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Bartoli E, Wadji DL, Oe M, Cheng P, Martin-Soelch C, Pfaltz MC, Langevin R. Perceived Acceptability of Child Maltreatment as a Moderator of the Association Between Experiences of Child Maltreatment and Post-Traumatic Symptoms: A Cross-Cultural Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:3764-3790. [PMID: 38450674 PMCID: PMC11283730 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241234348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented link between child maltreatment (CM) and mental health, evidence suggests substantial variability in the post-traumatic sequelae of CM across cultures. The perceived acceptability of CM in one's community might moderate the association between CM and mental health, but little research has been conducted on it so far. This study examined how the perceived acceptability of CM may influence the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms in individuals from four different continents and if the pattern of associations is the same across countries. We recruited a sample of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122). We administered online questionnaires and performed multiple group moderation analyses for total CM, neglect, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence (DV). A significant positive main effect of CM on post-traumatic symptoms was found in the overall sample and in Cameroon; in Germany, only neglect and emotional maltreatment were positively associated to post-traumatic symptoms. Moderation effects were identified; the perceived acceptability of neglect in Cameroon and Germany and of exposure to DV in Cameroon had a dampening effect on the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms. Our findings confirm that CM experiences entail long-term post-traumatic sequelae that can vary across cultures and CM subtypes and further our understanding of this issue by showing that the perceived acceptability of CM may be an understudied moderator.
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Wu M, Liang X, Dong S, Zhang J, Wang Z. Infants' cortisol reactivity and infant-mother cortisol synchrony in urban Chinese families: The role of maternal control strategy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 168:107108. [PMID: 38970857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Maternal control strategy refers to a mother's practices used to impel, inhibit, guide, or shape their children's behaviors during mother-child interaction. The present study examined control strategies used by Chinese urban mothers and how they associated with infants' cortisol trajectory and infant-mother cortisol synchrony during a separation task. Participants were 115 infant-mother dyads. Maternal control strategy was assessed during mother-infant free-play when the infants were 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2) old. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from both infants and mothers during a stress-inducing task at T2. The results indicated that mothers most frequently adopted the moderate power control strategy, at both T1 and T2. T1 maternal low control strategy significantly predicted infants' cortisol response curve, namely infants of mothers who predominantly adopted a low power control strategy had a more dynamic reactivity and recovery in their cortisol response to the separation task. Positive cortisol synchrony was observed between mothers and infants during the separation stress condition. In addition, T2 maternal high power control strategy accounted for inter-individual variations in infant-mother cortisol synchrony, such that mothers who predominantly adopted a high power control strategy exhibited a heightened level of cortisol synchrony with their infants. Our findings suggest that targeted training in maternal control strategies could help mothers calibrate their infants' adrenocortical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xi Liang
- Research Center of Child Development, Learning and Cognitive Key Laboratory, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Dong
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Marxism, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Research Center of Child Development, Learning and Cognitive Key Laboratory, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Shapiro CJ, Hill-Chapman C, Williams S. Mandated Parent Education: Applications, Impacts, and Future Directions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2024; 27:300-316. [PMID: 38761324 PMCID: PMC11222221 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-024-00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Mandated participation in parent education programs is a common practice across the United States for families who are undergoing divorce or who are involved in the child welfare or juvenile justice systems. Mandates to participate in parenting programs create substantial challenges for families, service providers, and service systems. Furthermore, the type and quality of the parenting services accessed vary widely, and their impacts need to be better understood. To address this need, an overview of the current state of the empirical literature on the impacts and outcomes of mandated parenting interventions for divorce and in child welfare and juvenile justice settings is provided, and suggestions to the field are offered to refine research related to mandated parenting programs. Given the challenges that mandated parenting programs pose, an alternative approach that views parenting through a public health lens is highlighted to build on the growing body of research on the impacts of population-wide applications of parenting support programs, and as a possible way to decrease the number of parents who are required to attend parenting programs. Opportunities to advance universal parenting support within a range of community settings, including primary care, early childhood education, and community mental health systems are offered. Gaps in knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of universal supports and impacts on the number of parents mandated to treatment are highlighted, and future directions for research in this area are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri J Shapiro
- Institute for Families in Society, College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 1600 Hampton St., Suite 507, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Huang Q, Sun J, Lau EYH, Zhou YL. Parental scaffolding and children's math ability: The type of activities matters. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 41:246-258. [PMID: 36859815 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has shown that parent-child math activities predict children's math competence. However, observational studies are limited. This study investigated maternal and paternal scaffolding behaviours in three types of parent-child math activities (i.e., worksheet, game and application activities) and their associations with children's formal and informal math abilities. Ninety-six 5-6-year-olds participated in this study with their mothers and fathers. All children completed three activities with their mothers and three comparable activities with their fathers. Parental scaffolding was coded for each parent-child dyadic activity. Children's formal and informal math abilities were tested individually using the Test of Early Mathematics Ability. Results showed that both mothers' and fathers' scaffolding in application activities significantly predicted their children's formal math ability even after controlling for background variables and their scaffoldings in the other two types of math activities. The findings highlight the importance of parent-child application activities in children's math learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Center for Educational Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eva Yi Hung Lau
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan-Ling Zhou
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Iwanski A, Lichtenstein L, Forster F, Stadelmann C, Bodenmann G, Zimmermann P. A Family Systems Perspective on Attachment Security and Dependency to Mother and Father in Preschool: Differential and Reciprocal Effects on Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010035. [PMID: 36672018 PMCID: PMC9856694 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment security and dependency play a decisive role for children's mental health. From a family systems perspective, reciprocal effects of dyadic attachment to each parent within the same family on child symptomatology may well offer additional insights in developmental processes as parents and children influence each other consistently. This study examined the influence of child-mother as well as child-father attachment security and dependency on maternal, paternal, and observed ratings of children's emotional and behavioral problems. A total of 124 families with preschool children participated in this study. Attachment security, dependency, and symptomatology of the children were independently observed during home visits. Furthermore, mothers and fathers rated child symptoms. Results revealed promotive effects of attachment security to both parents on observed child symptoms. Furthermore, we found a significant actor effect of child-mother attachment security, as well as a significant partner effect of child-father dependency on maternal ratings of child symptomatology. Attachment security to both parents is promotive for child mental health. The family systems perspective clarifies the meaning of child-father relationships for maternal perception of the own child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iwanski
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucie Lichtenstein
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Fabienne Forster
- Cantonal Psychiatric Clinic St. Gallen, Gynaeco-Psychiatry, Zuercherstrasse 30, 9500 Wil, Switzerland
| | - Céline Stadelmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology for Children/Adolescents and Couples/Families, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestr. 14, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bodenmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology for Children/Adolescents and Couples/Families, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestr. 14, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Outcomes of Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implantation in Case of Congenital Non-Syndromic Bilateral Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Observational Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:200-206. [PMID: 36032847 PMCID: PMC9411362 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-01967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was done to measure the outcomes of hearing aid (HA) and cochlear implantation (CI) in case of congenital non syndromic severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) by using aided audiometry (AA), categories of auditory perception (CAP) score and speech intelligibility rating (SIR) scale. The objectives were to find out the effective management options available for bilateral severe to profound SNHL, to study the impact of age of CI on language development and to study the outcome of HA and CI. Patients with congenital severe to profound SNHL were included in the study. Initially the case history of the participants was taken then they underwent audiological tests to confirm hearing loss. To assess the outcomes of HA and CI, they were initially fitted with high gain digital behind the ear HA, then underwent auditory verbal therapy for twelve months, after that AA, CAP and SIR test done to measure the outcomes of HA and similar hierarchy followed for CI. The results showed that with HA, the benefit is very limited whereas with CI the benefit is significant. The average SIR score of HA and CI are 1 and 3.16 and average CAP score are 0.83 and 7.8 respectively. The study shows that the CI is one of the most effective management options available for severe to profound SNHL and found that early intervention followed by early detection of hearing loss helps in achieving better speech and language skills.
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Kuchirko Y, Bennet A, Nisanova L, De Sousa J. “Like Two Musketeers”: Socialization beliefs about toddler's friendships among Dominican, Mexican, and African American mothers. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Kuchirko
- Brooklyn College City University of New York New York USA
| | | | - Linda Nisanova
- Brooklyn College City University of New York New York USA
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Wang R, Li D, Zhang J, Song G, Liu Q, Tang X. The Relationship Between Parent-Adolescent Communication and Depressive Symptoms: The Roles of School Life Experience, Learning Difficulties and Confidence in the Future. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1295-1310. [PMID: 35645583 PMCID: PMC9140886 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s345009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adolescent depression has become a public health issue in China. Family environment and school life play important roles in shaping adolescent mental health. Our study aimed to examine the effect of parent-adolescent communication, school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on depressive symptoms. We also examined the mediating effects of school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms. Methods Data on depressive symptoms, parent-adolescent communication, and mediating variables were obtained from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), including baseline data (2013–2014) and follow-up data (2014–2015). Mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effects of parent-adolescent communication, school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on depressive symptoms, and path analyses were performed to determine the mediating roles of school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and adolescent depressive symptoms. Results More father-adolescent communication, better school-life experiences, and higher confidence in the future were protective factors for depressive symptoms among all boys and girls, and learning difficulties were a risk factor for depressive symptoms among all boys and girls. School-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future had statistically significant mediating effects on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms. Conclusion More father-adolescent communication, higher confidence in the future, better school-life experiences, and fewer academic difficulties were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Both mother-adolescent communication and father-adolescent communication affected depressive symptoms through their effects on school-life experience, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future. This finding highlighted the importance of parent-adolescent communication and its impact on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Marxism, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guirong Song
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qigui Liu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao Tang, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-411-86110328, Email
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Bian Q, Chen Y, Greenfield PM, Yuan Q. Mothers' Experience of Social Change and Individualistic Parenting Goals Over Two Generations in Urban China. Front Psychol 2022; 12:487039. [PMID: 35046860 PMCID: PMC8763011 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.487039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past four decades, China has gone through rapid urbanization and modernization. As people adapt to dramatic sociodemographic shifts from rural communities to urban centers and as economic level rises, individualistic cultural values in China have increased. Meanwhile, parent and child behavior in early childhood has also evolved accordingly to match a more individualistic society. This mixed-method study investigated how social change in China may have impacted parenting goals and child development in middle childhood, as seen through the eyes of the current generation of mothers. Thirty mothers of fifth-grade elementary school students from Shenzhen, China were recruited and took part in semi-structured interviews. Participants answered questions and provided examples about their children's life, their own childhood, and the perceived differences between the two generations. Participating mothers were also asked to rate which generation, themselves or their parents, cared more about the childrearing goals of academic competitiveness and socioemotional well-being. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, we expected and found an intergenerational increase in the perceived value mothers placed on individualistic traits: current mothers care more about their children's academic competitiveness, personal happiness, and social adjustment, compared to their experience of their own mothers' attitudes during their childhood a generation earlier. They also experience conflict between their children's academic competitiveness and socioemotional well-being. As a function of both urbanization and increased economic means, children's collectivistic family responsibilities for essential household chores have declined as the importance of schoolwork has increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Bian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Patricia M. Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zhang Q, Shek DTL, Pan Y. Parent-Child Discrepancies in Perceived Parent-Child Communication and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12041. [PMID: 34831792 PMCID: PMC8624406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies demonstrated that parent-child discrepancies in the perceived family processes were associated with children's developmental outcomes, few studies have addressed this issue in different types of families in mainland China. The present study investigated that how discrepancies in parents' and adolescents' perceptions of parent-adolescent communication were associated with early adolescent depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample (N = 15,377) with 7010 father-adolescent dyads (adolescents: Mage = 14.24 years, SD = 1.25 years; 5960 adolescents from two-parent families, 443 adolescents from single-father families) and 8367 mother-adolescent dyads (adolescents: Mage = 14.02 years, SD = 1.18 years; 6670 adolescents from two-parent families, 1362 adolescents from single-mother families) in China. Adolescent respondents completed a measure of depressive symptoms and all informants reported on the perceived levels of parent-adolescent communication. Results indicated that adolescents reported parent-child communication more negatively than did their parents. Father-adolescent discrepancies were also greater in intact families than non-intact families. Polynomial regression analyses indicated that while there was a significant interactive effect of father-reported and adolescent-reported father-adolescent communication in Chinese two-parent families, no significant interaction was found for mother-adolescent dyad. Besides, adolescent-reported mother-child communication interacted with mother-reported communication in Chinese single-mother families only. The findings clarify parent-adolescent discrepancies in parent-child communication in different types of families in China and they have theoretical and practical implications on the role of discrepancies in parents and adolescent children on perceived parent-adolescent communication in early adolescent depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongwen Zhang
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Daniel T. L. Shek
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yangu Pan
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China;
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Measuring parents’ developmental goals for their children: Updating Kağitçibaşi’s approach to autonomy-relatedness in the United States and China. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Waiting for the better reward: Comparison of delay of gratification in young children across two cultures. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256966. [PMID: 34478467 PMCID: PMC8415579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay of gratification-a form of self-control-is the ability to forsake immediately available rewards in order to obtain larger-valued outcomes in future, which develops throughout the pre-school years. The majority of previous research in this area has been conducted with Western populations, therefore knowledge of Eastern children's performance is scarcer. Here, utilising on a recently published dataset of British children (n = 61), we further tested delay of gratification in 3 to 5-year-old Chinese children (n = 75) using Bramlett et al.'s (2012) delay choice paradigm. The paradigm was previously used in non-human primates and it featured a mechanized rotating tray that sequentially moves rewards within reach. Additionally, we administered 3 inhibitory control tasks and 1 standardised delay choice task to Chinese pre-schoolers (British children were not tested). We aimed to investigate the influence of culture, reward type and reward visibility on pre-schoolers' ability to delay gratification. We found significant age-related improvements in delay of gratification ability in both countries and children performed better when presented with rewards varying in quality than quantity. Consistent with previous cross-cultural literature, Chinese children showed better overall performance than their British peers when reward visibility was manipulated (though reward visibility itself had no significant effect on performance). There were significant correlations in Chinese children's performance in Bramlett et al.'s (2012) delay choice paradigm and performance in some (though not all tested) inhibitory control tasks. We discuss these results in relation to task demands and the broader social orientation of self-control. We concluded that the intuitive comparative assessment of self-control task taps into children's delay of gratification ability. Our results emphasize the importance of testing for socio-cultural influences on children's cognitive development.
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Zhang Q, Pan Y, Zhang L, Lu H. Parent-Adolescent Communication and Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Roles of Gender and Adolescents' Age. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647596. [PMID: 34040561 PMCID: PMC8141856 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive parent-adolescent communication has been found to be negatively related to adolescent depressive symptoms; however, few studies have investigated the moderating effects of adolescent gender and age on this relationship, especially during early adolescence in China. The present study investigated the joint moderating effects of adolescent gender and age on the linkage of father-adolescent and mother-adolescent communication with adolescents' depressive symptoms. A total of 11,455 Chinese junior high school students (M age = 14.15 years, SD = 1.22 years; 49.86% boys; N grade7 = 5712, N grade9 = 5743) completed ad hoc questionnaires of parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Results indicated that gender and age jointly moderated the association between parental communication and adolescent depressive symptoms. Specifically, for girls, the negative effects of both father-adolescent and mother-adolescent communication on depressive symptoms were stronger in 9th grade students than in 7th grade students, while for boys, the negative effects were not different between 7th grade students and 9th grade students. These findings suggest that in China, the protective effects of positive parent-adolescent communication on adolescents' depressive symptoms may be most salient among senior-grade girls in junior high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongwen Zhang
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangu Pan
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The School of Law, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Law, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
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Dong S, Dubas JS, Deković M, Wang Z. Cool and hot effortful control moderate how parenting predicts child internalization in Chinese families. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 206:105099. [PMID: 33631633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of external rules is a behavioral manifestation of moral development during childhood, and its development has come to be understood from the view of a complex parenting-by-temperament process. To examine this developmental process, the current research investigated how maternal parenting behaviors and child effortful control foretell internalization throughout early to middle childhood with two longitudinal samples of Chinese mother-child dyads. In Study 1 (N = 226), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 15 months of age were observed. At 25 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like categorization task and an externally imposed delay task. At 37 months, observed internalization of maternal rules was assessed. Results showed that for toddlers with high levels of cool effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy positively predicted later internalization. In Study 2 (N = 88), maternal respect for autonomy and negative control during free plays at 38 months of age were coded. At 60 months, child cool and hot effortful control were measured with a Stroop-like inhibition task and a delay-of-gratification task. Observed internalization of maternal and experimenter rules and mother-reported internalization in everyday life were assessed at 60 and 84 months. Results showed that for children low on either cool or hot effortful control, maternal respect for autonomy negatively predicted later internalization during childhood. Together, the current findings support an age-relevant goodness-of-fit model for internalization development in Chinese children throughout the first 7 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Dong
- Beijing Key Lab of "Learning and Cognition", School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, 100037 Beijing, China; Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Semon Dubas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Deković
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of "Learning and Cognition", School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, 100037 Beijing, China.
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Rescorla LA, Genaro B, Ivanova MY. International Comparisons of Emotionally Reactive Problems in Preschoolers: CBCL/1½-5 Findings from 21 Societies. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2020; 49:773-786. [PMID: 31460796 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1650366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to conduct international comparisons of emotion regulation using the 9-item Emotionally Reactive (ER) syndrome of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½-5. We analyzed parent ratings for 17,964 preschoolers from 21 societies, which were grouped into 8 GLOBE study culture clusters (e.g., Nordic, Confucian Asian). Omnicultural broad base rates for ER items ranged from 8.0% to 38.8%. Rank ordering for mean item ratings varied widely across societies (omnicultural Q = .50) but less so across culture clusters (M Q = .66). Societal similarity in mean item rank ordering varied by culture cluster, with large within-cluster similarity for Anglo (Q = .96), Latin Europe (Q = .74), Germanic (Q = .77), and Latin American (Q = .76) clusters, but smaller within-cluster similarity for Nordic, Eastern Europe, and Confucian Asian clusters (Qs = .52, .23, and .44, respectively). Confirmatory factor analyses of the ER syndrome supported configural invariance for all 21 societies. All 9 items showed full to approximate metric invariance, but only 3 items showed approximate scalar invariance. The ER syndrome correlated . 65 with the Anxious/Depressed (A/D) syndrome and .63 with the Aggressive Behavior syndrome. ER items varied in base rates and factor loadings, and societies varied in rank ordering of items as low, medium, or high in mean ratings. Item rank order similarity among societies in the same culture cluster varied widely across culture clusters, suggesting the importance of cultural factors in the assessment of emotion regulation in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breana Genaro
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
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Lam BYH, Raine A, Fung ALC, Gao Y, Lee TMC. Caregivers' Grit Moderates the Relationship Between Children's Executive Function and Aggression. Front Psychol 2020; 11:636. [PMID: 32373017 PMCID: PMC7186376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that the impairment of executive function is positively related to aggression in children and adolescents. What is worth investigating is the moderator of such a relationship so that aggressive behavior can be reduced effectively in those who have executive function problems. The present study examined the association between executive function and two major subtypes of aggression (proactive and reactive aggression) and whether their caregivers' grit (perseverance) moderated such relationship. METHOD Executive function and reactive and proactive aggression were assessed in 254 children and adolescents aged 8-19 years old, and their caregivers' grit was measured. RESULTS Results show that caregivers' grit plays a significant role in moderating the relationship between children's executive function and proactive aggression after controlling for the covariates including the children's age, gender, and family income. Specifically, children's executive function became more negatively associated with proactive aggression when caregivers' grit was high while the association was positive when it was low. On the other hand, the association between children's executive function and reactive aggression did not vary across different levels of caregivers' grit. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that proactive aggression may be reduced in those who have better executive function by enhancing their caregivers' grit, which inform the design of interventions in adjunct with the current approach (e.g., executive function training) to reduce aggression in children and adolescents in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Y. H. Lam
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Raine
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annis L. C. Fung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Gao
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tatia M. C. Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Cimon-Paquet C, Bernier A, Matte-Gagné C, Mageau GA. Early maternal autonomy support and mathematical achievement trajectories during elementary school. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bullock A, Xiao B, Xu G, Liu J, Coplan R, Chen X. Unsociability, peer relations, and psychological maladjustment among children: A moderated‐mediated model. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bullock
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Bowen Xiao
- Department of Psychology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Gangmin Xu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Robert Coplan
- Department of Psychology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Xinyin Chen
- Graduate School of Education University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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Tang X, Tang S, Ren Z, Wong DFK. Psychosocial risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary schools in mainland china: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:155-165. [PMID: 31818773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study is to systematically estimate the effect size of psychosocial risk factors for depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary schools in mainland China. METHOD A literature search was conducted in both English and Chinese databases. This meta-analysis used a random-effects model to estimate the effect size. RESULTS Fifteen psychosocial risk factors were identified in a total of 164 articles. The results revealed the absolute value of effect size ranging from 0.16 to 0.43. Among them, poor parent-child communication (r = 0.43), negative life events (r = 0.40), academic pressure (r = 0.40), abuse (r = 0.33), poor family functioning (r = 0.33), bullying (r = 0.32), and poor family cohesion (r = 0.32) were associated with depression with a medium to large effect. Moderator analysis shows that grade, study quality, mean age, and gender were significant moderators of at least one factor for depression. LIMITATIONS Limitations included the heterogeneity which is largely unexplained, and the inability to investigate the interactions of different factors and to determine the direction of causal relationships between psychosocial factors and depression in the present meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that family-related factors and school-related factors may be significantly associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese secondary school students. Further research is needed to develop effective strategies to modify these factors in depression prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Tang
- The Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Zhihong Ren
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Daniel Fu Keung Wong
- The Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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20
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Wu CY, Lee TSH. Impact of parent-child relationship and sex on trajectories of children internalizing symptoms. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:167-173. [PMID: 31494367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenting and parental-child relationship may lead children to develop behavior disorders that can affect many aspects of their later life. This study aimed to examine the impact of parent-child relationship and sex on the development of internalizing symptoms in children. METHODS Childhood and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-term Evolution (CABLE) is a longitudinal healthy-lifestyle research for which 18 elementary schools were randomly selected respectively in Taipei and Hsinchu in Taiwan. Data on sex, parent-child relations, and internalizing symptoms from four waves of follow-up were analyzed: 2003 (9 year olds), 2006 (12 year olds), 2009 (15 year olds) and 2012 (18 year olds). A latent growth model was used to examine the impact of parental-child relationship and sex on the trajectory of children's internalizing symptoms. RESULTS Results show that internalizing symptoms is more severe (β = 0.21, p < 0.01) and their growth rate faster (β = 0.15, p < 0.01) in girls than in boys. Results from latent growth model show that parent-child relationship is negatively related to the internalizing symptoms intercept (β = -0.59, p < 0.01) and is positively related to the internalizing symptoms slope (β = 0.18, p < 0.01). LIMITATIONS Self-reported measures were used. Parent-child relationship was only provided at 2003. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that girls are more susceptible to internalizing symptoms in puberty, and better parent-child relationship can have a protective influence although the protective impact reduced through time. Health professionals should be sensitive to sex, family functioning and provide positive parenting programs for children at risk for internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Yun Wu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan; Department of Physical therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Branch, Taiwan
| | - Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan; Children and Family Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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Wang Z, Dong S. Autonomy as Core of Creativity and Compliance: Moderated Moderation Model of Maternal Parenting Behaviors. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2019.1577674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang C, Do KA, Bao L, Xia YR, Wu C. Parental Autonomy Granting and School Functioning among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Adolescents' Cultural Values. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2161. [PMID: 29326622 PMCID: PMC5733360 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
School adjustment and achievement are important indicators of adolescents' well-being; however, few studies have examined the risk and protective factors predicting students' school adjustment and achievement at the individual, familial, and cultural level. The present study examined the influences of individual and familial factors and cultural values on Chinese adolescents' school functioning (e.g., school adjustment and grades). It also tested whether cultural values moderated the relationship between parenting and adolescents' school functioning. Self-report data were collected from a stratified random sample of 2,864 adolescents (51.5% female, mean age = 15.52 years, grade 6th - 12th) from 55 classrooms, in 13 schools in Shanghai, China. Results showed that self-esteem (bse→adj = 0.05, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001; bse→grades = 0.08, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001), parent-adolescent conflict (bconflict→adj = -0.03, SE = 0.00, p < 0.001; bconflict→grades = -0.04, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001), and conformity to parental expectations (bconform→adj = -0.03, SE = 0.02, p < 0.05; bconform→grades = 0.10, SE = 0.04, p < 0.05) all had significant effects on both school adjustment and grades, respectively. More importantly, results showed that independent self-construal moderated the relationship between parental autonomy granting and adolescents' grades (bindepxautom = 0.06, SE = 0.02, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that cultural values may influence adolescents' appraisal of parental autonomy granting, which then impacts their school functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cixin Wang
- Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kieu Anh Do
- Asian American Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leiping Bao
- Institute of Youth and Juvenile Studies, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan R Xia
- Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Chaorong Wu
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Zhou C, Yiu WYV, Wu MS, Greenfield PM. Perception of Cross-Generational Differences in Child Behavior and Parent Socialization: A Mixed-Method Interview Study With Grandmothers in China. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117736029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
China, having gone through rapid economic reform, supported by urbanization, educational expansion, and family size reduction over past decades, is an important part of a worldwide sociodemographic trend that can be summarized as a shift from community/ Gemeinschaft to society/ Gesellschaft. Correlated with this sociodemographic trend, our qualitative and quantitative analyses document intergenerational change in grandmothers’ perception of socializing environments and developmental pathways of Chinese children. Grandmothers from Beijing ranked (a) three generations of children at ages 4 to 6 in their families (themselves, their children, and their grandchildren) on autonomy, curiosity, self-expression, obedience, and shyness and (b) three generations of parents in their families (their parents, themselves, and their children) on child-rearing behaviors: support, praise, criticism, and control. As predicted, we found an intergenerational increase in perceived child autonomy, curiosity, and self-expression—individualistic traits adapted to Gesellschaft environments. Also as predicted, perceived child obedience and shyness, adapted to Gemeinschaft environments, declined across the generations. Related changes in reported child-rearing behaviors were also expected and found: Grandmothers judged that parental support and praise (promotion socialization), which foster individuated self-development, increased significantly, although the pattern of parental criticism and control (prevention socialization) was less clear. Promotion-based socialization strategies were found to serve as a partial mediator of intergenerational differences in individualistic child behaviors. Results suggest that the younger generations exhibit more promotion-based socialization, leading to more individualistic child traits, as they adapt to China’s more Gesellschaft ecology, comprising urbanization, formal education, and smaller family size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhou
- School of Psychology & Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Simonelli A, Sacchi C, Cantoni L, Brown M, Frewen P. Italian translation and cross-cultural comparison with the Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen (CARTS). Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1375839. [PMID: 29163857 PMCID: PMC5687796 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1375839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen (CARTS) is a computer-administered survey designed to assess retrospectively the socio-ecological context in which instances of child abuse may have occurred. To date, studies supporting the validity of the CARTS have only been undertaken in English-speaking North American populations. Validation projects in other countries and cross-cultural comparisons are therefore warranted. Objective: Develop and preliminarily evaluate the psychometric properties of an Italian version of the CARTS on college students and compare such observations to data acquired from Canadian students. Method: Seventy-nine undergraduate students from the University of Padua (Italy) completed an Italian translation of the CARTS as well as measures of childhood experiences, mental health and attachment, responses to which were compared to those obtained in 288 Canadian students who completed the CARTS in English. Results: Internal consistency and convergent validity with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Parental Bonding Instrument were found to be acceptable for the Italian translation. Within the Italian sample, correlation analyses suggested that CARTS Mother ratings referring to attachment and abuse were associated with romantic attachment, whereas CARTS Father ratings were significantly correlated to PTSD symptoms and other symptoms of psychopathology-distress. Significant differences between Italian and Canadian students across the relationship types for the CARTS abuse and attachment scales were found, indicating that Italian students rated their mothers and fathers as simultaneously less abusive, but also less as a source of secure attachment. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study seem to suggest convergent validity of the Italian CARTS and the association between childhood attachment-related experiences and romantic attachment. Cultural variations were identified between Canadian and Italian students in both attachment and abuse scales. Future studies to investigate cross-cultural variations in the relational context of childhood abuse and in order to boost Italian CARTS psychometric features are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simonelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - C Sacchi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - L Cantoni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - P Frewen
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Tardif T. Culture, Language, and Emotion: Explorations in Development. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119301981.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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He J, Zhai S, Wu W, Lou L. Outcomes of temperamental inhibition in young children are moderated by attentional biases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025416664196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current longitudinal study examined the association of temperamental inhibition (assessed by behavioral observation and parental reports) at three years old with reward and punishment bias (measured by a spatial cueing task) and mothers’ and teachers’ reports of internalizing behaviors and social competence at five years old in 153 Chinese children. As predicted, behavioral inhibition positively predicted later mother-rated internalizing behaviors. In addition, punishment bias moderated this relation such that children with higher punishment bias showed a positive inhibition–internalizing link. Furthermore, inhibition negatively predicted both mother-rated and teacher-rated social competence. However, novel findings were that reward bias moderated the relation between inhibition and teacher-rated social competence, such that inhibited children showed an increased risk of low competence when they had lower reward bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyi Zhai
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiyang Wu
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyue Lou
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Keller H, Abels M, Borke J, Lamm B, Yanjie Su, Yifang Wang, Lo W. Socialization environments of Chinese and Euro-American middle-class babies: Parenting behaviors, verbal discourses and ethnotheories. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025407074633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Children's socialization environments reflect cultural models of parenting. In particular, Euro-American and Chinese families have been described as following different socialization scripts. The present study assesses parenting behaviors as well as parenting ethnotheories with respect to three-month-old babies in middle-class families in Los Angeles and Beijing. Euro-American parents' behaviors towards their children, as well as their parental ethnotheories are assumed to express the cultural model of autonomy; whereas Chinese parents' socialization strategies are assumed to be shaped by the cultural model of relatedness. The results reveal that Euro-American and Chinese mothers embody different cultural models in their verbal parenting behaviors and verbalized parenting strategies. However, the differences are not consistent and there are no differences with respect to non-verbal parenting behaviors. The results are discussed as illustrating the complexity of cultural models of parenting, where cultural messages are expressed differently in different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanjie Su
- University of Peking, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Wang
- University of Peking, People's Republic of China
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Veenstra R, Lindenberg S, Oldehinkel AJ, De Winter AF, Ormel J. Temperament, environment, and antisocial behavior in a population sample of preadolescent boys and girls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025406071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial behavior can be triggered by negative social experiences and individuals' processing of these experiences. This study focuses on risk-buffering interactions between temperament, perceived parenting, socio-economic status (SES), and sex in relation to antisocial behavior in a Dutch population sample of preadolescents ( N = 2230). Perceived parenting (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) was assessed by the EMBU (a Swedish acronym for My Memories of Upbringing) for children, temperament (effortful control and frustration) by the parent version of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, SES by information on parental education, occupation, and income, and antisocial behavior by the Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) and the Youth Self-Report (child report). All parenting and temperament factors were significantly associated with antisocial behavior.The strongest risk-buffering interactions were found for SES which was only related to antisocial behavior among children with a low level of effortful control or a high level of frustration. Furthermore, the associations of SES with antisocial behavior were more negative for boys than for girls. Thus, the effects of SES depend on both the temperament and sex of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johan Ormel
- University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Chan GCK, Kelly AB, Connor JP, Hall WD, Young RM, Williams JW. Does parental monitoring and disapproval explain variations in alcohol use among adolescents from different countries of birth? Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 35:741-749. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary C. K. Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Adrian B. Kelly
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jason P. Connor
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Faculty of Health; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Wayne D. Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Ross McD. Young
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; The Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - Joanne W. Williams
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Melbourne Australia
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Ying L, Ma F, Huang H, Guo X, Chen C, Xu F. Parental Monitoring, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Adolescents' Trust in Their Parents in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134730. [PMID: 26271080 PMCID: PMC4536221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Trust is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships, but little is known about adolescents' interpersonal trust. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescents' trust in their parents in China. METHODS Data in this study were collected as part of the cross-sectional study of children in China. 3349 adolescents (female 48.6%, age range of 12-15 years) were randomly selected from 35 secondary schools in April, 2009 and administered to the Adolescent Interpersonal Trust Scale, the Parental Monitoring Scale, and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale. RESULTS Adolescents' trust in their parents was positively related to parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication. Furthermore, parent-adolescent communication mediated the association between parental monitoring and adolescents' trust in their parents. The mediation model fit data of both genders and three age groups equally well. CONCLUSIONS Parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication play an importance role in fostering adolescents' trust in their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Ying
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PRC
| | - Fengling Ma
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PRC
| | - Huahua Huang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PRC
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- National Innovation Center for Assessment of Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PRC
- * E-mail:
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Archer M, Steele M, Lan J, Jin X, Herreros F, Steele H. Attachment between infants and mothers in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025415575765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first distribution of Chinese infant–mother ( n = 61) attachment classifications categorised by trained and reliability-tested coders is reported with statistical comparisons to US norms and previous Chinese distributions. Three-way distribution was 15% insecure-avoidant, 62% secure, 13% insecure-resistant, and 4-way distribution was 13% insecure-avoidant, 58% secure, 16% insecure-resistant,13% disorganised. These findings support the hypotheses that: (1) consistent with global norms the majority of infants will show secure attachments to mother; (2) insecure-resistant attachments will be greater than insecure-avoidant attachments in this interdependent cultural setting; and (3) disorganised attachments will be comparable to Western norms. Pooled samples from previously reported Chinese samples demonstrate deviations from US norms on all categories including relatively low proportions of avoidant and disorganised classifications, especially among samples from the South. Culture-specific childrearing practices and the role of training and reliability-testing for coders are suggested as possible contributors to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Archer
- University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Jijun Lan
- Shaanxi Normal Univesity, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaochun Jin
- The New School for Social Research, New York, USA
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Zeng R, Greenfield PM. Cultural evolution over the last 40 years in China: using the Google Ngram Viewer to study implications of social and political change for cultural values. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 50:47-55. [PMID: 25611928 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chinese people have held collectivistic values such as obligation, giving to other people, obedience and sacrifice of personal interests for thousands of years. In recent decades, China has undergone rapid economic development and urbanisation. This study investigates changing cultural values in China from 1970 to 2008 and the relationship of changing values to ecological shifts. The conceptual framework for the study was Greenfield's (2009) theory of social change and human development. Changing frequencies of contrasting Chinese words indexing individualistic or collectivistic values show that values shift along with ecological changes (urbanisation, economic development and enrollment in higher education), thereby adapting to current sociodemographic contexts. Words indexing adaptive individualistic values increased in frequency between 1970 and 2008. In contrast, words indexing less adaptive collectivistic values either decreased in frequency in this same period of time or else rose more slowly than words indexing contrasting individualistic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Liu J, Chen X, Coplan RJ, Ding X, Zarbatany L, Ellis W. Shyness and Unsociability and Their Relations With Adjustment in Chinese and Canadian Children. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022114567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine relations between different forms of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability) and indexes of adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Participants were fourth- to eighth-grade students in urban China ( n = 787) and Canada ( n = 1,033). Data on social withdrawal and adjustment were obtained from multiple sources, including peer nominations, child self-reports, teacher ratings, and school records. Multigroup tests indicated that relations between shyness and adjustment did not differ in Chinese and Canadian children. However, relations between unsociability and adjustment variables were significantly different across the countries, with unsociability more strongly associated with adjustment difficulties in China than in Canada. Results are discussed in terms of historical and cultural backgrounds related to values of group orientation and individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyin Chen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Ellis
- King’s University College, London, Ontario, Canada
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Grabell AS, Olson SL, Miller AL, Kessler DA, Felt B, Kaciroti N, Wang L, Tardif T. The impact of culture on physiological processes of emotion regulation: a comparison of US and Chinese preschoolers. Dev Sci 2014; 18:420-35. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- Peking University; Beijing China
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Luo R, Tamis-LeMonda CS, Kuchirko Y, F. Ng F, Liang E. Mother-Child Book-Sharing and Children's Storytelling Skills in Ethnically Diverse, Low-Income Families. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Smetana JG, Wong M, Ball C, Yau J. American and Chinese children's evaluations of personal domain events and resistance to parental authority. Child Dev 2013; 85:626-42. [PMID: 23865637 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 267 five-, seven-, and ten-year-olds (M = 7.62), 147 in Hong Kong and 120 in the United States, evaluated hypothetical personal (and moral) events described as either essential or peripheral to actors' identity. Except for young Chinese in the peripheral condition, straightforward personal events were overwhelmingly evaluated as acceptable based on personal justifications. Children primarily endorsed compliance, but attributed negative emotions to actors when mothers forbade personal choices, especially when described as essential to identity. Conventional justifications declined among Chinese children and pragmatic justifications for these judgments increased with age for all children, as did judgments that personal events were up to the child. Rules were seen as more legitimate and events were seen as more up to mothers to decide for moral than personal events.
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Liu J, Coplan RJ, Chen X, Li D, Ding X, Zhou Y. Unsociability and Shyness in Chinese Children: Concurrent and Predictive Relations with Indices of Adjustment. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Normal University
| | | | - Ying Zhou
- China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong
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Abstract
This study was aimed at contributing to the understanding of cultural parenting strategies in a context of immigration. Socialization goals (SGs) and parenting behaviors during interaction with 3-month-old infants of first-generation West African immigrant mothers in Italy and autochthonous Italian mothers were compared. The relation between SGs and maternal behaviors within the two groups was also examined. As expected, results showed that West African immigrant mothers placed more emphasis on SGs related to hierarchical relatedness and a proximal parenting style than Italian mothers, who emphasized SGs related to psychological autonomy and a distal parenting style. Although there were no significant differences in the amount of overall vocal/verbal behaviors between the two samples, West African immigrant mothers showed longer durations of rhythmic vocalizing and singing than Italian mothers, who showed more affectionate talking. Compared with the literature on West African parenting strategies, this result suggests a possible increased amount of talking of immigrant mothers in the new language-driven environment, but maintenance of a protosong structure typical of their culture of origin. Furthermore, a significant association between socialization goals and parenting behaviors was found in the Italian group of mothers but not in the sample of immigrant mothers, suggesting that the weaker links between goals and behaviors in the immigrant sample may express a reorganization in the composition of parenting beliefs and practices.
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Li X, Zhang J, Huang Y, Xu M, Liu J. Nurtured to follow the crowd: A twin study on conformity. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tõugu P, Tulviste T, Schröder L, Keller H, De Geer B. Content of maternal open-ended questions and statements in reminiscing with their 4-year-olds: links with independence and interdependence orientation in European contexts. Memory 2012; 20:499-510. [PMID: 22607474 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.683009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mother's open-ended questions and elaborative statements during reminiscing were analysed for their content (child agency, co-agency, non-social, and social context) in three cultural contexts. Participants were 115 mothers and their 4-year-old children: 35 dyads from Berlin, Germany, 42 from Stockholm, Sweden, and 38 from Tallinn, Estonia. Across samples the most prominent content was talk about non-social context followed by co-agency and child agency. Tallinn mothers asked the children to talk about themselves, and Berlin mothers asked the children to talk about themselves together with other people, more frequently than they talked about these contents themselves. The content was related to the cultural orientations of mothers assessed through questionnaires: the Berlin mothers whose independence/ interdependence ratio was higher talked less about other people and asked the children fewer questions about other people; the Stockholm mothers with a higher independence/interdependence ratio talked more about child agency. In Tallinn both correlations existed on a trend level. The results are discussed in the light of common conversational practices and mothers' orientation to independence and interdependence in these cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirko Tõugu
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Quar TK, Ching TY, Mukari SZMS, Newall P. Parents’ Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children (PEACH) scale in the Malay language: Data for normal-hearing children. Int J Audiol 2011; 51:326-33. [DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2011.637079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Phillips-Salimi CR, Haase JE, Kooken WC. Connectedness in the context of patient-provider relationships: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 2011; 68:230-45. [PMID: 21771040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of connectedness. BACKGROUND Previous attempts to conceptualize patient-provider relationships were limited in explaining how such relationships are fostered and maintained, and how they influence patient outcomes. Connectedness is a concept that may provide insights into the advantages of patient-provider relationships; however, the usefulness of this concept in health care is limited by its conceptual ambiguity. Although connectedness is widely used to describe other social relationships, little consistency exists among its definitions and measures. DATA SOURCES Sources identified through CINAHL, OVID, PubMed and PsychINFO databases and references lists of selected articles between 1983 and 2010. REVIEW METHODS A hybrid concept analysis approach was used, involving a combination of traditional concept analysis strategies that included: describing historical conceptualizations, identifying attributes, critiquing existing definitions, examining boundaries and identifying antecedents and consequences. RESULTS Using five distinct historical perspectives, seven attributes of connectedness were identified: intimacy, sense of belonging, caring, empathy, respect, trust and reciprocity. A broad definition of connectedness, which can be used in the context of patient-provider relationships, was developed. A preliminary theoretical framework of connectedness was derived from the identified antecedents, attributes and consequences. CONCLUSION Research efforts to advance the concept of connectedness in patient-provider relationships have been hampered by a lack of conceptual clarity. This concept analysis offers a clearer understanding of connectedness, provides recommendations for future research and suggests practice implications.
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Inhibitory Control and Harsh Discipline as Predictors of Externalizing Problems in Young Children: A Comparative Study of U.S., Chinese, and Japanese Preschoolers. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:1163-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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French DC, Chen X, Chung J, Li M, Chen H, Li D. Four children and one toy: Chinese and Canadian children faced with potential conflict over a limited resource. Child Dev 2011; 82:830-41. [PMID: 21418056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Quartets of Chinese (n=125) and Canadian (n=133) 7-year-old children were observed as they played with a single attractive toy. Chinese children exhibited more assertive and general rule bids, engaged in more spontaneous giving, and reacted more positively to assertions of others whereas Canadian children more frequently referred to norms of sharing. Evidence of cultural scripts for dealing with potential conflict, that is, sharing for Canadian children and hierarchical organization for Chinese children, emerged. Passive and reticent behaviors in Chinese children and assertion and object control by Canadian children were associated with group acceptance, results suggesting the meaning of these patterns of social behavior may differ in these two countries.
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45
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LIU MOWEI, GUO FENG. Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China. Scand J Psychol 2010; 51:109-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Liu M, Chen X, Zheng S, Chen H, Wang L. Maternal Autonomy- and Connectedness-oriented Parenting Behaviors as Predictors of Children's Social Behaviors in China. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Keller H, Borke J, Staufenbiel T, Yovsi RD, Abels M, Papaligoura Z, Jensen H, Lohaus A, Chaudhary N, Lo W, Su Y. Distal and proximal parenting as alternative parenting strategies during infants’ early months of life: A cross-cultural study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025409338441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cultures differ with respect to parenting strategies already during infancy. Distal parenting, i.e., face-to-face context and object stimulation, is prevalent in urban educated middle-class families of Western cultures; proximal parenting, i.e., body contact and body stimulation, is prevalent in rural, low-educated farmer families. Parents from urban educated families in cultures with a more interdependent history use both strategies. Besides these cultural preferences, little is known about the relations between these styles as well as the behavioural systems constituting them. In this study therefore, the relations between the styles and the constituting behaviours were analysed in samples that differ with respect to their preferences of distal and proximal parenting. The hypothesized differences between the samples and the negative relationship between distal and proximal parenting, as well as between the respective behavioural systems can clearly be demonstrated. Furthermore, the impact of the sociodemographic variables with respect to the parenting strategies can be shown. Results were discussed as supporting two alternative parenting strategies that serve different socialization goals.
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Zhengyan Wang, Xinyin Chen, Sorrentino R, Szeto ACH. Uncertainty orientation in Chinese children: Relations with school and psychological adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025407087212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine uncertainty orientation and its relations with school and psychological adjustment in Chinese children. A sample of elementary school children in P.R. China, aged 10 to 12 years, participated in the study. Data concerning uncertainty orientation, academic performance and socio-emotional adjustment were obtained from multiple sources including projective assessments, teacher ratings and self-reports. It was found that children in grade 6 had higher scores on uncertainty orientation than those in grades 4 and 5. Uncertainty orientation was positively associated with school-related competence, academic achievement and self-perceptions of competence, and negatively associated with learning problems and loneliness. The results suggest that uncertainty orientation is an adaptive characteristic in Chinese children.
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Tamis-LeMonda CS, Way N, Hughes D, Yoshikawa H, Kalman RK, Niwa EY. Parents' Goals for Children: The Dynamic Coexistence of Individualism and Collectivism in Cultures and Individuals. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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