpha is involved in the development of lymphoid follicles, HIV trapping, and, consequently, in early host immune responses. A model is proposed for early events in patients during acute HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Knuchel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Knuchel MC, Kuster H, Schlaepfer E, Kallivroussis A, Weber R, Cone RW. Incomplete HIV-1 activation in latently infected U1 cells demonstrated by double in situ hybridization. Virology 2000; 271:79-89. [PMID: 10814573 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triple combination antiretroviral therapy can reduce HIV-1 infection to a relatively small pool of latently infected cells. To eliminate this residual source of virus, new therapies designed to activate latently infected cells are currently being tested. We therefore investigated the kinetics of in vitro HIV-1 RNA induction using chronically infected U1 cells. A new two-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (double ISH) method was devised to simultaneously assess total HIV-1 RNA (T-RNA) and unspliced HIV-1 RNA (U-RNA) expression in individual cells. Activation of the U1 cells resulted in increasing expression of T-RNA between 0 and 24 h with lagging expression of U-RNA between 6 and 30 h. Both the positive area per cell and the number of positive cells increased with time. Although activation induced 98.5% of the cells to express HIV-1 T-RNA by 24 h, 52% remained negative for U-RNA. In contrast, 100% of 8E5 cells, which constitutively express HIV-1, scored positive for U-RNA as well as T-RNA with the double ISH. This study provides, for the first time, a semiquantitative cell-by-cell analysis of HIV-1 mRNA subsets in latently infected cells. Our results establish the advantages of using double fluorescence ISH to study gene expression and demonstrate that chronically infected U1 cells remain in a partially induced state despite potent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Knuchel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland.
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