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Kunz SN, Bohrer D, do Nascimento PC, Cibin FWS, de Carvalho LM. Interference of Parenteral Nutrition Components in Silicon-Mediated Protection Against Aluminum Bioaccumulation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3662-3671. [PMID: 37924413 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum and silicon are contaminants found in formulations used to prepare parenteral nutrition. Both elements are leached from glass containers, mainly during the heating cycle for sterilization. Insoluble and biologically inactive species of hydroxyaluminosilicates have been shown to form in solutions containing Al and Si. Therefore, this interaction may play an important role in protecting the body against Al toxicity. In this study, the bioavailability of Al in the presence of Si, calcium gluconate (Gluc.), and potassium phosphate (Phosf.) was investigated in rats. The rats were divided into 10 groups of 5 animals each: control, Al, Si, Al + Si, Gluc, Gluc + Al, Gluc + Al + Si, Phosf, Phosf + Al, and Phosf + Al + Si. The doses, consisting of 0.5 mg/kg/day Al and 2 mg/kg/day Si in the presence or absence of Gluc. or Phosf., were intraperitoneally administered for 3 months. Tissues were analyzed for Al and Si content. Al accumulated in the liver, kidneys, and bones, and the simultaneous administration of Si decreased Al accumulation in these tissues. The presence of Si reduced the amount of Al present by 72% in the liver, by 45% in the kidneys, and by 16% in bone. This effect was lees pronounced in the presence of parenteral nutrition compounds though. Si tissue accumulation was also observed, mainly when administered together with phosphate. These results suggest that Si may act as a protector against Al toxicity, by either reducing Al absorption or increasing its excretion, probably through hydroxyaluminosilicates formation. The presence of calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate decreases or inhibits this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Noremberg Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105, 900, Brazil.
| | - Denise Bohrer
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cícero do Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105, 900, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Machado de Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105, 900, Brazil
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Oezen G, Kraus L, Schentarra EM, Bolten JS, Huwyler J, Fricker G. Aluminum and ABC transporter activity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104451. [PMID: 38648870 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum is the third most common element on Earth´s crust and despite its wide use in our workaday life it has been associated with several health risks after overexposure. In the present study the impact of aluminum salts upon ABC transporter activity was studied in the P-GP-expressing human blood-brain barrier cell line hCMEC/D3, in MDCKII cells overexpressing BCRP and MRP2, respectively, and in freshly isolated, functionally intact kidney tubules from Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), which express the analog ABC transporters, P-gp, Bcrp and Mrp2. In contrast to previous findings with heavy metals salts (cadmium(II) chloride or mercury(II) chloride), which have a strong inhibitory effect on ABC transporter activity, or zinc(II) chloride and sodium arsenite, which have a stimulatory effect upon ABC transport function, the results indicate no modulatory effect of aluminum salts on the efflux activity of the human ABC transporters P-GP, BCRP and MRP2 nor on the analog transporters P-gp, Bcrp and Mrp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goezde Oezen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States
| | - Lisa Kraus
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States
| | - Eva-Maria Schentarra
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States
| | - Jan Stephan Bolten
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huwyler
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States.
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Otero-Millán L, Bea-Mascato B, Legido Soto JL, Martínez-López-De-Castro N, Lago Rivero N. Electron Microscopy for the Stability Assessment of Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures: Focus on Precipitation. Nutrients 2024; 16:1390. [PMID: 38732636 PMCID: PMC11085670 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: parenteral nutrition (PN) is indispensable for patients unable to receive oral or enteral feeding. However, the complexity of PN solutions presents challenges regarding stability and compatibility. Precipitation reactions may occur. The most frequent is the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca-P). The different factors influencing these reactions must be considered to ensure patient safety. (2) Methods: eight paediatric PN solutions were prepared, following standard protocols. Samples were stored at room temperature and in a refrigerator. Electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), was employed. Precipitates were analysed for composition and morphology. (3) Results: precipitates were observed in all samples, even at day 0. Crystalline structures, predominantly composed of calcium or magnesium, sometimes associated with chlorine or phosphorus, were detected. Additionally, amorphous precipitates, contained heterogeneous compositions, including unexpected elements, were identified. (4) Conclusions: various precipitates, primarily calcium- or magnesium-based, can form in PN solutions, although it is not expected that they can form under the real conditions of use. Calcium oxalate precipitation has been characterised, but the use of organic calcium and phosphate salts appears to mitigate calcium phosphate precipitation. Electron microscopy provides interesting results on NP precipitation, but sample preparation may present technical limitations that affect the interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Otero-Millán
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
- NeumoVigo I+i Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Brais Bea-Mascato
- Innovation in Clinical Pharmacy Research Group (i-FARMA-Vigo), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Legido Soto
- Applied Physic Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Noemi Martínez-López-De-Castro
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
- Innovation in Clinical Pharmacy Research Group (i-FARMA-Vigo), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Natividad Lago Rivero
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
- Innovation in Clinical Pharmacy Research Group (i-FARMA-Vigo), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur) SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain;
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Berlana D, López-Hellín J, Pau-Parra A, Ferrer-Costa R. Comparing Aluminum Concentrations in Adult and Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: Multichamber-Bag versus Compounded Parenteral Nutrition. Nutrients 2024; 16:1024. [PMID: 38613056 PMCID: PMC11013817 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum contamination in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions can lead to neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass, and liver toxicity, especially in pediatric patients. Ingredients commonly used in PN compounding, such as vitamins, trace elements, calcium, and phosphate salts, contain significant amounts of aluminum. This study aimed to compare aluminum concentrations in multichamber-bag (MCB) and compounded PN for adults and pediatrics. A prospective study assessed aluminum concentrations in various types of MCB and compared them with compounded PN formulations with similar compositions. The types of MCB included Lipoflex® (without electrolytes), Omegaflex®, Finomel®, Smofkabiven® (with and without electrolytes), Olimel®, Clinimix®, and Numeta®. Overall, 80 aluminum determinations were included: 36 for MCBs and 44 for compounded PN. MCBs showed significantly lower aluminum concentrations than compounded PN: 11.37 (SD 6.16) vs. 21.45 (8.08) µg/L, respectively. Similar results were observed for adult (n = 40) and pediatric (n = 40) PN formulations (12.97 (7.74) vs. 20.78 (10.28) µg/L, and 9.38 (2.23) vs. 22.01 (5.82) µg/L, respectively). Significant differences were also found between MCBs depending on the manufacturing company. These findings suggest that MCBs PN offer a safer option for reducing aluminum contamination in PN. Harmonizing regulations concerning aluminum concentrations in PN solutions could help mitigate differences between PN formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berlana
- Pharmacy Department, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan López-Hellín
- Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical Chemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (BC-DDT) Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Pau-Parra
- Pharmacy Department, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer-Costa
- Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical Chemistry, Drug Delivery & Therapy (BC-DDT) Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Aljohar HI, Nawawi RA, Albanyan NS, Aljarboa S, Orfali RS. An Assessment of aluminum contamination in neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions based on measured versus labeled content. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101941. [PMID: 38292404 PMCID: PMC10825339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum can potentially cause toxicity in pediatrics and neonates receiving parenteral nutrition. Some PN solutions and ingredients in Saudi Arabia do not comply with US FDA regulations regarding aluminum exposure. This study aims to determine the aluminum concentration in samples of PN solutions and ingredients used to feed infants in Saudi Arabia. The aluminum in the samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentration of metal contaminants in each sample was determined in triplicate. The aluminum content of 38 samples was investigated, 15 of which originated from components included in the prepared PN solutions. Among the 15 samples, the least measurable aluminum content was detected in potassium chloride solutions (0.81 mcg/L). In contrast, the greatest amount of aluminum was detected in potassium phosphate and calcium gluconate (141,64 mcg/L and 462.7 mcg/L), respectively. The results showed that the final PN solution (PNS) product contained more aluminum levels than the content ingredients; in addition, the study found a statistically significant relationship among 18 pediatric patients at KFMC who had intestinal failure and needed long-term parenteral nutrition. Specifically, their high aluminum levels, exceeding the normal range of 0.6 ng/ml, indicate that the current use of PN solutions will likely cause toxicity due to aluminum contamination in additives. Hence, reducing aluminum in PN solutions is imperative to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya I. Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania A. Nawawi
- Pharmacy Services Administration, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora S. Albanyan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmacy Services Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Aljarboa
- Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan S. Orfali
- Clinical Research Groups Department, Research Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, 12231, Saudi Arabia
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Schönenberger KA, Saxer C, Neyer PJ, Huwiler VV, Reber E, Hammerer-Lercher A, Stanga Z, Mühlebach S. Aluminum and other chemical elements in parenteral nutrition components and all-in-one admixtures. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2475-2483. [PMID: 38411019 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Parenteral nutrition (PN) can lead to high or even toxic exposure to aluminum (Al). We aimed to quantify concentrations of Al and other chemical elements of all-in-one (AIO) PN admixtures for adults prepared from commercial multichamber bags (Olimel® 5.7%, Omegaflex® special, SmofKabiven®, all with and without electrolytes) and vitamin and trace element additives over a 48-h period. Secondly, we determined the level of Al contamination resulting from admixing and infusion set use. METHODS We used dynamic reaction cell and kinetic energy discrimination inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantify Al, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in AIO PN admixtures. We extracted samples for analysis via the bag injection ports and infusion sets over a 48-h period after admixing. We compared the measured Al concentrations of AIO PN admixtures with calculated values based on the measured concentrations of individual chamber contents and additives. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) baseline Al concentrations in AIO PN admixtures ranged from 10.5 (0.5) to 59.3 (11.4) μg/L and decreased slightly over the 48 h (estimate [standard error] -0.09 [0.02] μg/L/hour, p <0.001). Thus, certain products exceeded the widely accepted limit of 25 μg/L. There was no significant difference in Al concentrations between samples extracted via the bag injection ports or infusion sets (p = 0.33), nor between measured and calculated Al concentrations of AIO PN admixtures (p = 0.91). CONCLUSION Because certain commercially available PN admixtures for adults proved to contain excessively high levels of Al in our study, regulations and corresponding quality requirements at the authority level (e.g., Pharmacopoeia and regulatory authorities) are urgently required. Our results showed that the PN handling process (admixing and supplementing additives) or the materials of the infusion set did not lead to additional Al contamination to any extent. Moreover, calculated Al concentrations of AIO PN admixtures derived from individual chamber contents and additives are valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Schönenberger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 26, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism (UDEM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Saxer
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Neyer
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Valentina V Huwiler
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 26, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism (UDEM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Reber
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism (UDEM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Zeno Stanga
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism (UDEM), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Mühlebach
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 26, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Öztürk E, Yıldırım S, Akyol A. Determination of aluminum concentrations of parenteral nutrition solutions by HPLC. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:567-569. [PMID: 32884121 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) contamination of parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions has been known for over 30 years. In particular, vascular intake of Al leads to its accumulation in tissues. In this study, 8 all-in-one PN solutions the aluminum concentration was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean Al concentration of the glucose solutions of the PN solutions combinations was 16.36 ± 8.31 µg/L, the mean Al concentration of the amino acid solutions was 4.96 ± 3.73 µg/L, and the mean Al concentration of the lipid solutions was 9.09 ± 11.23 µg/L. The Al concentration of the PN5 glucose and PN2 lipid solutions were above 25 µg/L, which is the limit set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). No studies in the literature have examined the Al concentrations of all-in-one PN solutions via HPLC. In two of the analyzed solutions, the Al concentration was found to be higher than the limit set by the FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Öztürk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Sercan Yıldırım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aslı Akyol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Aluminum Exposure from Parenteral Nutrition: Early Bile Canaliculus Changes of the Hepatocyte. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060723. [PMID: 29867048 PMCID: PMC6024673 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonates on long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) may develop parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). Aluminum (Al) is a known contaminant of infant PN, and we hypothesize that it substantially contributes to PNALD. In this study, we aim to assess the impact of Al on hepatocytes in a piglet model. Methods: We conducted a randomized control trial using a Yucatan piglet PN model. Piglets, aged 3–6 days, were placed into two groups. The high Al group (n = 8) received PN with 63 µg/kg/day of Al, while the low Al group (n = 7) received PN with 24 µg/kg/day of Al. Serum samples for total bile acids (TBA) were collected over two weeks, and liver tissue was obtained at the end of the experiment. Bile canaliculus morphometry were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ImageJ software analysis. Results: The canalicular space was smaller and the microvilli were shorter in the high Al group than in the low Al group. There was no difference in the TBA between the groups. Conclusions: Al causes structural changes in the hepatocytes despite unaltered serum bile acids. High Al in PN is associated with short microvilli, which could decrease the functional excretion area of the hepatocytes and impair bile flow.
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Aluminum and Phthalates in Calcium Gluconate: Contribution From Glass and Plastic Packaging. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:109-114. [PMID: 27111341 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions has been documented for 3 decades. It can result in elevated blood, bone, and whole body aluminum levels associated with neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass and mineral content, and perhaps hepatotoxicity. The primary aluminum source among parenteral nutrition components is glass-packaged calcium gluconate, in which aluminum concentration in the past 3 decades has averaged approximately 4000 μg/L, compared with <200 μg/L in plastic container-packaged calcium gluconate. A concern about plastic packaging is leaching of plasticizers, including phthalates, which have the potential to cause endocrine (male reproductive system) disruption and neurotoxicity. METHODS Aluminum was quantified in samples collected periodically for more than 2 years from 3 calcium gluconate sources used to prepare parenteral nutrition solutions; 2 packaged in glass (from France and the United States) and 1 in plastic (from Germany); in a recently released plastic-packaged solution (from the United States); and in the 2 glass containers. Phthalate concentration was determined in selected samples of each product and leachate of the plastic containers. RESULTS The initial aluminum concentration was approximately 5000 μg/L in the 2 glass-packaged products and approximately 20 μg/L in the plastic-packaged product, and increased approximately 30%, 50%, and 100% in 2 years, respectively. The aluminum concentration in a recently released Calcium Gluconate Injection USP was approximately 320 μg/L. Phthalates were not detected in any calcium gluconate solutions or leachates. CONCLUSIONS Plastic packaging greatly reduces the contribution of aluminum to parenteral nutrition solutions from calcium gluconate compared with the glass-packaged product.
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Huston RK, Heisel CF, Vermillion BR, Christensen JM, Minc L. Aluminum Content of Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 32:266-270. [PMID: 27679526 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616668789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been the only calcium additive available in the United States that has a low aluminum (Al) content. Calcium gluconate in glass vials (CaGluc-Gl) has a high Al content while calcium gluconate in plastic vials (CaGluc-Pl) has a low Al content. The purpose of this study was to measure Al concentrations in neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions prepared using various calcium additives. METHODS Samples of solutions compounded with CaCl2 or CaGluc-Gl and sodium phosphate (NaPhos) as well as CaGluc-Pl and sodium glycerophosphate (NaGP) with and without cysteine were analyzed for Al content. Samples of the cysteine and calcium gluconate additives were also sent for analysis. RESULTS Solutions containing CaCl2 and CaGlu-Pl had mean Al concentrations of 1.2-2.3 mcg/dL, while those with CaGlu-Gl had mean concentrations of 14.6-15.1 mcg/dL. Solutions made with NaGP were low in Al content. The measured Al content of 2 lots of the cysteine additive were 168 ± 23 mcg/L and 126 ± 5 mcg/L. The Al concentration equalled 2730 ± 20 mcg/L for the CaGlu-Gl additive and 310 ± 80 mcg/L for the CaGlu-Pl additive. CONCLUSION The study indicates that solutions containing CaCl2 or CaGluc-Pl and NaPhos or NaGP are low in Al content. Using these options for calcium and phosphate additives can limit aluminum intake from neonatal PN to levels within the Food and Drug Administration guideline of ≤5 mcg/kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Huston
- 1 Northwest Newborn Specialists, PC, and Pediatrix Medical Group, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl F Heisel
- 2 Neonatal Pharmacy, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin R Vermillion
- 2 Neonatal Pharmacy, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J Mark Christensen
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Leah Minc
- 4 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Rizvi SHM, Parveen A, Ahmad I, Ahmad I, Verma AK, Arshad M, Mahdi AA. Aluminum Activates PERK-EIF2α Signaling and Inflammatory Proteins in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:108-119. [PMID: 26546554 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is the third most abundant element present in the earth's crust and human exposure to it is possible due to industrialization, utensils, medicines, antiperspirants, etc. Evidences suggest involvement of aluminum in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurological disorders. ER stress may be a result of impaired calcium homeostasis due to perturbed redox balance and is known to elicit inflammation through the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of aluminum in ER stress-mediated activation of inflammatory responses in neuroblastoma cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay revealed that aluminum compromised the membrane integrity of neuroblastoma cells, probably due to membrane damage, as indicated by enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Besides this, our results clearly demonstrated elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a weakened antioxidant defence system manifested by decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and cellular glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we studied the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins, ER stress-mediated activation of UPR, and its downstream inflammatory pathway. It was observed that aluminum potentially enhanced protein levels of PERK, EIF2α, caspase 9, caspase 3, and inflammatory markers like NF-κB, NLRP3, HMGB1, and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, aluminum altered TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL10 mRNA levels as well. The overall findings indicated that aluminum mediates UPR activation through ER stress, which results in induction of inflammatory pathway and apoptotic proteins in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Husain Mustafa Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arshiya Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Fibre Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop K Verma
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Arshad
- Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hall AR, Arnold CJ, Miller GG, Zello GA. Infant Parenteral Nutrition Remains a Significant Source for Aluminum Toxicity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1228-1233. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116638056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Chris J. Arnold
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Grant G. Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gordon A. Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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13
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lima-Rogel V, Romano-Moreno S, de Jesús López-López E, de Jesús Escalante-Padrón F, Hurtado-Torres GF. Aluminum Contamination in Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures for Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants in Mexico. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 40:1014-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607114550001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lima-Rogel
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Central Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto and Faculty of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | | | | | - Gilberto Fabian Hurtado-Torres
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Department, Hospital Central Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto and Faculty of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosi, México
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Abstract
Parenteral nutrition is one of the most important therapeutic modalities invented in the last several decades. Since its introduction in the 1960s, this modality has saved thousands of lives by providing nutrients parenterally to sustain growth in premature neonates with severe intestinal immaturity and other pediatric patients with intestinal failure, such as a gastrointestinal fistula or short bowel syndrome. Although parenteral nutrition can be a lifesaving treatment, it is not benign. Many complications can result from either short- or long-term usage. This review discusses the nutritional requirements, common complications, medication additives, and special considerations for pediatric patients requiring parenteral nutrition.
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Veiga M, Bohrer D, Banderó CR, Oliveira SM, do Nascimento PC, Mattiazzi P, Mello CF, Lenz QF, Oliveira MS. Accumulation, elimination, and effects of parenteral exposure to aluminum in newborn and adult rats. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Biological Water Dynamics and Entropy: A Biophysical Origin of Cancer and Other Diseases. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15093822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Kruger PC, Parsons PJ, Galusha AL, Morrissette M, Recker RR, Howard LJ. Excessive Aluminum Accumulation in the Bones of Patients on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:728-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607113491981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C. Kruger
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Patrick J. Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Aubrey L. Galusha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Michelle Morrissette
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Robert R. Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lyn J. Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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21
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Poole RL, Pieroni KP, Gaskari S, Dixon TK, Park K, Kerner JA. Aluminum in pediatric parenteral nutrition products: measured versus labeled content. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2012; 16:92-7. [PMID: 22477831 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-16.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aluminum is a contaminant in all parenteral nutrition solutions. Manufacturers currently label these products with the maximum aluminum content at the time of expiry, but there are no published data to establish the actual measured concentration of aluminum in parenteral nutrition solution products prior to being compounded in the clinical setting. This investigation assessed quantitative aluminum content of products commonly used in the formulation of parenteral nutrition solutions. The objective of this study is to determine the best products to be used when compounding parenteral nutrition solutions (i.e., those with the least amount of aluminum contamination). METHODS All products available in the United States from all manufacturers used in the production of parenteral nutrition solutions were identified and collected. Three lots were collected for each identified product. Samples were quantitatively analyzed by Mayo Laboratories. These measured concentrations were then compared to the manufacturers' labeled concentration. RESULTS Large lot-to-lot and manufacturer-to-manufacturer differences were noted for all products. Measured aluminum concentrations were less than manufacturer-labeled values for all products. CONCLUSIONS The actual aluminum concentrations of all the parenteral nutrition solutions were significantly less than the aluminum content based on manufacturers' labels. These findings indicate that 1) the manufacturers should label their products with actual aluminum content at the time of product release rather than at the time of expiry, 2) that there are manufacturers whose products provide significantly less aluminum contamination than others, and 3) pharmacists can select products with the lowest amounts of aluminum contamination and reduce the aluminum exposure in their patients.
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22
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Wier HA, Kuhn RJ. Aluminum Toxicity in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: What Can We Do? Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46:137-40. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1q399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity has been described in patients of all ages who are receiving a variety of therapies, including dialysis, phosphate-binding medications, and parenteral nutrition (PN). Neonates are at an increased risk of aluminum toxicity because of anatomic, physiologic, and nutrition-related factors not present in other populations. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration recommended restricting daily aluminum administration to 5 μg/kg/day and now requires that additives used to compound PN have the maximum aluminum content at expiration listed on the product label. Although the pharmacist can work to decrease aluminum toxicity in this population, it remains difficult to reach this threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ann Wier
- Heather Ann Wier PharmD, Pediatric and Neonatal Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert J Kuhn
- Robert J Kuhn PharmD, Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Mirtallo JM. Aluminum Contamination of Parenteral Nutrition Fluids. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34:346-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607110361906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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