Luo M, Tan KHX, Tan CS, Lim WY, Tai E, Venkataraman K. Longitudinal trends in HbA
1c patterns and association with outcomes: A systematic review.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018;
34:e3015. [PMID:
29663623 PMCID:
PMC6175395 DOI:
10.1002/dmrr.3015]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to review studies that identified patterns of longitudinal HbA1c trends in patients with diabetes and to summarize factors and outcomes associated with distinct trajectory patterns.
METHODS
PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies examining HbA1c trends among patients with diabetes from database inception through September 2017. Articles were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: (a) longitudinal study of subjects with diabetes only, (b) use of serial measurements of HbA1c , and (c) analysis of the trend of HbA1c using group-based trajectory approaches.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included, 11 on type 1 diabetes and 9 on type 2 diabetes. These studies identified 2 to 6 HbA1c trajectory patterns. The most commonly identified patterns included stable HbA1c around 7.0% and at levels between 8.0% and 9.9%, which usually captured the HbA1c pattern among the majority of subjects in the study population. Unstable patterns identified included increasing HbA1c trend, decreasing HbA1c trend, and non-linear patterns. These patterns were associated with differential risk of disease outcomes, over and beyond single-point HbA1c measures. Age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes duration, disease management frequency, cardiovascular risk factors, insulin treatment, family environment, and psychosocial factors were the most frequently reported factors associated with membership of specific HbA1c pattern groups.
CONCLUSION
Common patterns of longitudinal HbA1c trends were identified despite heterogeneity among the studies. A better understanding of what underlies these different patterns may provide opportunities to tailor therapies and care for these patients to reduce adverse outcomes.
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