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Rodrigues F, Monteiro D, Matos R, Jacinto M, Antunes R, Amaro N. Exploring the Dynamics of Athletes' Enjoyment and Self-Determined Motivation, and of the Motivational Climate in Youth Football: A Longitudinal Perspective. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:551-567. [PMID: 38096458 PMCID: PMC10924548 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231222152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to explore a short period longitudinal interplay between athletes' enjoyment and their self-determined motivation and motivational climate in youth football. We recruited 109 youth football athletes (79 males, 30 females) through a convenient sampling method. We included individuals within the 12-17-year-old age range, with a mean age of 14.31 (SD = 1.46) years. To examine these proposed associations, we performed hierarchical multiple regression analyses and found that enjoyment at pre-season assessment (T1) and self-determined motivation and a task-involving sport climate at mid-season (T2) were significant predictors of mid-season enjoyment (at T2). However, self-determined motivation and task-involving climate at T1 did not significantly contribute to the model. These findings emphasize the importance of initial enjoyment and an evolved self-determined motivation, and task-involving climate in understanding later enjoyment in sport. Coaches, practitioners, and policymakers should prioritize strategies that enhance intrinsic motivation, provide opportunities for autonomy, and cultivate a supportive and growth-oriented environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Amaro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Heredia-León DA, Manzano-Sánchez D, Gómez-Mármol A, Valero-Valenzuela A. Prediction of the adherence to sports practice of young Ecuadorians based on the perception of the coach's interpersonal style. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1133583. [PMID: 37179851 PMCID: PMC10169726 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the framework of the self-determination theory, the present study aimed to test a predictive model in the Ecuadorian sports context by using autonomy support as a trigger, which was mediated by basic psychological needs and later by autonomous motivation. This procedure was used to predict the intention to be physically active and was carried out on 280 athletes from the province of Azuay (Ecuador) aged between 12 and 20 years (M = 15.28; SD = 1.71). Different scales were used to measure the perception of the interpersonal style of autonomy supported by the coach. The scales employed included the degree of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation to practice sports, and intention to be physically active. A structural equation analysis revealed that perceived autonomy support positively predicted basic psychological needs, which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation and, as a result, the athletes' intentions to be physically active. It was concluded that coaches' support for the interpersonal style of autonomy can benefit the development of basic psychological needs as well as autonomous motivation, which in turn can increase young athletes' intentions to be physically active. Future research is also recommended to verify this predictive model and to encourage further experimental studies in which coaches promote autonomy support for athletes intending to increase their adherence to practising sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrés Heredia-León
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, SAFE (Salud, Actividad Física y Educación) Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Academic Unit of Education, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - David Manzano-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, SAFE (Salud, Actividad Física y Educación) Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Mármol
- Faculty of Education, SAFE (Salud, Actividad Física y Educación) Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, SAFE (Salud, Actividad Física y Educación) Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Amaro N, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F, Matos R, Jacinto M, Cavaco B, Jorge S, Antunes R. Task-Involving Motivational Climate and Enjoyment in Youth Male Football Athletes: The Mediation Role of Self-Determined Motivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3044. [PMID: 36833738 PMCID: PMC9966829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at examining the mediation role of self-determined motivation (identified and integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation) in the association between task-involving climate and enjoyment in youth male football athletes. METHODS A total of 109 youth males (M = 14.38; SD = 1.55) were recruited to participate in this study. The survey included sociodemographic data and validated instruments such as the Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale, the Behavioral Regulation Sport Questionnaire, and the Sports Enjoyment Scale. RESULTS The results showed that the task-involving climate was a positive and significant predictor of integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation. In addition, integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation were positive and significant predictors of enjoyment. The results of the mediation analysis revealed a partial mediation role of self-determined motivation in the relationship between task-involving climate and enjoyment. Significant indirect effects only occurred through intrinsic motivation. CONCLUSIONS Providing higher levels of enjoyment in the sport context could be an excellent option for leisure activities for children and youth, as long as self-determined motivation and task-involving climates provided by the coaches are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Amaro
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | | | - Sandro Jorge
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), 2415-396 Leiria, Portugal
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Kim HD, Cruz AB. Gender Differences in the Relationships Between Coach Transformational Leadership and Player Satisfaction and Commitment: A Meta-Analytic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:915391. [PMID: 35800950 PMCID: PMC9253673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study meta-analyzed the relationships between coach transformational leadership and player satisfaction and commitment. We also examined the potential moderating effect of player gender on these relationships. In total, 182 effect sizes were obtained from 26 studies comprised of 6,715 participants. The analyses revealed that the overall direct effect of transformational leadership was moderate on both athletic satisfaction and exercise commitment. The effect of charismatic construct of transformational leadership was moderate on athletic satisfaction as well as exercise commitment. Finally, player gender was found to moderate the effects of the relationship between transformational leadership and athletic satisfaction and exercise commitment of players. Specifically, female players' satisfaction and commitment were more positively affected by transformational leadership compared with their male counterparts. Our findings suggests that effective leadership in sports is dependent on the interaction among leadership behaviors of the coach, personal characteristics of the players, and situational factors and highlights the importance of transformational leadership as an important requirement for creating a more positive and sustainable sports environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Duck Kim
- Department of Sport Marketing, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Angelita Bautista Cruz
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Angelita Bautista Cruz
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Exploring the Effects of Coaching Behavior on the Mental Conditioning Process of Taekwondo Poomsae Athletes: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Psychological Needs and Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127016. [PMID: 35742267 PMCID: PMC9223147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a gender-specific difference in the indirect effect of perceived coaching behaviors of Taekwondo Poomsae athletes on performance mediated by basic psychological needs. To this end, a survey was conducted to collect data from 474 Taekwondo Poomsae athletes (male = 285). Based on the collected data, analysis of basic descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and PROCESS was used to test the proposed model of multi mediated moderation. For female athletes, there was an indirect effect of controlling coaching behaviors resulting in performance improvement mediated by autonomy, but this effect was not observed in male athletes. The findings of this study indicate that different mental conditioning strategies should be applied in consideration of athletes’ gender to improve coaches’ methods of instruction and ultimately improve performance in Taekwondo Poomsae.
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Objective Comparison of Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness among Semi-Professional Male and Female Football Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine differences in achievement motivation (measured with the Objective Achievement Motivation Test, OLMT, Schuhfried®) and competitiveness between male and female semi-professional football players. The OLMT objectively assessed three constructs regarding achievement motivation: motivation through personal goals, aspiration level, and motivation through competition. In addition, competitiveness was measured with the self-reported Competitiveness-10 Questionnaire. Finally, participants’ performance was assessed by three expert observers in each of ten matches. Thirty-eight football players (men = 27; women = 11) participated in the present study, and no significant differences were found in the Levene test when comparing men and women with respect to the scores obtained in the different measures used in our research. Significant differences were found in the motivation through competition (p = 0.021) as well as in self-reported competitiveness (p = 0.020) as a function of gender, with males showing higher values in both cases. No gender differences were found in aspiration level (p = 0.283) or motivation through personal goals (p = 0.897). Moreover, age and player performance did not modulate gender differences on any measures. No significant correlation was found between motivational measures and performance. In conclusion, it should be noted that the only variable on which gender differences emerged was the level of competitiveness, such that males scored higher than females on both objective and self-reported measures.
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Rodrigues F, Pelletier L, Rocchi M, Cid L, Teixeira D, Monteiro D. Adaptation and Validation of a Portuguese Version of the Sports Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II-P) Showing Invariance for Gender and Sport Type. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2669-2687. [PMID: 34382478 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211039362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present cross-sectional study, we adapted and examined the validity of a Portuguese version of the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II-P) within a sample of 1148 Portuguese athletes (women = 546, men = 602) with a mean age of 18.45 years (SD = 5.36), participating in a variety of sports (i.e., football, basketball, swimming, and athletics). We conducted confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity analysis, and multigroup analysis across participants' sport type (team and individual) and gender. We also examined the correlations between the SMS-II-P behavioral regulations and basic psychological needs satisfaction. The results supported that the SMS-II-P had good psychometric properties and was invariant across gender and sport type. The scale demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity, and the subscales achieved adequate internal consistency. Correlations between the six types of regulation measured in the SMS-II supported the distinction between autonomous and controlled behavioral regulations, and the correlations between these subscales and other measures of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction provided evidence of the self-determination continuum. Implications of this research for assessing Portuguese athletes and conducting future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodrigues
- Life Quality Research Center, Santarém, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | | | - M Rocchi
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Teixeira
- University of Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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Nascimento Junior JRAD, Freire GLM, Quinaud RT, Oliveira DVD, Cronin LD. Life Skills Development Through Sport in Brazil: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1017-1036. [PMID: 33706593 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a large sample of youth participants' life skills development through sport was impacted by demographic variables and/or variables based on self-determination theory. Participants were 461 Brazilian youth sport (325 boys; 136 girls) aged 10-17 years (Mage = 15.12, SD = 1.44). Participants completed a self-report research survey to assess demographic variables, coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and sport motivation. We analyzed data using cluster analysis, a chi-square test and multivariate analysis of variance. We found that sport participants in the high life skills development cluster were older (p = .007) and had more years of sport experience (p = .032). Compared to the low life skills development cluster, sports participants in the high life skills development cluster displayed higher scores for coach's autonomy support (p = .001), autonomy satisfaction (p = .002), competence satisfaction (p = .001), relatedness satisfaction (p = .001), and identified regulation (p = .023). In practice, these findings indicate that coaches should seek to satisfy participants' three basic psychological needs and encourage an identified regulation form of motivation when trying to promote participants' life skills development through sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo T Quinaud
- Physical Education College, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Rodrigues F, Monteiro D, Teixeira DS, Cid L. The Relationship between Teachers and Peers' Motivational Climates, Needs Satisfaction, and Physical Education Grades: An AGT and SDT Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176145. [PMID: 32847056 PMCID: PMC7504719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, this study aimed to examine the associations of students’ perception of learning- and performance-oriented climates created by teachers and peers on basic psychological needs satisfaction, and consequently their relationships with physical education grades. This study had a cross-sectional design, and 589 students aged between 10 and 18 years (M = 12.93; SD = 1.49) were recruited for analysis. Participants completed a multisection survey assessing motivational climates and basic psychological needs, and physical education grades were provided by the physical education teacher. Students’ perception of learning-oriented climates created by teachers and peers was positively and significantly associated with basic psychological needs satisfaction. Additionally, these learning-oriented climates presented a significant indirect association with physical education grades. On the other hand, the performance-oriented climate created by teachers had a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs satisfaction and displayed a negative indirect relationship with physical education grades. The performance-oriented climate created by peers had a positive and significant relationship with basic psychological needs satisfaction and displayed a positive indirect relationship with physical education grades. The perception of performance-oriented climates created by peers could represent a boost within the students in physical education features. Teachers have the responsibility of promoting task and learning environments in which students experience positive outcomes, not only on a motivational level but also on a cognitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM-IPSantarém), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (D.M.); (L.C.)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM-IPSantarém), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (D.M.); (L.C.)
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo S. Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Lusófona (UHLT/FEFD), 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Cid
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém (ESDRM-IPSantarém), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (D.M.); (L.C.)
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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