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Motawi TK, El-Maraghy SA, Kamel AS, Said SE, Kortam MA. Modulation of p38 MAPK and Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis outline the anti-neuroinflammatory and remyelinating characters of Clemastine in EAE rat model. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115435. [PMID: 36720356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is vast evidence for the effect of NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Clemastine (CLM) targets NLRP3 in hypoxic brain injury and promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation. However, no previous study pointed to the link of CLM with inflammasome components in MS. Herein, the study aimed to verify the action of CLM on NLRP3 signaling in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an MS rat model. Homogenate of spinal cord with complete Freund's adjuvant was administered on days 0 and 7 to induce EAE. Rats received either CLM (5 mg/kg/day; p.o.) or MCC950 (2.5 mg/kg/day; i.p) for 15 days starting from the first immunization day. In EAEs' brains, NLRP3 pathway components; total and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), caspase-1, interleukins 1β and -18 along with pyroptotic marker; gasdermin D (GSDMD) were upregulated. These were accompanied with diminished nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and total antioxidant capacity levels. CLM improved these perturbations as well as signs of MS; weight loss, clinical scores, and motor disorders observed in the open field, hanging wire and rotarod tests. Histopathological examinations revealed improvement in H&E abnormalities and axonal demyelination as shown by luxol fast blue stain in lumbar sections of spinal cord. These CLM's actions were studied in comparison to MCC950 as a well-established selective blocker of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusively, CLM has a protective role against neuroinflammation and demyelination in EAE via its anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shohda A El-Maraghy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salma E Said
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona A Kortam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy st., 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Riedesel AK, Helgers SOA, Abdulbaki A, Hatipoglu Majernik G, Alam M, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Severity Assessment of Complex and Repeated Intracranial Surgery in Rats. Eur Surg Res 2023; 64:108-119. [PMID: 34731861 DOI: 10.1159/000520678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence-based grading of the impact of intracranial surgery on rat's well-being is important for ethical and legal reasons. We assessed the severity of complex and repeated intracranial surgery in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's rat model with subsequent intracranial electrode implantation and in an intracranial tumor model with subsequent resection. METHODS Stereotactic surgery was performed in adult male rats with the same general anesthesia and perioperative pain management. In Parkinson's model, Sprague Dawley rats received unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 7) into the medial forebrain bundle as first operation (1st OP). After four weeks, neural electrodes were implanted in all rats as second operation (2nd OP). For tumor formation, BDIX/UlmHanZtm rats (n = 8) received frontocortical injection of BT4Ca cells as 1st OP, followed by tumor resection as 2nd OP after one week. Multiple measures severity assessment was done two days before and four days after surgery in all rats, comprising clinical scoring, body weight, and detailed behavioral screening. To include a condition with a known burden, rats with intracranial tumors were additionally assessed up to a predefined humane endpoint that has previously been classified as "moderate". RESULTS After the 1st OP, only 6-OHDA injection resulted in transient elevated clinical scores, a mild long-lasting weight reduction, and motor disturbances. After the second surgery, body weight was transiently reduced in all groups. All other parameters showed variable results. Principal component analysis showed a separation from the preoperative state driven by motor-related parameters after 6-OHDA injection, while separation after electrode implantation and more clearly after tumor resection was driven by pain-related parameters, although not reaching the level of the humane endpoint of our tumor model. CONCLUSION Overall, cranial surgery of different complexity only transiently and rather mildly affects rat's well-being. Multiple measures assessment allows the differentiation of model-related motor disturbances in Parkinson's model from potentially pain-related conditions after tumor resection and electrode implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arif Abdulbaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Osorio-Querejeta I, Alberro A, Suárez J, Sáenz-Cuesta M, Oregi A, Moles L, Muñoz-Culla M, Otaegui D. The innovative animal monitoring device for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (“I AM D EAE”): A more detailed evaluation for improved results. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 63:103836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Keubler LM, Hoppe N, Potschka H, Talbot SR, Vollmar B, Zechner D, Häger C, Bleich A. Where are we heading? Challenges in evidence-based severity assessment. Lab Anim 2019; 54:50-62. [PMID: 31718424 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219877216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Nils Hoppe
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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McGuckin Wuertz K, Treuting PM, Hemann EA, Esser-Nobis K, Snyder AG, Graham JB, Daniels BP, Wilkins C, Snyder JM, Voss KM, Oberst A, Lund J, Gale M. STING is required for host defense against neuropathological West Nile virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007899. [PMID: 31415679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV), an emerging and re-emerging RNA virus, is the leading source of arboviral encephalitic morbidity and mortality in the United States. WNV infections are acutely controlled by innate immunity in peripheral tissues outside of the central nervous system (CNS) but WNV can evade the actions of interferon (IFN) to facilitate CNS invasion, causing encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and death. Recent studies indicate that STimulator of INterferon Gene (STING), canonically known for initiating a type I IFN production and innate immune response to cytosolic DNA, is required for host defense against neurotropic RNA viruses. We evaluated the role of STING in host defense to control WNV infection and pathology in a murine model of infection. When challenged with WNV, STING knock out (-/-) mice displayed increased morbidity and mortality compared to wild type (WT) mice. Virologic analysis and assessment of STING activation revealed that STING signaling was not required for control of WNV in the spleen nor was WNV sufficient to mediate canonical STING activation in vitro. However, STING-/- mice exhibited a clear trend of increased viral load and virus dissemination in the CNS. We found that STING-/- mice exhibited increased and prolonged neurological signs compared to WT mice. Pathological examination revealed increased lesions, mononuclear cellular infiltration and neuronal death in the CNS of STING-/- mice, with sustained pathology after viral clearance. We found that STING was required in bone marrow derived macrophages for early control of WNV replication and innate immune activation. In vivo, STING-/- mice developed an aberrant T cell response in both the spleen and brain during WNV infection that linked with increased and sustained CNS pathology compared to WT mice. Our findings demonstrate that STING plays a critical role in immune programming for the control of neurotropic WNV infection and CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Department of Defense; United States Army Medical Department, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jessica B Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M Voss
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Kendall LV, Owiny JR, Dohm ED, Knapek KJ, Lee ES, Kopanke JH, Fink M, Hansen SA, Ayers JD. Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents. ILAR J 2019; 59:177-194. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal models requires thoughtful consideration for their well-being, as infections can significantly impact the general health of an animal and impair their welfare. Application of the 3Rs—replacement, refinement, and reduction—to animal models using biohazardous agents can improve the scientific merit and animal welfare. Replacement of animal models can use in vitro techniques such as cell culture systems, mathematical models, and engineered tissues or invertebrate animal hosts such as amoeba, worms, fruit flies, and cockroaches. Refinements can use a variety of techniques to more closely monitor the course of disease. These include the use of biomarkers, body temperature, behavioral observations, and clinical scoring systems. Reduction is possible using advanced technologies such as in vivo telemetry and imaging, allowing longitudinal assessment of animals during the course of disease. While there is no single method to universally replace, refine, or reduce animal models, the alternatives and techniques discussed are broadly applicable and they should be considered when infectious disease animal models are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon V Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, and Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James R Owiny
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erik D Dohm
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katie J Knapek
- Comparative Medicine Training Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin S Lee
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jennifer H Kopanke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael Fink
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jessica D Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Häger C, Keubler LM, Talbot SR, Biernot S, Weegh N, Buchheister S, Buettner M, Glage S, Bleich A. Running in the wheel: Defining individual severity levels in mice. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006159. [PMID: 30335759 PMCID: PMC6193607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine-scale grading of the severity experienced by animals used in research constitutes a key element of the 3Rs (replace, reduce, and refine) principles and a legal requirement in the European Union Directive 2010/63/EU. Particularly, the exact assessment of all signs of pain, suffering, and distress experienced by laboratory animals represents a prerequisite to develop refinement strategies. However, minimal and noninvasive methods for an evidence-based severity assessment are scarce. Therefore, we investigated whether voluntary wheel running (VWR) provides an observer-independent behaviour-centred approach to grade severity experienced by C57BL/6J mice undergoing various treatments. In a mouse model of chemically induced acute colitis, VWR behaviour was directly related to colitis severity, whereas clinical scoring did not sensitively reflect severity but rather indicated marginal signs of compromised welfare. Unsupervised k-means algorithm–based cluster analysis of body weight and VWR data enabled the discrimination of cluster borders and distinct levels of severity. The validity of the cluster analysis was affirmed in a mouse model of acute restraint stress. This method was also applicable to uncover and grade the impact of serial blood sampling on the animal’s welfare, underlined by increased histological scores in the colitis model. To reflect the entirety of severity in a multidimensional model, the presented approach may have to be calibrated and validated in other animal models requiring the integration of further parameters. In this experimental set up, however, the automated assessment of an emotional/motivational driven behaviour and subsequent integration of the data into a mathematical model enabled unbiased individual severity grading in laboratory mice, thereby providing an essential contribution to the 3Rs principles. Animal-based biomedical research is often accompanied by experience of discomfort or pain by the animal. Recognition of disturbed animal welfare is mandatory, and the classification and assessment of its severity is a crucial part of the legislative framework in the European Union (EU). In the present study, we analysed voluntary wheel running (VWR) behaviour as a measure of compromised welfare in a mouse colitis model. Unsupervised mathematical clustering of clinical and VWR data enabled us to allocate and classify severity levels. This cluster model was verified using VWR data from a restraint stress model and allowed us to uncover the impact of routine experimental procedures on these mice. We propose that clustering of VWR behaviour provides a useful method for assessing the severity level of experimental procedures conducted on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lydia M. Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Biernot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Weegh
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Manuela Buettner
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Krämer T, Grob T, Menzel L, Hirnet T, Griemert E, Radyushkin K, Thal SC, Methner A, Schaefer MKE. Dimethyl fumarate treatment after traumatic brain injury prevents depletion of antioxidative brain glutathione and confers neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2017; 143:523-533. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Theresa Grob
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Mouse Behavior Unit; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schaefer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Golledge
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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