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Gregori M, De Jong MG, Pieters R. The Crosswise Model for Surveys on Sensitive Topics: A General Framework for Item Selection and Statistical Analysis. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2024:10.1007/s11336-024-09976-3. [PMID: 38806852 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-024-09976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
When surveys contain direct questions about sensitive topics, participants may not provide their true answers. Indirect question techniques incentivize truthful answers by concealing participants' responses in various ways. The Crosswise Model aims to do this by pairing a sensitive target item with a non-sensitive baseline item, and only asking participants to indicate whether their responses to the two items are the same or different. Selection of the baseline item is crucial to guarantee participants' perceived and actual privacy and to enable reliable estimates of the sensitive trait. This research makes the following contributions. First, it describes an integrated methodology to select the baseline item, based on conceptual and statistical considerations. The resulting methodology distinguishes four statistical models. Second, it proposes novel Bayesian estimation methods to implement these models. Third, it shows that the new models introduced here improve efficiency over common applications of the Crosswise Model and may relax the required statistical assumptions. These three contributions facilitate applying the methodology in a variety of settings. An empirical application on attitudes toward LGBT issues shows the potential of the Crosswise Model. An interactive app, Python and MATLAB codes support broader adoption of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gregori
- Department of Marketing (Room 3.201), Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Scarman Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Rik Pieters
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Tavakoli F, Parhizgari N, Shokoohi M, Khezri M, Haghdoost AA, Ghasemzadeh I, Bozicevic I, Shahesmaeili A, Nasiri N, Danesh A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi H. HIV testing among incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours in Iran: Findings from three consecutive national bio-behavioural surveys. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:907. [PMID: 36471282 PMCID: PMC9721074 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated people are at a disproportionate risk of contracting HIV. We estimated the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours in Iran. METHODS Data for this analysis were obtained from three consecutive nationwide bio-behavioural surveillance surveys of a random sample of incarcerated people in 2009 (n = 5953), 2013 (n = 5490), and 2017 (n = 5785). History of testing for HIV in the last 12 months was the primary outcome variable. HIV testing was examined among those with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours (i.e., having multiple sex partnerships, injection drug use practices, or a history of having a tattoo). The outcome variable was divided into three categories: Never tested for HIV, ever tested for HIV inside the prison in the last 12 months, and ever tested for HIV outside the prison in the last 12 months. We used multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to examine factors associated with HIV testing. RESULTS Overall, 8,553 participants with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviors with valid responses to the HIV testing question were included in the analysis. Although HIV testing inside prison has increased (23% [2009], 21.5% [2013], and 50.3% [2017]: P-value < 0.001), the prevalence of HIV testing outside prison has decreased (7.7% [2009], 7.5% [2013], 4.1% [2017]: P-value < 0.001) over time. Our multivariable multinomial regression model showed older age (Relative-risk ratio [RRR]: 1.24, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.05, 1.47), history of the previous incarceration (RRR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.71), currently receiving methadone maintenance therapy inside prison (RRR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.81, 2.43), having access to condoms inside prison (RRR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.68) and sufficient HIV knowledge (RRR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.05) were significantly associated with an increased probability of having an HIV test in the last 12 months inside prison. CONCLUSION HIV testing among high-risk Iranian prisoners has increased from 2009 to 2017. However, HIV testing remains considerably low, and half of the incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours had never tested for HIV inside prison. Evidence-based programs are needed to optimize HIV testing inside and outside prisons and identify those at greater risk of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tavakoli
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Parhizgari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Medical Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shokoohi
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mehrdad Khezri
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iman Ghasemzadeh
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ivana Bozicevic
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Armita Shahesmaeili
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Nasiri
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Danesh
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Psychiatry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karamouzian
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ,grid.415502.7Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Hastie E, Stangl L, Deutsch K, Yin J, Hull A, Spector SA, Blumenthal J. Case Report: Erroneous HIV-1 Diagnosis in a Pregnant Woman Using CDC Diagnostic Algorithm. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac402. [PMID: 36043182 PMCID: PMC9416050 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a pregnant cisgender woman diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 using the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention diagnostic algorithm who subsequently had her diagnosis overturned after additional testing outside of the algorithm, including an HIV-1 proviral deoxyribonucleic acid test that was negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Stangl
- University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Karen Deutsch
- University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Yin
- University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Andrew Hull
- University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
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Patterns of Drug Use and Related Factors Among Prisoners in Iran: Results from the National Survey in 2015. J Prim Prev 2021; 41:29-38. [PMID: 31912408 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-019-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug use by prisoners is one of the world's most important problems. We sought to determine the pattern of drug use behavior and related factors among prisoners of Iran in 2015. This cross-sectional study was part of the bio-behavioral surveillance survey conducted among 6200 prisoners in 26 prison sites in Iran who were selected through multi-stage sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews which inquired about participants' demographics and drug use behaviors. We analyzed study data using descriptive statistics, and crude and adjusted logistic regressions, in STATA-12. Of all prisoners, 74.0% had a history of lifetime drug use, and 16.6% of drug users had a history of lifetime injection drug use (IDU). According to the results of a multivariate logistic regression, male sex, being between the ages of 24 and 45, having a history of imprisonment, and having a history of lifetime high-risk sexual behavior were significant risk factors for lifetime drug use. Also, male sex, single status, and a history of previous imprisonment were significant risk factors for lifetime IDU. The prevalence of drug use in Iran's prison population is high and alarming. There is a continuing need for harm reduction programs, including the methadone maintenance treatment, among imprisoned drug users and IDUs.
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Sagoe D, Cruyff M, Spendiff O, Chegeni R, de Hon O, Saugy M, van der Heijden PGM, Petróczi A. Functionality of the Crosswise Model for Assessing Sensitive or Transgressive Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:655592. [PMID: 34248750 PMCID: PMC8260852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools for reliable assessment of socially sensitive or transgressive behavior warrant constant development. Among them, the Crosswise Model (CM) has gained considerable attention. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed empirical applications of CM and addressed a gap for quality assessment of indirect estimation models. Guided by the PRISMA protocol, we identified 45 empirical studies from electronic database and reference searches. Thirty of these were comparative validation studies (CVS) comparing CM and direct question (DQ) estimates. Six prevalence studies exclusively used CM. One was a qualitative study. Behavior investigated were substance use and misuse (k = 13), academic misconduct (k = 8), and corruption, tax evasion, and theft (k = 7) among others. Majority of studies (k = 39) applied the "more is better" hypothesis. Thirty-five studies relied on birthday distribution and 22 of these used P = 0.25 for the non-sensitive item. Overall, 11 studies were assessed as high-, 31 as moderate-, and two as low quality (excluding the qualitative study). The effect of non-compliance was assessed in eight studies. From mixed CVS results, the meta-analysis indicates that CM outperforms DQ on the "more is better" validation criterion, and increasingly so with higher behavior sensitivity. However, little difference was observed between DQ and CM estimates for items with DQ prevalence estimate around 50%. Based on empirical evidence available to date, our study provides support for the superiority of CM to DQ in assessing sensitive/transgressive behavior. Despite some limitations, CM is a valuable and promising tool for population level investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maarten Cruyff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Razieh Chegeni
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier de Hon
- Doping Authority Netherlands, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Martial Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter G M van der Heijden
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Statistical Science Southampton Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Understanding the friendship networks of older Black and Minority Ethnic people living in the United Kingdom. AGEING & SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x19001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOlder Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) people living in the United Kingdom (UK) are vulnerable to the experiences of social isolation and loneliness. Despite this, it is widely assumed that they adhere to traditional family practices and living arrangements that protect them from social isolation and loneliness. Such assumptions are problematic and can reify family networks as the main area of research for older BME people to the detriment of friendship networks which are also crucial. However, few researchers have explored this area. With the older BME population increasing at a faster rate than the older white population, further research is needed. Utilising data from Wave 6 of Understanding Society (N = 7,499, 4.3% of whom self-identified as BME), this study explores the ways in which the friendship networks of older BME people differ compared to older white people using logistic regression analyses. After controlling for potential confounding socio-demographic characteristics, older BME people were more likely to report having fewer close friends and fewer friends who live locally, suggesting that their friendship networks may be restricted in quantity and accessibility. Not only do these findings raise important questions about the varying needs of older minority ethnic people who have been largely overlooked in recent government policy, but they also highlight the continuing challenges of using large-scale surveys to research older BME people in the UK.
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