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Tu ZH, Pierce BJ, Pasley T, Hutchins A, Huang H. Immune outcomes of lung transplant recipients with different cytochrome P450 3A5 phenotypes after discontinuation of voriconazole antifungal prophylaxis. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15235. [PMID: 38289893 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tacrolimus forms the backbone of immunosuppression regimens in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). It is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 enzymes, of which polymorphisms can significantly affect tacrolimus dose requirements. It is unknown how coadministration of tacrolimus with voriconazole, a potent CYP3A5 inhibitor, affects rejection rates or empiric dose adjustments needed after voriconazole discontinuation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study compares LTRs with poor (PR) versus intermediate/extensive (IE) CYP3A5 metabolizer phenotypes. The primary endpoint is cumulative immune outcomes within three months of voriconazole discontinuation; secondary endpoints include change in tacrolimus dose-to-concentration ratios after voriconazole discontinuation. RESULTS Thirty-four patients underwent full analysis: 13 IE and 21 PR metabolizers. A higher proportion of IE metabolizers were African American (46.2% vs. 9.5%, p = .03). There was no significant difference in composite immune outcomes, though there was a proportionally higher frequency of new donor-specific antibody development in PR metabolizers (14.3% vs 7.7%, p = .56). Both groups required approximately 2.5 to 3-fold tacrolimus dose increases post-voriconazole discontinuation to re-attain therapeutic levels. CONCLUSION This novel investigation sheds light on how CYP3A5 phenotype could be used to guide tacrolimus dosing, with the goal of preventing both toxicity and organ rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe H Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brett J Pierce
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor Pasley
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Hutchins
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Howard Huang
- Department of Pulmonology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wanas H, Kamel MH, William EA, Fayad T, Abdelfattah ME, Elbadawy HM, Mikhael ES. The impact of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genetic variations on tacrolimus treatment of living-donor Egyptian kidney transplanted patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24969. [PMID: 37789683 PMCID: PMC10681408 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus (TAC) is the mainstay of immunosuppressive regimen for kidney transplantations. Its clinical use is complex due to high inter-individual variations which can be partially attributed to genetic variations at the metabolizing enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3, have been reported as important causes of differences in pharmacokinetics that can affect efficacy and/or toxicity of TAC. OBJECTIVE Investigating the effect of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 SNPs individually and in combination on the TAC concentration in Egyptian renal recipients. METHODS Overall, 72 Egyptian kidney transplant recipients were genotyped for CYP3A4*22 G>A and CYP3A5*3 T>C. According to the functional defect associated with CYP3A variants, patients were clustered into: poor (PM) and non-poor metabolizers (Non-PM). The impact on dose adjusted through TAC concentrations (C0) and daily doses at different time points after transplantation was evaluated. RESULTS Cyp3A4*1/*22 and PM groups require significantly lower dose of TAC (mg/kg) at different time points with significantly higher concentration/dose (C0/D) ratio at day 10 in comparison to Cyp3A4*1/*1 and Non-PM groups respectively. However, CyP3A5*3 heterozygous individuals did not show any significant difference in comparison to CyP3A5*1/*3 individuals. By comparing between PM and Non-PM, the PM group had a significantly lower rate of recipients not reaching target C0 at day 14. CONCLUSION This is the first study on Egyptian population to investigate the impact of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 SNPs individually and in combination on the TAC concentration. This study and future multicenter studies can contribute to the individualization of TAC dosing in Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Wanas
- Medical Pharmacology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of PharmacyTaibah UniversityMadinahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mai Hamed Kamel
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Emad Adel William
- National Research Centre, Medical Research and Clinical Studies InstituteCairoEgypt
| | - Tarek Fayad
- Internal Medicine DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | | | | | - Emily Samir Mikhael
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
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Cui YF, Pan Y, Zhu MF, Jiao Z. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Tacrolimus in Chinese Adult Patients during the Early Stages Post-Lung Transplantation. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040656. [PMID: 37109042 PMCID: PMC10145266 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tacrolimus has been widely used in patients undergoing lung transplantation, few studies have reported the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese patients after lung transplantation. Thus, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and influential factors in this patient cohort in the early stage after lung transplantation. METHODS We enrolled 14 adult lung transplant recipients who were treated with tacrolimus and then intensively collected blood samples within a 12-h dosing interval. The pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus were calculated using non-compartmental analysis, and the influence of pathophysiological characteristics and CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1G genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus was assessed. Using linear regression analysis, we investigated the correlation between tacrolimus concentration at different sampling points and measured the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC0-12h). RESULTS Geometric mean of apparent clearance (CL/F) was 18.13 ± 1.65 L/h in non-CYP3A5*3/*3 carriers, five times higher than that in CYP3A5*3/*3 carriers (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the tacrolimus concentration 4 h after administration had the strongest correlation with AUC0-12h (R2 = 0.979). CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus varied largely between patients during the early stage post-transplantation, which could be partially explained by CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Min-Fang Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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Sharma D, Krishnan GS, Sharma N, Chandrashekhar A. Current perspective of immunomodulators for lung transplant. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 38:497-505. [PMID: 36050971 PMCID: PMC9424406 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-022-01388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is an effective treatment option for selected patients suffering from end-stage lung disease. More intensive immunosuppression is enforced after lung transplants owing to a greater risk of rejection than after any other solid organ transplants. The commencing of lung transplantation in the modern era was in 1983 when the Toronto Lung Transplant Group executed the first successful lung transplant. A total of 43,785 lung transplants and 1365 heart-lung transplants have been performed from 1 Jan 1988 until 31 Jan 2021. The aim of this review article is to discuss the existing immunosuppressive strategies and emerging agents to prevent acute and chronic rejection in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Sharma
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, 302001 Rajasthan India
| | - Ganapathy Subramaniam Krishnan
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, MGM Healthcare, No. 72, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai, 600029 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, 302001 Rajasthan India
| | - Anitha Chandrashekhar
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, MGM Healthcare, No. 72, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai, 600029 Tamil Nadu India
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Liu M, Shaver CM, Birdwell KA, Heeney SA, Shaffer CM, Van Driest SL. Composite CYP3A phenotypes influence tacrolimus dose-adjusted concentration in lung transplant recipients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:209-217. [PMID: 35389944 PMCID: PMC9177686 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interpatient variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics is attributed to metabolism by cytochrome P-450 3A4/5 isoenzymes (encoded by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5). Guidelines for adjusting tacrolimus based on CYP3A5 test results are published; however, CYP3A4 variants also contribute to the variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. The effects of composite phenotypes incorporating CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 increased (*1G, *1B) and decreased (*22) function variants have not been evaluated. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of both increased and decreased function CYP3A variants on weight and dose-adjusted tacrolimus concentration (C0/D). METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients to evaluate the median tacrolimus C0/D by composite CYP3A phenotype groups during the index transplant hospitalization. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 alleles were used to classify patients into four CYP3A groups from least to most CYP3A activity. Exploratory analyses of ABCB1 and additional candidate genes were also assessed. RESULTS Of the 92 included individuals, most (58) were CYP3A Group 2. The median tacrolimus C0/D differed significantly between CYP3A groups (P = 0.0001). CYP3A Group 2 median tacrolimus C0/D was 190.5 (interquartile range: 147.6-267.5) (ng/ml)/(mg/kg/d) and significantly higher than Group 4 [107.9 (90.4-116.1), P = 0.0001)]. Group 2 median tacrolimus C0/D did not significantly differ from Group 1 and Group 3 [373.5 (149.2-490.3) and 81.4 (62.6-184.1), respectively]. No significant differences in tacrolimus C0/D were found for the ABCB1 diplotypes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that a composite CYP3A phenotype incorporating both increase and decrease variant information from CYP3A4 in addition to CYP3A5 may significantly influence tacrolimus C0/D during the early postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ciara M. Shaver
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly A. Birdwell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Heeney
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christian M. Shaffer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sara L. Van Driest
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Zhai Q, van der Lee M, van Gelder T, Swen JJ. Why We Need to Take a Closer Look at Genetic Contributions to CYP3A Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:912618. [PMID: 35784699 PMCID: PMC9243486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.912618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily enzymes are involved in the metabolism of 40% of drugs in clinical use. Twin studies have indicated that 66% of the variability in CYP3A4 activity is hereditary. Yet, the complexity of the CYP3A locus and the lack of distinct drug metabolizer phenotypes has limited the identification and clinical application of CYP3A genetic variants compared to other Cytochrome P450 enzymes. In recent years evidence has emerged indicating that a substantial part of the missing heritability is caused by low frequency genetic variation. In this review, we outline the current pharmacogenomics knowledge of CYP3A activity and discuss potential future directions to improve our genetic knowledge and ability to explain CYP3A variability.
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Teng F, Wang W, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu B, Chen J, Liu S, Li M, Chen W, Wei H. Effect of hepar-protecting Wuzhi capsule on Pharmacokinetics and Dose-effect Character of Tacrolimus in Healthy Volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:119-129. [PMID: 35180322 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wuzhi capsule (WZC), a preparation of Fructus Schisandra sphenanthera extract, has been widely used for the treatment of viral and drug-induced hepatitis in China. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus (TAC) when co-administered with WZC and its dose-effect of WZC on TAC in healthy volunteers. We assessed the effect of increased dosage of WZC (1, 2, 6, and 8 capsules once daily) on the relative oral exposure of TAC to explore the dose-response relationship between WZC and TAC using bioanalysis, pharmacokinetic, genotypical analyses. We elucidate the influence of CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms on the WZC dose by maintaining Ctrough of TAC in Chinese healthy volunteers. When co-administered with WZC, the Tmax of TAC was increased significantly while the apparent oral clearance was decreased. The plasma TAC level in volunteers with high CYP3A5 expression was greatly lower than that in those with mutant CYP3A5. However, polymorphisms of MDR1 exon26 C3435T, exon21 G2677T/A and exon12 C1236T were not associated with plasma TAC levels. Our findings provide important information on interactions between modern medications and herbal products, thus facilitating a better usage of TAC in patients receiving WZC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Qu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binguo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, No.983 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Cai X, Song H, Jiao Z, Yang H, Zhu M, Wang C, Wei D, Shi L, Wu B, Chen J. Population pharmacokinetics and dosing regimen optimization of tacrolimus in Chinese lung transplant recipients. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105448. [PMID: 32621968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to (i) develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in Chinese lung transplant recipients and (ii) propose model-based dosing regimens for individualized treatment. We obtained 807 tacrolimus steady-state whole blood concentrations from 52 lung transplant patients and genotyped CYP3A5*3. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to determine the initial dosing regimens. Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics was described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination processes. In CYP3A5*3/*3 70-kg patients with 30% hematocrit and voriconazole-free therapy, the mean estimated apparent clearance was 13.1 l h-1 with 20.1% between-subject variability, which was lower than that in Caucasian lung transplant patients (17.5-36.5 l h-1). Hematocrit, postoperative days, tacrolimus daily dose, voriconazole concomitant therapy, and CYP3A5*3 genotype were identified as significant covariates for tacrolimus clearance. To achieve target trough concentration (10-15 ng ml-1) on the 8th day post-transplant, a higher initial dosage than the current regimen of 0.04 mg kg-1 every 12 h is recommended for CYP3A5*1/*3 patients without voriconazole concomitant therapy. Given the nonlinear kinetics of tacrolimus and large variability, population pharmacokinetic model should be combined with therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Huizhu Song
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Hang Yang
- Lung Transplant Center, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- Lung Transplant Center, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Shi
- Lung Transplant Center, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Lung Transplant Center, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Lung Transplant Center, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China.
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Abstract
Lung transplantation is a viable option for those with end-stage lung disease which is evidenced by the continued increase in the number of lung transplantations worldwide. However, patients and clinicians are constantly faced with acute and chronic rejection, infectious complications, drug toxicities, and malignancies throughout the lifetime of the lung transplant recipient. Conventional maintenance immunosuppression therapy consisting of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), anti-metabolite, and corticosteroids have become the standard regimen but newer agents and modalities continue to be developed. Here we will review induction agents, maintenance immunosuppressives, adjunctive therapies and other strategies to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Daniel F Dilling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Personalized Therapy: Second Consensus Report. Ther Drug Monit 2019; 41:261-307. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Brunet M, van Gelder T, Åsberg A, Haufroid V, Hesselink DA, Langman L, Lemaitre F, Marquet P, Seger C, Shipkova M, Vinks A, Wallemacq P, Wieland E, Woillard JB, Barten MJ, Budde K, Colom H, Dieterlen MT, Elens L, Johnson-Davis KL, Kunicki PK, MacPhee I, Masuda S, Mathew BS, Millán O, Mizuno T, Moes DJAR, Monchaud C, Noceti O, Pawinski T, Picard N, van Schaik R, Sommerer C, Vethe NT, de Winter B, Christians U, Bergan S. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Personalized Therapy: Second Consensus Report. Ther Drug Monit 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000640
expr 845143713 + 809233716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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12
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Darley DR, Carlos L, Hennig S, Liu Z, Day R, Glanville AR. Tacrolimus exposure early after lung transplantation and exploratory associations with acute cellular rejection. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 75:879-888. [PMID: 30859243 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To (i) describe tacrolimus (TAC) pre-dose concentrations (C0), (ii) calculate apparent oral TAC clearance (CL/FHCT) adjusted for measured haematocrit (HCTi) and standardised to a HCT of 45%, across three observation time points and (iii) explore if low TAC C0 or high mean CL/FHCT are associated with an increased risk of rejection episodes early after lung transplantation. METHODS TAC whole blood concentration-time profiles and transbronchial biopsies were performed prospectively at weeks 3, 6 and 12 after lung transplantation. The TAC pre-dose concentration (C0) was measured, and CL/FHCT was determined using non-compartmental analysis. The associations between TAC C0 and CL/FHCT and rejection status were explored using repeated measures logistic regression. RESULTS Eighteen patients provided 377 TAC whole blood concentrations. Considerable variability around the median (IQR) CL/FHCT 6.8 (4.2-15.9) L h-1, and the median C0 12.7 (9.9-16.6) μg L-1 was noted. Despite adjustment for haematocrit, a significant decrease was observed in CL/FHCT in all patients over time: CL/FHCT 14 (5.4-23) at week 3, CL/FHCT 7.7 (4.5-12) at week 6 and CL/FHCT 3.9 (2.4-11) L h-1 at week 12 (p < 0.01). Seven (38.9%) patients experienced a single grade 2 rejection, whilst 11 (61.1%) patients experienced no rejection. Higher TAC C0 were associated with a reduced risk of rejection OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.91, p = 0.02), and greater mean CL/FHCT was associated with an increased risk of rejection OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.01-1.81 p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Monitoring TAC C0, HCT and CL/FHCT in patients after lung transplantation may assist clinicians in detecting patients at risk of acute rejection and may guide future research into TAC and HCT monitoring after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Darley
- Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia. .,UNSW Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lilibeth Carlos
- Department of Pharmacy, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefanie Hennig
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Richard Day
- UNSW Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Allan R Glanville
- Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
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Fu R, Tajima S, Suetsugu K, Watanabe H, Egashira N, Masuda S. Biomarkers for individualized dosage adjustments in immunosuppressive therapy using calcineurin inhibitors after organ transplantation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:151-159. [PMID: 29950613 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, are widely used immunosuppressive agents for the prevention of post-transplantation rejection and have improved 1-year graft survival rates by up to 90%. However, CNIs can induce severe reactions, such as acute or chronic allograft nephropathy, hypertension, and neurotoxicity. Because CNIs have varied bioavailabilities, narrow therapeutic ranges, and individual propensities for toxic effects, therapeutic drug monitoring is necessary for all CNIs. Identifying the genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes will help to determine personalized dosage regimens for CNIs, as CNIs are substrates for CYP3A5 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1). CNIs are often concomitantly administered with voriconazole or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), giving rise to drug interaction problems. Voriconazole and PPIs can increase the blood concentrations of CNIs, and both are primarily metabolized by CYP2C19. Thus, it is expected that interactions between CNIs and voriconazole or PPI would be affected by CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms. CNI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of transplantations. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) are noninvasive urinary biomarkers that are believed to be highly sensitive to CNI-induced AKI. In this article, we review the adverse events and pharmacokinetics of CNIs and the biomarkers related to CNIs, including CYP3A5, CYP2C19, MDR1, NGAL, and KIM-1. We hope that these data will help to identify the optimal biomarkers for monitoring CNI-based immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation.
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Lam YWF. Principles of Pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812626-4.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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15
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Hamadeh IS, Zhang Q, Steuerwald N, Hamilton A, Druhan LJ, McSwain M, Diez Y, Rusin S, Han Y, Symanowski J, Gerber J, Grunwald MR, Ghosh N, Plesca D, Arnall J, Trivedi J, Avalos B, Copelan E, Patel JN. Effect of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 Polymorphisms on Intravenous Tacrolimus Exposure and Adverse Events in Adult Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 25:656-663. [PMID: 30597277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics influences oral tacrolimus exposure; however, little data exist regarding i.v. tacrolimus. We investigated the impact of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 on i.v. tacrolimus exposure and toxicity in adult patients receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for hematologic malignancies. Germline DNA was extracted from buccal swabs and genotyped for CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 polymorphisms. Continuous i.v. infusion of tacrolimus .03 mg/kg/day was initiated on day +5 post-transplant, and steady-state blood concentrations were measured 4days later. We evaluated the association between phenotypes and prevalence of nontherapeutic target concentrations (below or above 5 to 15 ng/mL) as well as tacrolimus-related toxicities. Of 63 patients, 28.6% achieved the target concentration; 71.4% were >15ng/mL, which was more common in CYP3A4 intermediate/normal metabolizers (compared with rapid) and those with at least 1 ABCB1 C2677T loss-of-function allele (P < .05). ABCB1 C2677T was significantly associated with concentrations >15ng/mL (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 23.6; P = .004) and tacrolimus-related toxicities (odds ratio, 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 55.2; P = .02). ABCB1 C2677T and CYP3A4 are important determinants of i.v. tacrolimus exposure, whereas ABCB1 C2677T also impacts tacrolimus-related toxicities in stem cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam S Hamadeh
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Molecular Biology Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Alicia Hamilton
- Molecular Biology Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence J Druhan
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Meredith McSwain
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Yordanis Diez
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Rusin
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Yimei Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - James Symanowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan Gerber
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Michael R Grunwald
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Dragos Plesca
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Justin Arnall
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jigar Trivedi
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Belinda Avalos
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Edward Copelan
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Jai N Patel
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina.
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16
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Onodera M, Endo K, Naito T, Moroi R, Kuroha M, Kanazawa Y, Kimura T, Shiga H, Kakuta Y, Negoro K, Kinouchi Y, Shimosegawa T. Tacrolimus Dose Optimization Strategy for Refractory Ulcerative Colitis Based on the Cytochrome P450 3A5 Polymorphism Prediction Using Trough Concentration after 24 Hours. Digestion 2018; 97:90-96. [PMID: 29393157 DOI: 10.1159/000484227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the tacrolimus treatment for refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), dose adjustment is necessary because the required doses to keep appropriate drug concentrations are significantly different among individuals. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 polymorphism affects tacrolimus blood concentrations. However, it is difficult to obtain genetic information in real clinical practice. In the present study, we investigated possible factors that may predict CYP3A5 polymorphism and proposed a dose optimization strategy based on the obtained predicting factors. SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed 41 patients who underwent remission induction therapy with tacrolimus for UC in our hospital. First, we performed a correlation analysis of CYP3A5 polymorphism and pharmacokinetics. In the CYP3A5 non-expressers, the dose of tacrolimus (mg/kg) was lower and dose-adjusted trough levels (ng/mL per mg/kg) were higher compared with those in expressers. Next, we investigated factors that could predict CYP3A5 polymorphism. Trough concentration 24 h following tacrolimus administration was extracted as a significant factor. When the trough cutoff value at 24 h was set to 2.6 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity for estimation of CYP3A5 polymorphism were 63 and 96% respectively. Therefore, when the trough concentration 24 h after administration is ≤2.6 ng/mL, the patient can be estimated as a CYP3A5 expresser and an increase in dose should be proposed. Key Message: The trough concentration 24 h after the first tacrolimus administration appears to be a useful predictor of -CYP3A5 polymorphism. Performing dose optimization strategy based on the prediction of CYP3A5 polymorphism can lead to earlier and safer remission induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Onodera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsuya Endo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeo Naito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rintaro Moroi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masatake Kuroha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Kanazawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shiga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Negoro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kinouchi
- Health Administration Center, Center for the Advancement of Higher Education, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Calabrese DR, Florez R, Dewey K, Hui C, Torgerson D, Chong T, Faust H, Rajalingam R, Hays SR, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Singer JP, Greenland JR. Genotypes associated with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics impact clinical outcomes in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13332. [PMID: 29920787 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most lung transplantation immunosuppression regimens include tacrolimus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes important to tacrolimus bioavailability and clearance (ABCB1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5) are associated with differences in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in these genes would impact immunosuppression-related outcomes. We categorized ABCB1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 SNPs for 321 lung allograft recipients. Genotype effects on time to therapeutic tacrolimus level, interactions with antifungal medications, concentration to dose (C0 /D), acute kidney injury, and rejection were assessed using linear models adjusted for subject characteristics and repeat measures. Compared with CYP3A poor metabolizers (PM), time to therapeutic tacrolimus trough was increased by 5.1 ± 1.6 days for CYP3A extensive metabolizers (EM, P < 0.001). In the post-operative period, CYP3A intermediate metabolizers spent 1.2 ± 0.5 days less (P = 0.01) and EM spent 2.1 ± 0.5 days less (P < 0.001) in goal tacrolimus range than CYP3A PM. Azole antifungals interacted with CYP3A genotype in predicting C0 /D (P < 0.001). Increased acute kidney injury rates were observed in subjects with high ABCB1 function (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-8.6, P = 0.01). Lower rates of acute cellular rejection were observed in subjects with low ABCB1 function (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.07-0.94, P = 0.02). Recipient genotyping may help inform tacrolimus dosing decisions and risk of adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca Florez
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine Dewey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Christine Hui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dara Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Tiffany Chong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hilary Faust
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven R Hays
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen Kukreja
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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18
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Zeng R, Ling Q, Wen P, Fan J, Peng Z. Association of donor small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 rs237025 genetic variant with tacrolimus elimination in the early period after liver transplantation. Liver Int 2018; 38:724-732. [PMID: 28941036 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Individualized tacrolimus treatment can improve drug safety and efficacy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of donor and recipient small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUMO4) rs237025 polymorphisms with tacrolimus elimination and the potential mechanism. METHODS A total of 297 liver transplant patients were enrolled in the study. CYP3A5 rs776746 and SUMO4 rs237025 were genotyped using TaqMan SNPs assays. The activity of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) was evaluated by luciferase assay. The expressions of CYP3A5 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Tacrolimus C/D ratios was significantly lower for donor SUMO4 rs237025 AA carriers than AG/GG carriers at weeks 1, 2, 3. In multivariate analysis, donor and recipient CYP3A5 rs776747, donor SUMO4 rs237025 and total bilirubin were independent predictors of tacrolimus C/D ratios in the early post-transplantation period both in Cohort A and Cohort B. When combined donor CYP3A5 rs776746 and donor SUMO4 rs237025 genotypes, tacrolimus C/D ratios was highly significant at all investigated time points within the four groups. CYP3A5 mRNA expression in liver tissues was significantly higher for AA carriers than AG/GG patients under inflammatory stimuli after liver transplantation (LT). Furthermore, we demonstrated that SUMO4 rs237025 G allele could increase NF-κB transcriptional activity under inflammatory condition. And activation of NF-kB suppressed the expression of pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated CYP3A5 gene. CONCLUSIONS Donor SUMO4 rs237025 genetic variant was associated with higher Tac C/D ratios in the early period after LT, which might be related to the down-regulation of CYP3A5 enzyme through the NF-kB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peihao Wen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatic and Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junwei Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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de Denus S, Rouleau JL, Mann DL, Huggins GS, Pereira NL, Shah SH, Cappola TP, Fouodjio R, Mongrain I, Dubé MP. CYP3A4 genotype is associated with sildenafil concentrations in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 18:232-237. [PMID: 28440343 PMCID: PMC5656562 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite its established inter-individual variability, sildenafil has been the subject of only a few pharmacogenetic investigations, with limited data regarding the genetic modulators of its pharmacokinetics. We conducted a pharmacogenetic sub-study of patients randomized to sildenafil (n=85) in the RELAX trial, which investigated the impact of high-dose sildenafil in patients with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the overall population, the CYP3A4 inferred phenotype appeared associated with the dose-adjusted peak concentrations of sildenafil at week 12 and week 24 (adjusted P=0.045 for repeated measures analysis), although this P-value did not meet our corrected significance threshold of 0.0167. In the more homogeneous Caucasian subgroup, this association was significant (adjusted P=0.0165 for repeated measures). Hence, CYP3A4 inferred phenotype is associated with peak sildenafil dose-adjusted concentrations in patients with HFpEF receiving high doses of sildenafil. The clinical impact of this association requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon de Denus
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal, Qc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc
| | - Jean L. Rouleau
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc
- Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc
| | - Douglas L. Mann
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Naveen L. Pereira
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Svati H. Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - René Fouodjio
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal, Qc
| | - Ian Mongrain
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal, Qc
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Qc
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal, Qc
- Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc
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20
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Pasternak AL, Zhang L, Hertz DL. CYP3A pharmacogenetic association with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics differs based on route of drug administration. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:563-576. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is prescribed to the majority of transplant recipients to prevent graft rejection, and although patients are maintained on oral administration, nonoral routes of administration are frequently used in the initial post-transplant period. CYP3A5 genotype is an established predictor of oral tacrolimus dose requirements, and clinical guideline recommendations exist for CYP3A5-guided dose selection. However, the association between CYP3A5 and nonoral tacrolimus administration is currently poorly understood, and differs from the oral tacrolimus relationship. In addition to CYP3A5, other pharmacogenes associated with CYP3A activity, including CYP3A4, CYP3A7 and POR have also been identified as predictors of tacrolimus exposure. This review will describe the current understanding of the relationship between these pharmacogenes and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics after oral and nonoral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel L Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Abstract
Immunosuppression management after lung transplantation continues to evolve, with an increasing number of agents available for use in various combinations allowing for more choice and individualization of immunosuppressive therapy. Therapeutic developments have led to improved outcomes including lower acute rejection rates and improved survival. However, a one size fits all approach for any immunosuppressive strategy may not be best suited to the individual patient and ultimately patient specific factors must be considered when designing the immunosuppressive regimen. Recipient factors including age, race, co-morbidities, immunologic risk, genetic polymorphisms, concomitant and previous pharmacotherapy, and overall immunosuppression burden should be considered. There are several significant drug-drug interactions with select immunosuppressive agents utilized in lung transplant pharmacotherapy that must be considered when choosing and devising a dosing strategy for an individual immunosuppressive agent. Herein, considerations for immunosuppression management in the individual patient will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K McDermott
- Richard DeVos Heart and Lung Transplant Program, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Reda E Girgis
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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22
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The combination of CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms determines tacrolimus dose requirement after kidney transplantation. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 27:313-322. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Onodera M, Endo K, Kakuta Y, Kuroha M, Kimura T, Hiramoto K, Kanazawa Y, Negoro K, Shiga H, Kinouchi Y, Shimosegawa T. ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 1236C/T polymorphism significantly affects the therapeutic outcome of tacrolimus in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1562-1569. [PMID: 28135009 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tacrolimus is now considered to be one of the main therapeutic options for refractory ulcerative colitis. Both cytochrome P-450 3A5 (CYP3A5) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) associated with tacrolimus metabolism are known to have several genetic polymorphisms. However, it remains controversial whether these polymorphisms affect the therapeutic efficacy for ulcerative colitis. We aimed to investigate the influence of both CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms on the efficacy of tacrolimus in ulcerative colitis treatment under the tight dose-adjusting strategy. METHODS Sixty-one Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus were enrolled retrospectively. Tacrolimus treatment was performed using the tight dose-adjusting strategy. Genotyping for CYP3A5*3, ABCB1 1236C>T, 2677G>A,T, and 3435C>T were performed, and the clinical outcomes at 12 weeks after the initiation of tacrolimus were compared among the genotypes. RESULTS There was no association between the CYP3A5 genotypes and therapeutic efficacy. In contrast, a significant association was observed with the ABCB1 1236C > T polymorphism and therapeutic efficacy. The ABCB1 1236CC+CT groups (n = 41) had a significantly higher response rate (73% vs 35%; P = 0.004) and remission rate (61% vs 20%; P = 0.002) than the TT group (n = 20). The multivariate logistic regression analysis also revealed that ABCB1 1236C>T was identified as an independent factor associated with remission. CONCLUSIONS ABCB1 1236C>T polymorphism significantly affects the therapeutic efficacy of tarcolimus at 12 weeks under the tight dose-adjusting treatment for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Onodera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Endo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masatake Kuroha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hiramoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Kanazawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Negoro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shiga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kinouchi
- Health Administration Center, Center for the Advancement of Higher Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Influence of the CYP3A4/5 genetic score and ABCB1 polymorphisms on tacrolimus exposure and renal function in Brazilian kidney transplant patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:462-72. [PMID: 27434656 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in genes encoding transport proteins and metabolizing enzymes involved in tacrolimus (TAC) disposition may be important sources of individual variability during treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants, using a CYP3A4/5 genetic score, and ABCB1 polymorphisms on therapeutic TAC monitoring and their relationship with clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Brazilian kidney transplant recipients (n=151), who received TAC over 3 months after transplantation, were genotyped for CYP3A4 rs2242480 (g.20230G>A), CYP3A5 rs15524 (g.31611C>T) and rs776746 (g.6986A>G), ABCB1 rs1128503 (c.1236C>T), rs1045642 (c.3435C>T), and rs2032582 (c.2677G>T/A) polymorphisms. RESULTS Frequencies of CYP3A4 g.20230A, CYP3A5 g.31611C, and g.6986A were 0.37, 0.26, and 0.28, respectively. These alleles were associated with TAC rapid metabolization and were used for CYP3A4/5 genetic score construction. A higher CYP3A4/5 genetic score was associated with higher TAC dose and lower concentrations for dose administered (Co/D, P<0.05). Ninety days after transplantation, the presence of two or more rapid metabolization alleles contributed toward 27.7% of Co/D variability and was associated with a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate values (P<0.05). For ABCB1, the frequencies of c.1236T, c.3435T, and c.2677T/A alleles were 0.42, 0.42, and 0.33/0.04. At 30 days after transplantation, patients carrying ABCB1 c.1236TT+c.3435TT+(c.2677TT+TA) genotypes had higher TAC Co/D than those with common or heterozygous genotypes (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The results show the impact of the CYP3A4/5 genetic score on TAC exposure and renal function in Brazilian patients. Furthermore, ABCB1 polymorphisms, in a combined analysis, influenced TAC Co/D at 30 days after transplantation.
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Pharmacogénétique des immunosuppresseurs : état des connaissances et des pratiques – recommandations du Réseau national de pharmacogénétique (RNPGx). Therapie 2017; 72:269-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Woillard JB, Chouchana L, Picard N, Loriot MA. Pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressants: State of the art and clinical implementation - recommendations from the French National Network of Pharmacogenetics (RNPGx). Therapie 2017; 72:285-299. [PMID: 28318610 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring is already widely used for immunosuppressive drugs due to their narrow therapeutic index. This article summarizes evidence reported in the literature regarding the pharmacogenetics of (i) immunosuppressive drugs used in transplantation and (ii) azathioprine used in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The conditions of use of currently available major pharmacogenetic tests are detailed and recommendations are provided based on a scale established by the RNPGx scoring tests as "essential", "advisable" and "potentially useful". Other applications for which the level of evidence is still debated are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Woillard
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, centre de biologie et de recherche en santé, CHU de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France; Université de Limoges UMR_S850, 87000 Limoges, France.
| | - Laurent Chouchana
- Service de pharmacologie, hôpital Cochin, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, centre de biologie et de recherche en santé, CHU de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France; Université de Limoges UMR_S850, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- Inserm UMR_S1147, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Service de biochimie, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
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Influence of IL-18 and IL-10 Polymorphisms on Tacrolimus Elimination in Chinese Lung Transplant Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:7834035. [PMID: 28246425 PMCID: PMC5299197 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7834035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims. The influence of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics had been described in liver and kidney transplantation. The expression of cytokines varied in different kinds of transplantation. The influence of IL-10 and IL-18 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus remains unclear in lung transplantation. Methods. 51 lung transplant patients at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital were included. IL-18 polymorphisms (rs5744247 and rs1946518), IL-10 polymorphisms (rs1800896, rs1800872, and rs3021097), and CYP3A5 rs776746 were genotyped. Dose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (C/D ratio, mg/kg body weight) in lung transplant patients during the first 4 postoperative weeks were calculated. Results. IL-18 rs5744247 allele C and rs1946518 allele A were associated with fast tacrolimus metabolism. Combined analysis showed that the numbers of low IL-18 mRNA expression alleles had positive correlation with tacrolimus C/D ratios in lung transplant recipients. The influence of IL-18 polymorphisms on tacrolimus C/D ratios was observed in CYP3A5 expresser recipients, but not in CYP3A5 nonexpresser recipients. No clinical significance of tacrolimus C/D ratios difference of IL-10 polymorphisms was found in our data. Conclusions. IL-18 polymorphisms may influence tacrolimus elimination in lung transplantation patients.
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Almeida-Paulo GN, Dapía García I, Lubomirov R, Borobia AM, Alonso-Sánchez NL, Espinosa L, Carcas-Sansuán AJ. Weight of ABCB1 and POR genes on oral tacrolimus exposure in CYP3A5 nonexpressor pediatric patients with stable kidney transplant. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:180-186. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wolking S, Schaeffeler E, Lerche H, Schwab M, Nies AT. Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms of ABCB1 (MDR1, P-Glycoprotein) on Drug Disposition and Potential Clinical Implications: Update of the Literature. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:709-35. [PMID: 25860377 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1; P-glycoprotein; multidrug resistance protein 1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent efflux transporter located in the plasma membrane of many different cell types. Numerous structurally unrelated compounds, including drugs and environmental toxins, have been identified as substrates. ABCB1 limits the absorption of xenobiotics from the gut lumen, protects sensitive tissues (e.g. the brain, fetus and testes) from xenobiotics and is involved in biliary and renal secretion of its substrates. In recent years, a large number of polymorphisms of the ABCB1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1] gene have been described. The variants 1236C>T (rs1128503, p.G412G), 2677G>T/A (rs2032582, p.A893S/T) and 3435C>T (rs1045642, p.I1145I) occur at high allele frequencies and create a common haplotype; therefore, they have been most widely studied. This review provides an overview of clinical studies published between 2002 and March 2015. In summary, the effect of ABCB1 variation on P-glycoprotein expression (messenger RNA and protein expression) and/or activity in various tissues (e.g. the liver, gut and heart) appears to be small. Although polymorphisms and haplotypes of ABCB1 have been associated with alterations in drug disposition and drug response, including adverse events with various ABCB1 substrates in different ethnic populations, the results have been majorly conflicting, with limited clinical relevance. Future research activities are warranted, considering a deep-sequencing approach, as well as well-designed clinical studies with appropriate sample sizes to elucidate the impact of rare ABCB1 variants and their potential consequences for effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wolking
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Erratic tacrolimus exposure, assessed using the standard deviation of trough blood levels, predicts chronic lung allograft dysfunction and survival. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:1442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Milojkovic M, Milacic N, Radovic J, Ljubisavljevic S. MDR1 gene polymorphisms and P-glycoprotein expression in respiratory diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:341-6. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2014.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Ruiz J, Herrero MJ, Bosó V, Megías JE, Hervás D, Poveda JL, Escrivá J, Pastor A, Solé A, Aliño SF. Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on Immunosuppressive Therapy in Lung Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20168-82. [PMID: 26307985 PMCID: PMC4613195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplant patients present important variability in immunosuppressant blood concentrations during the first months after transplantation. Pharmacogenetics could explain part of this interindividual variability. We evaluated SNPs in genes that have previously shown correlations in other kinds of solid organ transplantation, namely ABCB1 and CYP3A5 genes with tacrolimus (Tac) and ABCC2, UGT1A9 and SLCO1B1 genes with mycophenolic acid (MPA), during the first six months after lung transplantation (51 patients). The genotype was correlated to the trough blood drug concentrations corrected for dose and body weight (C0/Dc). The ABCB1 variant in rs1045642 was associated with significantly higher Tac concentration, at six months post-transplantation (CT vs. CC). In the MPA analysis, CT patients in ABCC2 rs3740066 presented significantly lower blood concentrations than CC or TT, three months after transplantation. Other tendencies, confirming previously expected results, were found associated with the rest of studied SNPs. An interesting trend was recorded for the incidence of acute rejection according to NOD2/CARD15 rs2066844 (CT: 27.9%; CC: 12.5%). Relevant SNPs related to Tac and MPA in other solid organ transplants also seem to be related to the efficacy and safety of treatment in the complex setting of lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ruiz
- Unidad de Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María José Herrero
- Unidad de Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Virginia Bosó
- Unidad de Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Eduardo Megías
- Unidad de Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - David Hervás
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe. Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Poveda
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Escrivá
- Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Pastor
- Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Solé
- Unidad de Trasplante Pulmonar, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Francisco Aliño
- Unidad de Farmacogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Unidad de Farmacología Clínica, Área Clínica del Medicamento, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Elens L, Bouamar R, Shuker N, Hesselink DA, van Gelder T, van Schaik RHN. Clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics in kidney transplantation: calcineurin inhibitors in the starting blocks. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:715-28. [PMID: 24118098 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics has generated many expectations for its potential to individualize therapy proactively and improve medical care. However, despite the huge amount of reported genetic associations with either pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs, the translation into patient care is still slow. In fact, strong evidence for a substantial clinical benefit of pharmacogenetic testing is still limited, with a few exceptions. In kidney transplantation, established pharmacogenetic discoveries are being investigated for application in the clinic to improve efficacy and to limit toxicity associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs, especially the frequently used calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) tacrolimus and ciclosporin. The purpose of the present review is to picture the current status of CNI pharmacogenetics and to discuss the most promising leads that have been followed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Elens
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
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Kurzawski M, Droździk M. Pharmacogenetics in solid organ transplantation: genes involved in mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1099-118. [PMID: 23837483 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogenic solid organ transplantation has become the routine procedure in patients with end stage organ disease. Although the transplanted organ compensates deficient body functions, its allogenic nature requires institution of immune tolerance, nowadays provided by immunosuppressive drug administration. Both the safety and efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment depend on many factors, and maintaining levels of immunosuppressants within therapeutic range is the essential target for success in graft function preservation. It is obvious that drug and metabolite concentrations depend on efficiency of individual patient metabolism. Recently, many studies were undertaken to investigate the relationship between genetic factors, drug pharmacokinetics and therapy outcome, and interindividual variability apparently can be explained, at least in part, by genetically determined polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, transport proteins and also in some cases, drug targets. This review presents the recent state of knowledge in the field of pharmacogenetics related to solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Li CJ, Li L, Lin L, Jiang HX, Zhong ZY, Li WM, Zhang YJ, Zheng P, Tan XH, Zhou L. Impact of the CYP3A5, CYP3A4, COMT, IL-10 and POR genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus metabolism in Chinese renal transplant recipients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86206. [PMID: 24465960 PMCID: PMC3897654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug for preventing the rejection of solid organ transplants. The efficacy of tacrolimus shows considerable variability, which might be related to genetic variation among recipients. We conducted a retrospective study of 240 Chinese renal transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus as immunosuppressive drug. The retrospective data of all patients were collected for 40 days after transplantation. Seventeen SNPs of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, COMT, IL-10 and POR were identified by the SNaPshot assay. Tacrolimus blood concentrations were obtained on days 1-3, days 6-8 and days 12-14 after transplantation, as well as during the period of the predefined therapeutic concentration range. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the effect of genetic variation on the tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio (C 0/D) at different time points. Chi-square test was used to compare the proportions of patients who achieved the target C 0 range in the different genotypic groups at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 after transplantation. After correction for multiple testing, there was a significant association of C 0/D with CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A4 rs4646437 T>C at different time points after transplantation. The proportion of patients in the IL-10 rs1800871-TT group who achieved the target C 0 range was greater (p = 0.004) compared to the IL-10 rs1800871-CT and IL-10 rs1800871-CC groups at week 3 after transplantation. CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4 *1G, CYP3A4 rs4646437 T>C and IL-10 rs1800871 C>T might be potential polymorphisms affecting the interindividual variability in tacrolimus metabolism among Chinese renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jiang Li
- Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hai-Xia Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ze-Yan Zhong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Mo Li
- Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xu-Hui Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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The Role of Pharmacogenetics in the Disposition of and Response to Tacrolimus in Solid Organ Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 53:123-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Impact of CYP3A4*22 Allele on Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics in Early Period After Renal Transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:608-16. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318296045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boughton O, Borgulya G, Cecconi M, Fredericks S, Moreton-Clack M, MacPhee IAM. A published pharmacogenetic algorithm was poorly predictive of tacrolimus clearance in an independent cohort of renal transplant recipients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:425-31. [PMID: 23305195 PMCID: PMC3769669 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS An algorithm based on the CYP3A5 genotype to predict tacrolimus clearance to inform the optimal initial dose was derived using data from the DeKAF study (Passey et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72: 948-57) but was not tested in an independent cohort of patients. Our aim was to test whether the DeKAF dosing algorithm could predict estimated tacrolimus clearance in renal transplant recipients at our centre. METHODS Predicted tacrolimus clearance based on the DeKAF algorithm was compared with dose-normalized trough whole-blood concentrations (estimated clearance) on day 7 after transplantation in a single-centre cohort of 255 renal transplant recipients. RESULTS There was a weak correlation (r = 0.431) between clearance based on dose-normalized trough whole-blood concentrations and DeKAF algorithm-predicted clearance. The means of the tacrolimus clearance predicted by the DeKAF algorithm and the estimated tacrolimus clearance based on the dose-normalized trough blood concentrations were plotted against the differences in the clearance as a Bland-Altman plot. Logarithmic transformation was performed owing to the increased difference in tacrolimus clearance as the mean clearance increased. There was a highly significant systematic error (P < 0.0005) characterized by a sloped regression line [gradient, 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.01)] on the Bland-Altman plot. CONCLUSIONS The DeKAF algorithm was unable to predict the estimated tacrolimus clearance accurately based on real tacrolimus doses and blood concentrations in our cohort of patients. Other genes are known to influence the clearance of tacrolimus, and a polygenic algorithm may be more predictive than those based on a single genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Boughton
- Division of Clinical Sciences: Renal Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Sy SKB, Heuberger J, Shilbayeh S, Conrado DJ, Derendorf H. A Markov chain model to evaluate the effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms on adverse events associated with tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:1189-99. [PMID: 23990505 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SNP A6986G of the CYP3A5 gene (*3) results in a non-functional protein due to a splicing defect whereas the C3435T was associated with variable expression of the ABCB1 gene, due to protein instability. Part of the large interindividual variability in tacrolimus efficacy and toxicity can be accounted for by these genetic factors. Seventy-two individuals were examined for A6986G and C3435T polymorphism using a PCR-RFLP-based technique to estimate genotype and allele frequencies in the Jordanian population. The association of age, hematocrit, platelet count, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 polymorphisms with tacrolimus dose- and body-weight-normalized levels in the subset of 38 pediatric renal transplant patients was evaluated. A Markov model was used to evaluate the time-dependent probability of an adverse event occurrence by CYP3A5 phenotypes and ABCB1 genotypes. The time-dependent probability of adverse event was about double in CYP3A5 non-expressors compared to the expressors for the first 12 months of therapy. The CYP3A5 non-expressors had higher corresponding normalized tacrolimus levels compared to the expressors in the first 3 months. The correlation trend between probability of adverse events and normalized tacrolimus concentrations for the two CYP3A5 phenotypes persisted for the first 9 months of therapy. The differences among ABCB1 genotypes in terms of adverse events and normalized tacrolimus levels were only observed in the first 3 months of therapy. The information on CYP3A5 genotypes and tacrolimus dose requirement is important in designing effective programs toward management of tacrolimus side effects particularly for the initial dose when tacrolimus blood levels are not available for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin K B Sy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100494, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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de Denus S, Kantor PF. Pharmacogenomics and heart failure in congenital heart disease. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:779-85. [PMID: 23790550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) constitutes a lifelong challenge in heart failure management. Current therapy is based mainly on physiologic principles extrapolated from the management of left ventricular failure in adult populations with either ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. However, there is good evidence of genomic variability in the origin and progression of CHD that suggests the need for a individualized approach to treatment. The developing science of pharmacogenomics presents an opportunity for CHD management broadly, and especially in the context of heart failure. There is growing evidence that individualizing drug therapy for these patients might be beneficial, and that prediction of response to therapy might be possible by incorporating genomic data into the treatment algorithm for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon de Denus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Zheng H, Schuetz E, Zeevi A, Zhang J, McCurry K, Webber S, Iacono A, Lamba J, Burckart GJ. Sequential Analysis of Tacrolimus Dosing in Adult Lung Transplant Patients WithABCB1Haplotypes. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 45:404-10. [PMID: 15778421 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005274507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene, which encodes for the membrane pump, P-glycoprotein, have been previously demonstrated to have an association with tacrolimus dosing in organ transplant patients. This study associated the haplotype and genotype for ABCB1 G2677T and C3435T variants with a sequential analysis of tacrolimus blood level (ng/mL) per mg/day dosage ([L/D]) administered to 91 adult lung transplant patients at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. Haplotype 22 carriers had a significantly higher tacrolimus [L/D] value in comparison with nonhaplotype 22 carriers (P = .04) only at 1 month after transplant. Sequential analysis demonstrated that ABCB1 genotypes 00 and 01 had low tacrolimus [L/D] values at 1 and 3 months, but these values increased substantially at 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. This was not true of the other genotypes with the exception of genotypes 10 and 21, which had small numbers of patients but had consistently low tacrolimus [L/D]. Haplotype analysis also suggested that the homozygous for ABCB1 2677 variant allele had more of an impact on tacrolimus [L/D] in haplotype analysis than that of ABCB1 3435. In conclusion, sequential analysis of tacrolimus [L/D] with haplotypes can explain previous clinical observations of changes in tacrolimus dosage over time but suggests that this effect is limited to individual patient haplotypes. Sequential analysis of drug dosing and haplotypes relationships can provide important information about the induction or inhibition of drug-drug and disease-drug interactions among specific haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zheng
- PharmD, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC-100, Los Angeles, CA 90033-1086, USA
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Sy SKB, Singh RP, Shilbayeh S, Zmeili R, Conrado D, Derendorf H. Influence of CYP3A5 6986A > G and ABCB1 3435C > T Polymorphisms on Adverse Events Associated With Tacrolimus in Jordanian Pediatric Renal Transplant Patients. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 2:67-78. [PMID: 27121561 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of ABCB1(3435) and CYP3A5(6986) polymorphisms, tacrolimus troughs and clinical factors on the time of adverse events associated with tacrolimus in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Clinical data, adverse events, tacrolimus troughs, corresponding doses, ABCB1 3435C > T and CYP3A5 6986A > G genotypes were collected from 38 pediatric kidney transplant patients in a retrospective study for over 2 years post-transplant. We used a marginal Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate the influence of clinical factors and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on tacrolimus-associated adverse events. CYP3A5 genotype, the Bayesian predicted tacrolimus concentrations, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume are significant risk factors of adverse events over a 2-year-period. CYP3A5*1 genotype was associated with 36% relative risk of CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype. In the 9-month period, the additional factor, ABCB1 3435TT genotype, was shown to be associated with 38% relative risk of the CC and CT genotypes. For graft loss, acute and chronic rejection, only tacrolimus concentration and hematocrit, but not CYP3A5 or ABCB1 polymorphisms, are important factors influencing their occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin K B Sy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sireen Shilbayeh
- Pediatric Department, King Hussain Medical Center, Amman, Jordan.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmacy College, Princess Nora University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Zmeili
- ICU Clinical Pharmacy Services, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniela Conrado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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The associations of IL-18 serum levels and promoter polymorphism with tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and hepatic allograft dysfunction in Chinese liver transplantation recipients. Gene 2012; 491:251-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Elie V, de Beaumais T, Fakhoury M, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Pharmacogenetics and individualized therapy in children: immunosuppressants, antidepressants, anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:827-43. [PMID: 21692614 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms that change the amino acid sequences in coding regions only account for part of the interindividual differences in disease susceptibility and drug response. Additional pharmacogenomic and epigenetic factors are also involved. In children, pharmacogenetic studies are limited, although it has been clear for many years that the interactions between developmental patterns of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters have a major impact on dose exposure with age-specific dosage requirements. This article will analyze the factors affecting variability in drug response in children and focus on the pharmacogenetic polymorphisms of immunosuppressants, antidepressants, anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. Additional pharmacogenetic and epigenetic studies should be performed to allow the individualization of therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Elie
- Department of Paediatric Pharmacology & Pharmacogenetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Clinical Investigation Center APHP-Inserm CIC9202, University Paris VII Diderot, Hopital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Serurier, 75019 Paris, France
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Elens L, van Schaik RH, Panin N, de Meyer M, Wallemacq P, Lison D, Mourad M, Haufroid V. Effect of a new functional CYP3A4 polymorphism on calcineurin inhibitors' dose requirements and trough blood levels in stable renal transplant patients. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1383-96. [PMID: 21902502 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS CYP3A4 is involved in the oxidative metabolism of many drugs and xenobiotics including the immunosuppressants tacrolimus (Tac) and cyclosporine (CsA). The objective of the study was to assess the potential influence of a new functional SNP in CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetic parameters assessed by dose requirements and trough blood levels of both calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in stable renal transplant patients. PATIENTS & METHODS A total of 99 stable renal transplant patients receiving either Tac (n = 49) or CsA (n = 50) were genotyped for the CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T (rs35599367) and CYP3A5*3 SNPs. Trough blood levels ([Tac](0) or [CsA](0) in ng/ml), dose-adjusted [Tac](0) or [CsA](0) (ng/ml per mg/kg bodyweight) as well as doses (mg/kg bodyweight) required to achieve target concentrations were compared among patients according to allelic status for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. RESULTS Dose-adjusted concentrations were 2.0- and 1.6-fold higher in T-variant allele carriers for the CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T SNP compared with homozygous CC for Tac and CsA, respectively. When CYP3A4/CYP3A5 genotypes were combined, the difference was even more striking as the so-defined CYP3A poor metabolizer group presented dose-adjusted concentration 1.6- and 4.1-fold higher for Tac, and 1.5- and 2.2-fold higher for CsA than the intermediate metabolizer and extensive metabolizer groups, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that, taken together, both CYP3A4 intron 6 and CYP3A5*3 SNPs explained more than 60 and 20% of the variability observed in dose-adjusted [Tac](0) and [CsA](0), respectively. CONCLUSION The CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T polymorphism is associated with altered Tac and CsA metabolism. CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T along with CYP3A5*3 (especially for Tac) pharmacogenetic testing performed just before transplantation may help identifying patients at risk of CNI overexposure and contribute to limit CNI-related nephrotoxicity by refining the starting dose according to their genotype. Original submitted 5 May 2011; Revision submitted 29 June 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Elens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ashavaid T, Raje H, Shalia K, Shah B. Effect of gene polymorphisms on the levels of calcineurin inhibitors in Indian renal transplant recipients. Indian J Nephrol 2011; 20:146-51. [PMID: 21072155 PMCID: PMC2966981 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.70846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of renal transplantation is improved by cyclosporine and tacrolimus. However, its success is limited by drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Therefore, monitoring their levels is important. These levels are influenced mainly by CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR- 1 genes. These levels also affect target molecules of CNIs, mainly IL-2. Inter-individual differences in these levels have been attributed to SNPs in these genes and hence study of these SNPs assumes significance. So far no study has been carried out on Indian renal transplant recipients covering the SNPs of the genes involved in metabolism, efflux and drug target of CNIs, hence the data is lacking for Indian population. The aim is to study A-392G SNP of CYP3A4, A6986G SNP of CYP3A5, C3435T SNP of MDR-1 and T-330G SNP of IL-2 genes and correlate with CNI blood levels. Hundred healthy subjects and 100 consecutive renal transplant recipients; 56 on CsA and 44 on tacrolimus were genotyped by PCR followed by restriction enzyme assay for mentioned SNPs. No significant difference was observed between level/dose (L/D) ratio of CNIs and CYP3A4 and IL-2 SNPs. However, median L/D ratio for tacrolimus was significantly higher in subjects with CYP3A5*3/*3 (n = 24) (P = 0.011) and MDR- 1 3435TT (n = 18) (P = 0.0122). The findings from this study show that homozygous mutant patients for CYP3A5 and MDR-1 gene SNPs could be managed with lower tacrolimus dose to avoid nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ashavaid
- Department of Lab Medicine and Research Laboratories, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
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Developmental pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressants in pediatric organ transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 32:688-99. [PMID: 21068645 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181f6502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil are the primary immunosuppressants used on pediatric organ transplantation. Therapeutic drug monitoring is used in daily practice, because their clinical use is hampered by a narrow therapeutic index and large variability. Tailoring immunosuppressive therapy to the individual patient to optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity is therefore essential. Because research in pharmacogenetics already identified polymorphisms impacting their pharmacokinetic parameters in adults, developmental pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressants holds promises for optimizing dosage regimens and improving clinical outcome in children. In this review, we focus on the impact of age and pharmacogenetics on these immunosuppressants in children undergoing organ transplantation.
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Ashavaid TF, Raje HS, Shah BV, Shah SA. Design of Allele Specific PCR for Rapid Detection of CYP3A5 (A6986G) and Mdr-1 (C3435T) Polymorphisms. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 26:18-21. [PMID: 22211008 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP3A5 (A6986G) and MDR-1 (C3435T) genes have been shown to be associated with the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in case of renal transplant recipients. Knowing these genotypes of the recipients before undergoing transplantation, is therefore essential for physicians to adjust the starting dose of tacrolimus in order to avoid drug induced nephrotoxicity. We have designed an allele specific PCR method for easier and rapid detection of these polymorphisms. 20 Indian renal transplant recipients on tacrolimus who developed nephrotoxicity within 1 month of transplantation and 58 Indian non-transplant subjects having the risk factors for kidney disease i.e. hypertension or diabetes or the family history of these, have been studied for these SNPs by allele specific PCR method. The data suggest that the heterozygosity of CYP3A5 and mutant allele frequency of MDR-1 SNP is higher in transplant patients as well as in general population.
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