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Yin X, Cicali B, Rodriguez-Vera L, Lukacova V, Cristofoletti R, Schmidt S. Applying Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Interpret Carbamazepine's Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Its Induction Potential on Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Cytochrome P450 2C9 Enzymes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:737. [PMID: 38931859 PMCID: PMC11206836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is commonly prescribed for epilepsy and frequently used in polypharmacy. However, concerns arise regarding its ability to induce the metabolism of other drugs, including itself, potentially leading to the undertreatment of co-administered drugs. Additionally, CBZ exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK), but the root causes have not been fully studied. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms behind CBZ's nonlinear PK and its induction potential on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymes. To achieve this, we developed and validated a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) parent-metabolite model of CBZ and its active metabolite Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in GastroPlus®. The model was utilized for Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) prediction with CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 victim drugs and to further explore the underlying mechanisms behind CBZ's nonlinear PK. The model accurately recapitulated CBZ plasma PK. Good DDI performance was demonstrated by the prediction of CBZ DDIs with quinidine, dolutegravir, phenytoin, and tolbutamide; however, with midazolam, the predicted/observed DDI AUClast ratio was 0.49 (slightly outside of the two-fold range). CBZ's nonlinear PK can be attributed to its nonlinear metabolism caused by autoinduction, as well as nonlinear absorption due to poor solubility. In further applications, the model can help understand DDI potential when CBZ serves as a CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Yin
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Brian Cicali
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Leyanis Rodriguez-Vera
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
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Pischon H, Mason D, Lawrenz B, Blanck O, Frisk AL, Schorsch F, Bertani V. Artificial Intelligence in Toxicologic Pathology: Quantitative Evaluation of Compound-Induced Hepatocellular Hypertrophy in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:928-937. [PMID: 33397216 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320983244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital pathology evolved rapidly, enabling more systematic usage of image analysis and development of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Here, combined AI models were developed to evaluate hepatocellular hypertrophy in rat liver, using commercial AI-based software on hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images. In a first approach, deep learning-based identification of critical tissue zones (centrilobular, midzonal, and periportal) enabled evaluation of region-specific cell size. Mean cytoplasmic area of hepatocytes was calculated via several sequential algorithms including segmentation in microanatomical structures (separation of sinusoids and vessels from hepatocytes), nuclear detection, and area measurements. An increase in mean cytoplasmic area could be shown in groups given phenobarbital, known to induce hepatocellular hypertrophy when compared to control groups, in multiple studies. Quantitative results correlated with the gold standard: observation and grading performed by board-certified veterinary pathologists, liver weights, and gene expression. Furthermore, as a second approach, we introduce for the first time deep learning-based direct detection of hepatocellular hypertrophy with similar results. Cell hypertrophy is challenging to pick up, particularly in milder cases. Additional evaluation of mean cytoplasmic area or direct detection of hypertrophy, combined with histopathological observations and liver weights, is expected to increase accuracy and repeatability of diagnoses and grading by pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pischon
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Lawrenz
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olivier Blanck
- 55075Bayer CropScience SAS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Anna-Lena Frisk
- 483305Nuvisan Pharma Grafing GmbH, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.,Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Valeria Bertani
- 55075Bayer CropScience SAS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Jin Y, Regev A, Kam J, Phipps K, Smith C, Henck J, Campanale K, Hu L, Hall DG, Yang XY, Nakano M, McNearney TA, Uetrecht J, Landschulz W. Dose-dependent acute liver injury with hypersensitivity features in humans due to a novel microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 84:179-188. [PMID: 28865237 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS LY3031207, a novel microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 inhibitor, was evaluated in a multiple ascending dose study after nonclinical toxicology studies and a single ascending dose study demonstrated an acceptable toxicity, safety and tolerability profile. METHODS Healthy subjects were randomized to receive LY3031207 (25, 75 and 275 mg), placebo or celecoxib (400 mg) once daily for 28 days. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of LY3031207 were evaluated. RESULTS The study was terminated when two subjects experienced drug-induced liver injury (DILI) after they had received 225 mg LY3031207 for 19 days. Liver biopsy from these subjects revealed acute liver injury with eosinophilic infiltration. Four additional DILI cases were identified after LY3031207 dosing had been stopped. All six DILI cases shared unique presentations of hepatocellular injury with hypersensitivity features and demonstrated a steep dose-dependent trend. Prompt discontinuation of the study drug and supportive medical care resulted in full recovery. Metabolites from metabolic activation of the imidazole ring were observed in plasma and urine samples from all subjects randomized to LY3031207 dosing. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasized the importance of careful safety monitoring and serious adverse events management in phase I trials. Metabolic activation of the imidazole ring may be involved in the development of hepatotoxicity of LY3031207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Arie Regev
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeanelle Kam
- Covance Clinical Research Unit, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Claire Smith
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Judith Henck
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Leijun Hu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - D Greg Hall
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zuo R, Li F, Parikh S, Cao L, Cooper KL, Hong Y, Liu J, Faris RA, Li D, Wang H. Evaluation of a Novel Renewable Hepatic Cell Model for Prediction of Clinical CYP3A4 Induction Using a Correlation-Based Relative Induction Score Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:198-207. [PMID: 28062541 PMCID: PMC5267519 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism enzyme induction-mediated drug-drug interactions need to be carefully characterized in vitro for drug candidates to predict in vivo safety risk and therapeutic efficiency. Currently, both the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency recommend using primary human hepatocytes as the gold standard in vitro test system for studying the induction potential of candidate drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6. However, primary human hepatocytes are known to bear inherent limitations such as limited supply and large lot-to-lot variations, which result in an experimental burden to qualify new lots. To overcome these shortcomings, a renewable source of human hepatocytes (i.e., Corning HepatoCells) was developed from primary human hepatocytes and was evaluated for in vitro CYP3A4 induction using methods well established by the pharmaceutical industry. HepatoCells have shown mature hepatocyte-like morphology and demonstrated primary hepatocyte-like response to prototypical inducers of all three CYP enzymes with excellent consistency. Importantly, HepatoCells retain a phenobarbital-responsive nuclear translocation of human constitutive androstane receptor from the cytoplasm, characteristic to primary hepatocytes. To validate HepatoCells as a useful tool to predict potential clinical relevant CYP3A4 induction, we tested three different lots of HepatoCells with a group of clinical strong, moderate/weak CYP3A4 inducers, and noninducers. A relative induction score calibration curve-based approach was used for prediction. HepatoCells showed accurate prediction comparable to primary human hepatocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that Corning HepatoCells is a reliable in vitro model for drug-drug interaction studies during the early phase of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zuo
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Sweta Parikh
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Li Cao
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Kirsten L Cooper
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Yulong Hong
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Ronald A Faris
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Daochuan Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Use of 4β-hydroxycholesterol in animal and human plasma samples as a biomarker for CYP3A induction. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:215-28. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC) has recently been proposed as a potential endogenous biomarker for CYP3A activity. Developing bioanalytical assays for 4βHC is challenging for several reasons, including endogenous background levels in plasma; the presence of free and ester forms; the inherent lack of MS sensitivity; and the presence of multiple positional isomers. Results: Bioanalytical assays in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma were adapted and modified from a previous published human plasma assay for 4βHC by using alkaline de-esterification, picolinic derivatization, a surrogate analyte (d7-4βHC) in authentic matrices and chromatographic conditions that showed good separation from isobaric, positional isomers. Conclusion: These assays were applied to multiple studies and demonstrated potential applications of 4βHC as a CYP3A biomarker across preclinical and clinical settings.
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Yi JM, Kim YA, Lee YJ, Bang OS, Kim NS. Effect of an ethanol extract of Descurainia sophia seeds on Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes and P-glycoprotein activity in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:441. [PMID: 26683337 PMCID: PMC4683934 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Descurainia sophia seeds have a variety of pharmacological functions and been widely used in traditional folk medicine. However, their effects on human drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) activities have not been elucidated. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of an ethanol extract of D. sophia seeds (EEDS) on human Phase I/II (DMEs) and P-glycoprotein (p-gp) in vitro. Methods The enzyme activities of human Phase I (cytochrome P450s, CYPs), Phase II (uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, UGTs) DMEs, and the drug transporter P-gp were determined in the presence of various concentrations of EEDS using commercially available luminogenic assay systems. The mode of enzyme inhibition and the inhibitory constant (Ki) value of EEDS were graphically determined with Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots and secondary plots, respectively. Results The enzyme activity assays showed that EEDS moderately inhibited the CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 isoforms with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 47.3, 25.8, and 38.7 μg/mL, respectively. Graphical analyses with Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots and secondary plots indicated that EEDS competitively inhibited CYP2C9 with a Ki value of 19.8 μg/mL; however, it inhibited CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in a mixed mode with Ki values of 5.2, and 11.9 μg/mL, respectively. Other Phase I (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and Phase II (UGT1A1 and UGT2B7) enzymes as well as P-gp were weakly or negligibly affected by EEDS with concentrations up to 500 μg/mL. Conclusions EEDS is a selective inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 with moderate enzymatic inhibition. Clinically, full consideration should be given to a potential toxic adverse effect from a herb-drug interaction when drugs that are particularly susceptible to CYP1A2, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19-mediated metabolism are taken together with EEDS. Characterization of metabolic profiles of specific herbal drugs could help consumers and medical specialists to use them safely as a complementary and alternative medicine.
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Mukkavilli R, Gundala SR, Yang C, Jadhav GR, Vangala S, Reid MD, Aneja R. Noscapine recirculates enterohepatically and induces self-clearance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:90-9. [PMID: 26026989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Noscapine (Nos), an antitussive benzylisoquinoline opium alkaloid, is a non-toxic tubulin-binding agent currently in Phase II clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. While preclinical studies have established its tumor-inhibitory properties in various cancers, poor absorptivity and rapid first-pass metabolism producing several uncharacterized metabolites for efficacy, present an impediment in translating its efficacy in humans. Here we report novel formulations of Nos in combination with dietary agents like capsaicin (Cap), piperine (Pip), eugenol (Eu) and curcumin (Cur) known for modulating Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes. In vivo pharmacokinetic (PK), organ toxicity evaluation of combinations, microsomal stability and in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition effects of Nos, Cap and Pip using human liver microsomes were performed. Single-dose PK screening of combinations revealed that the relative exposure of Nos (2 μg h/mL) was enhanced by 2-fold (4 μg h/mL) by Cap and Pip and their plasma concentration-time profiles showed multiple peaking phenomena for Nos indicating enterohepatic recirculation or differential absorption from intestine. CYP inhibition studies confirmed that Nos, Cap and Pip are not potent CYP inhibitors (IC50>1 μM). Repeated oral dosing of Nos, Nos+Cap and Nos+Pip showed lower exposure (Cmax and AUClast) of Nos on day 7 compared to day 1. Nos Cmax decreased from 3087 ng/mL to 684 ng/mL and AUClast from 1024 ng h/mL to 508 ng h/mL. In presence of Cap and Pip, the decrease in Cmax and AUClast of Nos was similar. This may be due to potential enzyme induction leading to rapid clearance of Nos as the trend was observed in Nos alone group also. The lack of effect on intrinsic clearance of Nos suggests that the potential drug biotransformation modulators employed in this study did not contribute toward increased exposure of Nos on repeated dosing. We envision that Nos-induced enzyme induction could alter the therapeutic efficacy of co-administered drugs, hence emphasizing the need for strategic evaluation of the metabolism of Nos to reap its maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Mukkavilli
- Advinus Therapeutics Limited, Karnataka 560058, India; Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sushma R Gundala
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | | | | | - Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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Shimada Y, Tomita M, Yoshida T, Fukuyama T, Katoh Y, Ohnuma-Koyama A, Takahashi N, Soma K, Kojima S, Ohtsuka R, Takeda M, Kuwahara M, Harada T. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats treated with a hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme inducer p,p'-DDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:245-51. [PMID: 25577727 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular hypertrophy in association with drug-metabolizing enzyme induction is considered to be an adaptive change associated with drug metabolism. To improve our understanding of liver hypertrophy, we determined the effect of a single ip injection of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle in male F344 rats with hepatocellular hypertrophy induced by oral delivery of p,p'-DDT for 2 weeks. The rats were sacrificed 3h or 24h after LPS or vehicle injection. LPS induced a focal hepatocellular necrosis in rats fed the control diet. When rats pre-treated with p,p'-DDT were injected with LPS, necrotic foci surrounded by ballooned hepatocytes were observed in the liver. The change was consistent with reduced LPS-mediated increases in plasma hepatic biomarkers, neutrophil influx, and apoptosis, and also associated with hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-α, CYPs, and NOS2. By contrast, when combined with p,p'-DDT and LPS, faint hepatocellular fatty change was extended, together with a synergistic increase in total blood cholesterol. These results suggest that hepatocytes exposed to p,p'-DDT are protected from the cell-lethal toxic effects of an exogenous stimulus, resulting in cell ballooning rather than necrosis in association with reduced inflammation and apoptosis, but compromised by an adverse effect on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimada
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Mariko Tomita
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Katoh
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Aya Ohnuma-Koyama
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Katsumi Soma
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kojima
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohtsuka
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Makio Takeda
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Maki Kuwahara
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Takanori Harada
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi 4321, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
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Yu K, Geng X, Chen M, Zhang J, Wang B, Ilic K, Tong W. High daily dose and being a substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes are two important predictors of drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:744-50. [PMID: 24464804 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is complicated and difficult to predict. It has been observed that drugs with extensive hepatic metabolism have a higher likelihood of causing DILI. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are primarily involved in hepatic metabolism. Identifying the associations of DILI with drugs that are P450 substrates, inhibitors, or inducers will be extremely helpful to clinicians during the decision-making process of caring for a patient suspected of having DILI. We collected metabolism data on P450 enzymes for 254 orally administered drugs in the Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset with a known daily dose, and applied logistic regression to identify these associations. We revealed that drugs that are substrates of P450 enzymes have a higher likelihood of causing DILI [odds ratio (OR), 3.99; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.07-7.67; P < 0.0001], which is dose-independent, and drugs that are P450 inhibitors have a higher likelihood of generating DILI only when they are administered at high daily doses (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.32-27.5; P = 0.0098). However, drugs that are P450 inducers are not observed to be associated with DILI (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.65-3.68; P = 0.3246). Our findings will be useful in identifying the suspected medication as a cause of liver injury in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (K.Y., M.C., J.Z., W.T.); National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, China's State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China (X.G.); Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (B.W.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (K.I.)
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Application of the DataChip/MetaChip technology for the evaluation of ajoene toxicity in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:283-90. [PMID: 23892724 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The DataChip is a universal platform for three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures on a micropillar chip, which can be applicable to a variety of human cells to simulate organ-specific toxicity. In addition, the MetaChip is developed for various combinations of drug metabolizing enzymes that can be spotted into the microwell chip and incubated with 3D human cells to simulate systematic compound metabolism in the human liver on a microscale format. Ajoenes have been known for various therapeutics activities, including anticancer effects, but there was limited information available in regard to their metabolism and cytotoxicity. In the present work, the metabolism-mediated toxicity of ajoenes was evaluated on a DataChip/MetaChip platform. In detail, we tested cytotoxicity of E- and Z-ajoene on 3D cultured Hep3B human hepatoma cells coupled with mixtures of drug metabolizing enzymes. Metabolic profiles of ajoenes were assessed with 23 representative drug metabolizing enzymes on the MetaChip. As a result, cytotoxicity of E-ajoene was significantly augmented in the presence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, such as CYP2E1 and CYP3A5. Both E- and Z-ajoene were drastically detoxified in the presence of Phase II enzymes, including major UGTs, SULTs, NATs, and GSTs. Interestingly, All Mix, an artificial human liver microsome containing representative P450 mixture and phase II enzyme mixture, attenuated P450-induced cytotoxicity of ajoenes. Conclusively, we were able to confirm the metabolism-medicated toxicity of ajoenes on the chip.
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Hassan HHAM, El-Banna SG, Elhusseiny AF, Mansour ESME. Antioxidant activity of new aramide nanoparticles containing redox-active N-phthaloyl valine moieties in the hepatic cytochrome P450 system in male rats. Molecules 2012; 17:8255-75. [PMID: 22781439 PMCID: PMC6268142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of aramide nanoparticles containing a chiral N-phthaloyl valine moiety and their antioxidant activities on hepatic contents of cytochrome P₄₅₀, amidopyrene N-demethylase, aniline-4-hyroxylase and induced the hepatic content of cytochrome b5 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome C-reductase. Polymers were obtained as well-separated spherical nanoparticles while highly aggregated particles via H-bonding organization of the aramide-containing pyridine led to a thin layer formation. The effects of the nanoparticles and CCl₄ on enzyme activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of male rat liver were studied. Pretreatments of rats with the polyamides prior to the administration of CCl₄ decreased the hepatic content of the tested enzymes. Doses reduced the toxic effects exerted by (•CCl₃) upon the liver through inhibition of the cytochrome P₄₅₀ system. Inhibition of such metabolizing enzymes could reduce the carcinogenic effects of chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed H A M Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P. O. Box 2-Moharram Beck, Alexandria 21598, Egypt.
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Zabka TS, Fielden MR, Garrido R, Tao J, Fretland AJ, Fretland JL, Albassam MA, Singer T, Kolaja KL. Characterization of Xenobiotic-Induced Hepatocellular Enzyme Induction in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:664-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311406934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During routine safety evaluation of RO2910, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV infection, histopathology findings concurrent with robust hepatocellular induction occurred in multiple organs, including a unique, albeit related, finding in the pituitary gland. For fourteen days, male and female rats were administered, by oral gavage vehicle, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/day of RO2910. Treated groups had elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and decreased total thyroxine, and hypertrophy in the liver, thyroid gland, and pituitary pars distalis. These were considered consequences of hepatocellular induction and often were dose dependent and more pronounced in males than in females. Hepatocellular centrilobular hypertrophy corresponded with increased expression of cytochrome P450s 2B1/2, 3A1, and 3A2 and UGT 2B1. Bilateral thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy occurred concurrent to increased mitotic activity and sometimes colloid depletion, which were attributed to changes in thyroid hormone levels. Males had hypertrophy of thyroid-stimulating hormone–producing cells (thyrotrophs) in the pituitary pars distalis. All findings were consistent with the well-established adaptive physiologic response of rodents to xenobiotic-induced hepatocellular microsomal enzyme induction. Although the effects on the pituitary gland following hepatic enzyme induction-mediated hypothyroidism have not been reported previously, other models of stress and thyroid depletion leading to pituitary stimulation support such a shared pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S. Zabka
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nonclinical Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Rosario Garrido
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nonclinical Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jianhua Tao
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nonclinical Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyle L. Kolaja
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nonclinical Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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