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Fiagbenu ME. Taking Stock and Looking Forward to the Future of Pathogen Politics in Light of New Insights and Recommendations: COVID-19 Threat Was Meaningfully Associated With Support for Liberal Policies in the United States. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241240903. [PMID: 38571398 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241240903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks are expected to predict support for conservative policies. However, earlier studies (January-June, 2020) reached conflicting findings regarding the association between COVID-19 threat and policy preferences in the United States. We revisit this issue by analyzing five nationally representative surveys conducted during the relatively severe periods of the pandemic (August 2020-December, 2020; total N = 82,753). Using Bayesian inference, we find strong evidence that subjective (e.g., fear of infection and pandemic outrage) but not objective (e.g., local cases and deaths) threat predicted support for liberal policies (e.g., immigration and universal health care). Meta-analyses revealed that the estimates depend on the type of subjective (.05 ≥ r ≤ .60) or objective (.00 ≥ r ≤ .14) COVID-19 threat. We propose an emotion-mediated dual-process model of pathogen management suggesting that infectious disease outbreaks activate both avoidance and caregiving motives that translate, respectively, into support for right-wing and left-wing policies.
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2
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Merrell WN, Choi S, Ackerman JM. When and Why People Conceal Infectious Disease. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:215-225. [PMID: 38265420 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231221990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
People sick with infectious illnesses face negative social outcomes, like exclusion, and may take steps to conceal their illnesses from others. In 10 studies of past, current, and projected illness, we examined the prevalence and predictors of infection concealment in adult samples of U.S. university students, health-care employees, and online crowdsourced workers (total N = 4,110). About 75% reported concealing illness in interpersonal interactions, possibly placing others in harm's way. Concealment motives were largely social (e.g., wanting to attend events like parties) and achievement oriented (e.g., completing work objectives). Disease characteristics, including potential harm and illness immediacy, also influenced concealment decisions. People imagining harmful (vs. mild) infections concealed illness less frequently, whereas participants who were actually sick concealed frequently regardless of illness harm, suggesting state-specific biases underlying concealment decisions. Disease concealment appears to be a widely prevalent behavior by which concealers trade off risks to others in favor of their own goals, creating potentially important public-health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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3
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Jin SV, Ryu E, Muqaddam A. "Death and Love Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic": Effects of Pathogen Threats on Online Dating and Social Distancing From Life-History Strategy Perspectives. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024; 88:1465-1495. [PMID: 35043735 DOI: 10.1177/00302228211062364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drawing from the terror management theory (TMT) and evolutionary perspectives of Life-History Strategy, a between-subject online experiment examined the interaction effects of pre-existing death anxiety, fear-inducing media content (coronavirus threat vs. gun violence threat vs. low threat mental disorder), and intrasexual competition for mates on online dating intentions and social distancing intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicate the interaction effects of participants' pre-experimental death anxiety and different types of fear-inducing media content on perceived fear and intention to use online dating websites/apps as well as the interaction effects of pre-experimental intrasexual competitiveness and fear-inducing media content on social distancing intention in the context of online dating. Theoretical contributions to the terror management literature and practical implications for the online dating industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunga Venus Jin
- NU-Q Communication Program, Northwestern University in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ehri Ryu
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Muqaddam
- Department of Communication Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Makhanova A, Lambert WA, Blanchard R, Alcock J, Shattuck EC, Wilson MP. Pathogen disgust is associated with interpersonal bias among healthcare professionals. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:438-447. [PMID: 38022797 PMCID: PMC10667654 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Pathogen avoidance is a fundamental motive that shapes many aspects of human behavior including bias against groups stereotypically linked to disease (e.g. immigrants, outgroup members). This link has only been examined in convenience samples and it is unknown how pathogen avoidance processes operate in populations experiencing prolonged and heightened pathogen threat such as healthcare professionals. We examined whether healthcare professionals demonstrate the same link between pathogen disgust and intergroup bias as has been documented among the general population. Methodology Participants (N = 317; 210 healthcare professionals) were recruited using snowball sampling to take an online survey. Participants completed the Three Domain Disgust Scale to assess pathogen, sexual and moral disgust. Participants then rated their perceptions of a fictitious immigrant group ('Krasneeans') and the degree to which they endorsed group-binding moral values. Results Compared to control participants, healthcare professionals reported lower levels of pathogen disgust, but not sexual or moral disgust. However, regardless of profession, higher pathogen disgust was associated with viewing Krasneeans as less likeable and more unclean. Additionally, regardless of profession, higher pathogen disgust was associated with greater endorsement of group-binding moral values, although healthcare professionals reported greater overall endorsement of group-binding moral values than did control participants. Conclusions and implications Although healthcare professionals demonstrated lower levels of pathogen disgust, they nevertheless exhibited largely the same relationship between pathogen disgust and interpersonal biases as did control participants. One practical implication of this association is that pathogen avoidance motives may contribute to inequitable patient treatment in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Makhanova
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - W Allen Lambert
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ryan Blanchard
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric C Shattuck
- Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, 60 N Woodward Ave, Tallahassee FL 32304, USA
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, College for Health, Community, and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Michael P Wilson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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5
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Brown M, Brown SM. Functional Heuristics of Disease Transmission from Physical Deformities in Food Preferences. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1-7. [PMID: 37362225 PMCID: PMC10244852 DOI: 10.1007/s40806-023-00367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Ostensibly serving to restrict contact with disease vectors, humans exhibit aversion toward cues heuristically inferred as pathogenic. This restriction could lead perceivers to downregulate their interest in food consumption, even if such cues may not connote actual disease threats. This proclivity to avoid disease led us to consider how heuristic disease cues inform interest in foods. Participants evaluated a hypothetical food preparer that varied in the presence of heuristic cues to disease transmission (i.e., physical deformities versus healthy control). Individuals with low levels of perceived infectability were more discerning of the social target as a function of disease cues, whereas heightened levels of this trait fostered an overall aversion to targets regardless of health status. Results provide continued evidence for how pathogen avoidance motives compete with other somatic motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Brown
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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6
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Ren D, Stavrova O. Does a pandemic context attenuate people's negative perception and meta-perception of solitude? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 58:134-142. [PMID: 36307968 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solitude-the state of being alone without social interactions-is a common experience in everyday life. Despite that spending time alone can be enjoyable and functional, solitude is often stigmatised: People who engage in solitary activities are perceived negatively (negative perceptions of solitude) and anticipate a negative judgement from others (negative meta-perceptions of solitude). Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a backdrop, we examined whether a pandemic context, in which solitary behaviours were easily attributable to external reasons, would reduce people's negative perceptions and meta-perceptions of solitude. Across three preregistered experiments (total N = 767) conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that the presence (vs. absence) of a pandemic context attenuated both the negative meta-perceptions and the negative perceptions of solitude. Yet, people believed that the pandemic context produced a stronger shift away from the stigmatisation of solitude than it actually did. These findings revealed the limits of contextual cues in mitigating the negative perceptions of being alone-even when these cues were explicit and readily available. The current research sheds light on the potential challenges of destigmatising solitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Stavrova
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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7
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Roberts JW, Bennett SJ. Does the threat of COVID-19 modulate automatic imitation? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284936. [PMID: 37093873 PMCID: PMC10124885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The tendency to involuntarily imitate the actions of others (automatic imitation) can be modulated by social affiliative cues. Here, we explored whether the disruption to our social lives caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may subsequently influence automatic imitation. Three groups were initially presented a sentence comprehension task that featured either neutral (control), safe or unsafe primes to COVID-19 infection. They then completed an automatic imitation task, where a numeric cue was presented alongside apparent motion of an index or middle finger, which was either compatible or incompatible with the required response. Reaction times were longer for the incompatible compared to compatible trials, and thus demonstrated automatic imitation. However, there was no influence of the primes indicating that automatic imitation was unaffected by the risk of COVID-19. The potential theoretical explanations and practical implications of pathogen avoidance and social bonding incentives are discussed with reference to pandemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Thiebaut G, Méot A, Witt A, Prokop P, Bonin P. Pseudo-Contamination and Memory: Is There a Memory Advantage for Objects Touched by "Morphologically Deviant People"? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 9:1-14. [PMID: 36311386 PMCID: PMC9589653 DOI: 10.1007/s40806-022-00345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Memory plays an important role in the behavioral immune system (BIS; Schaller in Psychological Inquiry, 17(2), 96-101, 2016a), a proactive immune system whose ultimate function is to make organisms avoid sources of contamination. Indeed, it has been found that objects presented next to sick people are remembered better than objects shown next to healthy people-representing a contamination effect in memory. In the present studies, we investigated this memory effect in relation to "pseudo-contaminated" sources, that is to say, people exhibiting cues ultimately evoking the threat of contamination but objectively posing no such threat in terms of disease transmission. Common objects were shown next to photographs of people having three kinds of morphological deviations-obesity (study 1), scars and burns (study 2), strange eyes (study 3)-or no morphological deviation. Contrary to our expectations, we found that "pseudo-contaminated objects" were not remembered better than "non-contaminated objects," whereas discomfort ratings of the idea of touching the same objects were clearly higher with morphologically deviant people. Memory mechanisms do not seem to be mobilized by "pseudo-contamination" sources which are not directly related to infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Thiebaut
- LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle AAFE - Esplanade Erasme, BP 26513, Dijon Cedex, 21065 France
| | - Alain Méot
- LAPSCO-CNRS UMR6024, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arnaud Witt
- LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle AAFE - Esplanade Erasme, BP 26513, Dijon Cedex, 21065 France
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick Bonin
- LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle AAFE - Esplanade Erasme, BP 26513, Dijon Cedex, 21065 France
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9
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Cover your mouth! Disease avoidance predicts the stigmatization of yawning. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Murray SL, Xia J, Lamarche VM, Seery MD, McNulty J, Ward DE, Griffin DW, Hicks L. Sensitizing the Behavioral-Immune System: The Power of Social Pain. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article is temporarily under embargo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Xia
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Mark D. Seery
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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11
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Young MJ, Silk MJ, Pritchard AJ, Fefferman NH. Diversity in valuing social contact and risk tolerance leading to the emergence of homophily in populations facing infectious threats. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044315. [PMID: 35590588 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How self-organization leads to the emergence of structure in social populations remains a fascinating and open question in the study of complex systems. One frequently observed structure that emerges again and again across systems is that of self-similar community, i.e., homophily. We use a game theoretic perspective to explore a case in which individuals choose affiliation partnerships based on only two factors: the value they place on having social contacts, and their risk tolerance for exposure to threat derived from social contact (e.g., infectious disease, threatening ideas, etc.). We show how diversity along just these two influences is sufficient to cause the emergence of self-organizing homophily in the population. We further consider a case in which extrinsic social factors influence the desire to maintain particular social ties, and show the robustness of emergent homophilic patterns to these additional influences. These results demonstrate how observable population-level homophily may arise out of individual behaviors that balance the value of social contacts against the potential risks associated with those contacts. We present and discuss these results in the context of outbreaks of infectious disease in human populations. Complementing the standard narrative about how social division alters epidemiological risk, we here show how epidemiological risk may deepen social divisions in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Matthew J Silk
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Alex J Pritchard
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Nina H Fefferman
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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12
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Amram R, Ravreby I, Trainin N, Yeshurun Y. Fear of being near: Fear supersedes sociability when interacting amid a pandemic. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 187:111404. [PMID: 35400779 PMCID: PMC8978598 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the COVID-19 era, physical interactions ubiquitously pose a disease threat. Using a novel online paradigm, this study tested whether under such unique circumstances, the fundamental motivation to avoid disease-related threats interacts with individual differences in sociability, such that: (i) responses to others are slowed down, particularly among sociable individuals, reflecting motivational tension; (ii) the role of sociability in predicting interaction likelihood is diminished. Participants (Israeli young adults, N = 207) listened to auditory descriptions of everyday social situations, taking place in either the physical or virtual space, and decided quickly whether to interact. Participants also completed the Sociability Scale (Cheek & Buss, 1981). Responses were slower in the physical compared to virtual space, regardless of sociability. The association between interaction likelihood and sociability was stronger in the virtual space, with sociability mirrored by self-reported fear of COVID-19 in predicting interaction likelihood. We propose that when physical contact with others poses a threat to safety, fear supersedes sociability in guiding behavior in physical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Amram
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Ravreby
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nitzan Trainin
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaara Yeshurun
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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14
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Fischer P, Jakobsen KV. Witnessed inclusion improves identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 40:254-270. [PMID: 35048401 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion threatens a person's need to belong and prompts them to behave in ways that often facilitate reaffiliation. For adults, direct exclusion increases attention to social information and facial cues, including an enhanced identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, inclusion can buffer or mitigate the effects of exclusion. This study investigated children's (N = 44) and adults' (N = 52) sensitivity to perceptual changes in smiles following witnessed inclusion and exclusion and inclusion's mitigating and buffering effects on perceptual abilities. Contrary to our predictions, participants in our study demonstrated improved accuracy after witnessing inclusion, rather than exclusion, and showed no buffering or mitigating effects of inclusion. This contradiction with previous findings points to a further need to explore the effects of witnessed versus direct inclusion and exclusion, especially if witnessed inclusion and exclusion have the ability to impact perception and shape our behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fischer
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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15
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Schaller M, Murray DR, Hofer MK. The behavioural immune system and pandemic psychology: the evolved psychology of disease-avoidance and its implications for attitudes, behaviour, and public health during epidemic outbreaks. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1988404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Damian R. Murray
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70188, United States
| | - Marlise K. Hofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W2Y2, Canada
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16
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Gul P, Keesmekers N, Elmas P, Köse FE, Koskun T, Wisman A, Kupfer TR. Disease Avoidance Motives Trade-Off Against Social Motives, Especially Mate-Seeking, to Predict Social Distancing: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211046462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of studies have sought to understand why people’s compliance with social distancing varied during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent theory suggests that pathogen avoidance behavior is based not only on perceived risk but on a trade-off between the perceived costs of pathogen exposure and the perceived benefits of social contact. We hypothesized that compliance with social distancing may therefore be explained by a trade-off between pathogen avoidance and various social motives such as mate-seeking. Two studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that social distancing was positively associated with disease avoidance motives but negatively associated with social motives, especially mating motives. These associations remained after controlling for predictors identified by previous research, including risk perception and personality. Findings indicate that people who are more interested in seeking new romantic partners (e.g., young men) may be less inclined to socially distance and be more at risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Gul
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nils Keesmekers
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Pinar Elmas
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ebru Köse
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Tolga Koskun
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Arnaud Wisman
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Kupfer
- Department of Experimental and Applied Social Psychology, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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17
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Thiebaut G, Méot A, Witt A, Prokop P, Bonin P. "Touch Me If You Can!": Individual Differences in Disease Avoidance and Social Touch. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211056159. [PMID: 34874187 PMCID: PMC10358415 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211056159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of diseases varies considerably among individuals, and it has been found to be linked to various proactive or reactive behaviors. In the present studies, we investigated the impact of individual differences in the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) on social touch before (Study 1) or during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (Study 2). We also investigated the influence of personality traits in the covariation between these two dimensions. We found that people who are the most disease-avoidant are also the most reluctant to touching or being touched by others (and this relationship holds when personality traits are taken into account). Interestingly, the association between PVD and social touch increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with a few months before. By showing that the fear of contamination has an association with social touch, the findings provide further evidence for the behavioral immune system ( Schaller and Park, 2011), a psychological system acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Thiebaut
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Méot
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, LAPSCO-CNRS UMR6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arnaud Witt
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick Bonin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD-CNRS UMR5022, Dijon, France
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18
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Brown M, Young SG, Sacco DF. Competing motives in a pandemic: Interplays between fundamental social motives and technology use in predicting (Non)Compliance with social distancing guidelines. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021; 123:106892. [PMID: 36569368 PMCID: PMC9758607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals were advised to adhere to social distancing guidelines limiting physical interpersonal contact. Humans have a suite of adaptations to satisfy belonging needs while avoiding diseased conspecifics. Competition between motivational systems may explain adherence and resistance to social distancing guidelines and how technologically mediated interactions further shape these decisions. This study is a preregistered analysis of data in a representative sample collected during the pandemic investigating how individual differences in affiliative and pathogen-avoidant motives predict interest in physical interactions (N = 2409). Germ aversion predicted disinterest in physical interactions and need to belong predicted interest. Additional analyses revealed technology use satisfied belonging motives that unexpectedly heightened interest in physical contact. Exploratory analyses further indicate that internet speed was similarly associated with greater interest in physical interactions. We frame these results through a competing fundamental social motives framework and discuss how to address future pandemics effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Brown
- University of Arkansas, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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19
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Social distancing from foreign individuals as a disease-avoidance mechanism: Testing the assumptions of the behavioral immune system theory during the COVID-19 pandemic. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Topics of prejudice, discrimination, and negative attitudes toward outgroups have attracted much attention of social scientists during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the preference for social distancing can originate from the perception of threat. One of the theoretical approaches that offers an explanation for avoidance tendencies is the behavioral immune system theory. As a motivational system that aims to identify and avoid pathogens, the behavioral immune system has been shown to be triggered by various cues of a potential disease threat (e.g., the risk of contracting a virus), which further leads to negative social consequences such as xenophobia, negative attitudes toward various social groups, and distancing tendencies. We present a correlational study (N = 588; Polish sample) that was designed to test mediational models derived from the behavioral immune system theory, using the COVID-19 pandemic as a source of natural disease threat. In serial mediation analyses we show that the perceived threat of COVID-19 translates into greater preferred social distance from foreign individuals, and that this occurs in two ways: 1) via pathogen disgust (but not sexual or moral disgust), and 2) via germ aversion (but not perceived infectability). Both pathogen disgust and germ aversion further predict general feelings toward foreign individuals, which finally determine the preferred social distance from these individuals. The results support the behavioral immune system theory as an important concept for understanding social distancing tendencies.
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Brown M, Tracy RE, Young SG, Sacco DF. Crowd Salience Heightens Tolerance to Healthy Facial Features. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 7:432-446. [PMID: 34567952 PMCID: PMC8455113 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent findings suggest crowd salience heightens pathogen-avoidant motives, serving to reduce individuals' infection risk through interpersonal contact. Such experiences may similarly facilitate the identification, and avoidance, of diseased conspecifics. The current experiment sought to replicate and extend previous crowding research. METHODS In this experiment, we primed participants at two universities with either a crowding or control experience before having them evaluate faces manipulated to appear healthy or diseased by indicating the degree to which they would want to interact with them. RESULTS Crowding-primed participants reported a more heightened preferences for healthy faces than control-primed participants. Additionally, crowd salience reduced aversion toward healthy faces but did not heighten aversion to diseased faces. CONCLUSION Results suggest crowding appears to heighten tolerance for health cues given the heightened proximal threat of infections through interpersonal contact within crowded environments. Conversely, this work extends previous findings by indicating this preference is not rooted in an aversion to cues of poor health. We frame findings from a threat management perspective in understanding how crowding fosters sensitivity toward pathogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Brown
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | | | - Steven G. Young
- Graduate Center at CUNY, New York, NY USA
- CUNY Baruch College, New York, NY USA
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Sacco DF, Brown M, Macchione AL, Young SG. No Evidence for Social Surrogacy in Fostering Intentions to Follow Social Distancing Guidelines. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We tested whether temporary social needs satisfaction through social surrogacy would ensure greater willingness to adhere to social distancing recommendations elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were randomly assigned to social exclusion or inclusion via Cyberball ( n = 534) followed by either a social surrogacy manipulation (imagine favorite TV show), or one of two control states. No restorative effects emerged following a social surrogacy prime. An exploratory analysis considering age as a moderator ( MAge = 36.89 years, SD = 10.88, range = 19–70 years) found that excluded adults (i.e., middle and older ages) reported more intentions to deviate following surrogacy experiences relative to control experiences; no effects emerged for younger adults in this analysis. We discuss the limitations of social surrogacy in fostering compliance with social distancing initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F. Sacco
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Mitch Brown
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Alicia L. Macchione
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Steven G. Young
- Baruch College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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Young SG, Brown M, Sacco DF. Using psychological science to support social distancing: Tradeoffs between affiliation and disease‐avoidance motivations. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Young
- Baruch College City University of New York New York City New York USA
- The Graduate Center City University of New York New York City New York USA
| | - Mitch Brown
- University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Donald F. Sacco
- The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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Prokosch ML, Airington Z, Murray DR. Investigating the relationship between olfactory acuity, disgust, and mating strategies. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Boyraz G, Legros DN, Tigershtrom A. COVID-19 and traumatic stress: The role of perceived vulnerability, COVID-19-related worries, and social isolation. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 76:102307. [PMID: 32937259 PMCID: PMC7831572 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to propose and test two models to understand the relationship between perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 (PVC) and COVID-19-related traumatic stress (TS), as well as the variables that may mediate and moderate this relationship among individuals who have not yet been infected with COVID-19. Using an online survey, data were collected between late March and early April 2020. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and included 747 adults living in the United States. Supporting our hypotheses, results indicated that both COVID-19-related worries and social isolation were significant mediators of the relationship between PVC and TS (Model 1). In addition, the results of a moderated mediation analysis indicated that the indirect effect of PVC on TS through COVID-19-related worries was stronger for participants who reported greater social isolation (Model 2). Although future research is needed, these findings suggest that both social isolation and disease-related worries may be important variables that can be targeted in interventions to reduce pandemic-related TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Boyraz
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
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Testing the motivational tradeoffs between pathogen avoidance and status acquisition. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce disease transmission through interpersonal contact, humans have evolved a behavioral immune system that facilitates identification and avoidance of pathogens. One behavioral strategy in response to pathogenic threat is the adoption of interpersonal reticence. However, reticence may impede status acquisition. This program of research tested whether activating pathogen-avoidant motives through priming fosters reticence related to status, namely disinterest in pursuing a group leadership position (Study 1) or disinterest in accepting a group leadership position bestowed onto them (Study 2). Individuals high in germ aversion were particularly interested in pursuing leadership as a form of status, with disease salience unexpectedly heightening status motives among those low in germ aversion. Furthermore, those high in perceived infectability reported reluctance for high-status positions, although disease salience heightened interest in accepting such positions. We contextualize findings by identifying dispositional and situational factors that foster individuals to invoke motivational tradeoffs.
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Mentser S, Nussinson R. We're not of the same feather: Disgust sensitivity and reduced perceived similarity to unknown others. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Capturing Fluctuations in Pathogen Avoidance: the Situational Pathogen Avoidance Scale. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 7:21-38. [PMID: 32837865 PMCID: PMC7424133 DOI: 10.1007/s40806-020-00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen avoidance is an important motive underlying human behavior and is associated with numerous psychological processes—including biases against social groups heuristically associated with illness. Although there are reliable measurement scales to assess chronic dispositional levels of pathogen avoidance, no measurement scale currently exists to directly assess moment-to-moment fluctuations in pathogen avoidance. This paper presents the Situational Pathogen Avoidance (SPA) scale, which assesses situational variability in pathogen avoidance, especially as it pertains to avoidance of social stimuli. Across six studies, we demonstrate the reliability and validity of the SPA scale, show that the scale is influenced by situational activation of pathogen avoidance motives, and demonstrate that it mediates the association between pathogen avoidance motives (both chronic and situational) and social biases against obese and foreign targets. The SPA scale provides a valuable measurement tool for researchers who study pathogen avoidance and to those who study social biases more generally.
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Murray SL, Lamarche V, Seery MD, Jung HY, Griffin DW, Brinkman C. The social-safety system: Fortifying relationships in the face of the unforeseeable. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 120:99-130. [PMID: 32406706 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A model of the social-safety system is proposed to explain how people sustain a sense of safety in the relational world when they are not able to foresee the behavior of others. In this model, people can escape the acute anxiety posed by agents in their personal relational world behaving unexpectedly (e.g., spouse, child) by defensively imposing well-intentioned motivations on the agents controlling their sociopolitical relational world (e.g., President, Congress). Conversely, people can escape the acute anxiety posed by sociopolitical agents behaving unexpectedly by defensively imposing well-intentioned motivations on the agents controlling their personal relational world. Two daily diary studies, a longitudinal study of the 2018 midterm election, and a 3-year longitudinal study of newlyweds supported the hypotheses. On a daily basis, people who were less certain they could trust their romantic partner defended against acutely unforeseeable behavior in one relational world by affirming faith in the well-intentioned motivations of agents in the alternate world. Moreover, when people were more in the personal daily habit of finding safety in the alternate relational world in the face of the unexpected, those who were initially uncertain they could trust their romantic partner later evidenced greater comfort depending on their personal relationship partners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Facing Competing Motives: Testing for Motivational Tradeoffs in Affiliative and Pathogen-Avoidant Motives via Extraverted Face Preferences. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-019-00200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The functional basis of disgust in disease avoidance is widely accepted; however, there is disagreement over what disgust is. This is a significant problem, as basic questions about disgust require knowing if single/multiple forms/processes exist. We address this issue with a new model with one form of disgust generated by multiple processes: (a) pure disgust experienced during gastrointestinal illness; (b) somatosensory disgust elicited by specific cues that activate the pure disgust state; (c) anticipatory disgust elicited by associations between distance cues for somatosensory disgust and requiring threat evaluation; (d) simulated disgusts elicited by imagining somatosensory and anticipatory disgust and frequently involving other emotions. Different contamination processes interlink (a–d). The implications of our model for fundamental questions about disgust (e.g., emotion status; continuation into animals) are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor I. Case
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Megan J. Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | - Supreet Saluja
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
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Dean KK, Wentworth G, LeCompte N. Social exclusion and perceived vulnerability to physical harm. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1370389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy K. Dean
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Grace Wentworth
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Nikole LeCompte
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
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Sacco DF, Brown M. The face of personality: Adaptive inferences from facial cues are moderated by perceiver personality and motives. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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[Do the explanations regarding the safety of Fukushima-produced foods ease consumer's concerns about disease?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 88:43-50. [PMID: 29630310 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.88.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consumers have had concerns over the safety of Fukushima-produced foods since the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. To dispel these concerns, the public administration has distributed the informational leaflets, which guarantee the safety of Fukushima-produced foods in the marketplace. We investigated the effectiveness of the leaflets. Previous research showed that the activation of behavioral immune system exacerbated prejudice toward out-group members. Therefore, we investigated whether reading the leaflets about the safety of foods would increase prejudice toward foreigners. Participants (N = 50) were asked to read a leaflet either relevant or irrelevant to the safety of Fukushima-produced foods and then complete a Japanese-Foreigners Implicit Association Test and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale. As predicted, participants high in chronic germ aversion (GA) were more prejudiced against foreigners when reading the leaflet relevant to the safety of Fukushima-produced foods than when reading the leaflet irrelevant to the issue. No such effect was observed among participants low in GA. These results indicated the possibility that the current leaflet about the safety of Fukushima foods might backfire.
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Making of an In-Joke: Humor Appreciation as an Ingratiation Strategy Following Ostracism. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-017-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ackerman JM, Hill SE, Murray DR. The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sawada N, Auger E, Lydon JE. Activation of the Behavioral Immune System: Putting the Brakes on Affiliation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 44:224-237. [PMID: 29020867 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217736046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists propose that humans evolved a first line of defense against pathogens: the behavioral immune system (BIS). The BIS is thought to be functionally flexible such that the likelihood and magnitude of BIS activation depends on the individual's perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). Because conspecifics are sources of infection, the BIS has implications for affiliation. By priming and measuring chronic levels of PVD, we examined PVD's relation to affiliation in zero-acquaintance situations in the laboratory, online, and during speed-dating events. Elevated BIS activation was associated with decreased attraction and affiliative behavior in situations that varied in the trade-off between social reward and potential risk of infection. These results were not due to attachment style, personality traits, or disgust sensitivity. This suggests that in social interactions, approach motivation associated with the need to belong may be weighed against avoidance motivation associated with the need to protect the self from disease.
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Taylor JP. Reasoning Improves in Response to Threats of Contagion and Food Contamination. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-017-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schaller M, Kenrick DT, Neel R, Neuberg SL. Evolution and human motivation: A fundamental motives framework. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sacco DF, Brown M, Lustgraaf CJN, Hugenberg K. The Adaptive Utility of Deontology: Deontological Moral Decision-Making Fosters Perceptions of Trust and Likeability. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brown M, Sacco DF. Avoiding Extraverts: Pathogen Concern Downregulates Preferences for Extraverted Faces. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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