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Titmarsh DM, Nurcombe V, Cheung C, Cool SM. Vascular Cells and Tissue Constructs Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Toxicological Screening. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1347-1364. [PMID: 31397206 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of human stem cells to generate somatic cell lineages makes them ideal candidates for use in toxicological testing and eventually, preclinical drug development. Such resources would support an evolution away from human primary cells or research animal models, which suffer from variability and poor predictability, toward off-the-shelf assays of chemical toxicity and drug efficacy using human cells and tissues. To this end, we generated vascular cell populations (smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), arranged them into 3D co-cultures within supportive gel matrices, and directed their propensity for self-organization resembling microvasculature. The resulting vascular cell populations and co-cultured constructs were then arrayed in high throughput and used for screening a library of environmental and clinical chemical agents for immunological and toxicological responses. The screen effectively stratified the chemicals into various levels of toxicity, with both cell type-specific and co-culture-dependent responses observed. Thus, hPSC-derived vascular cells and constructs could be progressed further toward use in toxicant and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Titmarsh
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Abstract
Vascular injury can be induced by different classes of drug candidates, and it can affect the mesenteric vasculature. Sampling of the mesenteric vessels in the rat is crucial for proper assessment of potential adverse or pharmacologic effects of drugs in nonclinical rodent studies. To date, several sampling and processing techniques for the histopathologic evaluation of the mesenteric artery in rodents have been described and used in studies with candidate drugs that may affect the vascular system. However, most of those techniques require a significant amount of time and effort. A less labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive technique that allows examination of the mesentery vasculature with abundant longitudinal and cross sections of the vessels when examined microscopically was developed and presented here.
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Xu S, Xue X, You K, Fu J. Caveolin-1 regulates the expression of tight junction proteins during hyperoxia-induced pulmonary epithelial barrier breakdown. Respir Res 2016; 17:50. [PMID: 27176222 PMCID: PMC4866358 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication in preterm infants that involves the downregulation of tight junction (TJ) proteins. However, the mechanism underlying downregulation of the expression of TJ proteins during at the early stages of hyperoxia-induced BPD remains to be understood. Here, we aimed to identify the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in hyperoxia-induced pulmonary epithelial barrier breakdown. METHODS First, we established an in vitro pulmonary epithelial barrier models using primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-II) from newborn rats. AEC-II was assigned to the hyperoxic (85 % O2/5 % CO2) or normoxic (21 % O2/5 % CO2) groups. Second, AEC-II was transfected with Cav-1-siRNA to downregulate Cav-1 under normoxic exposure. Third, AEC-II was transfected with a cDNA encoding Cav-1 to upregulate Cav-1 expression under hyperoxic exposure. Then, expression levels of Cav-1 and TJ proteins were examined by immunofluorescence staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. The TJ structures visualized using a transmission electron microscope, and transepithelial resistance and apparent permeability coefficient of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, which are indicators of barrier function, were measured. RESULTS Our data showed that exposure to hyperoxia disrupted the structure and function of the pulmonary epithelial barrier and decreased the ZO-1, occludin, claudin-4, and Cav-1 expression levels. Moreover, Cav-1 knockdown attenuated the expression of the other three genes and disrupted pulmonary epithelial barrier structure and function under normoxic exposure. However, Cav-1 upregulation markedly antagonized the hyperoxia-induced pulmonary epithelial barrier destruction and TJ protein loss. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to present evidence illustrating the novel role of Cav-1 downregulation-mediated TJ protein loss in pulmonary epithelial barrier destruction during BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Kai You
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Truskey GA, Fernandez CE. Tissue-engineered blood vessels as promising tools for testing drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1021-4. [PMID: 26028128 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1047342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is a serious problem in preclinical studies of vasoactive molecules and for survivors of pediatric cancers. DIVI is often observed in rodents and some larger animals, primarily with drugs affecting vascular tone, but not in humans; however, DIVI observed in animal studies often precludes a drug candidate from continuing along the development pipeline. Thus, there is great interest by the pharmaceutical industry to identify quantifiable human biomarkers of DIVI. Small-scale endothelialized tissue-engineered blood vessels using human cells represent a promising approach to screen drug candidates and develop alternatives to cancer therapeutics in vitro. We identify several technical challenges that remain to be addressed, including high-throughput systems to screen large numbers of candidates, identification of suitable cell sources and establishing and maintaining a differentiated state of the vessel wall cells. Adequately addressing these challenges should yield novel platforms to screen drugs and develop new therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Truskey
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , 136 Hudson Hall, CB 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281 , USA +919 660 5147 ;
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Elmore SA, Cora MC, Gruebbel MM, Hayes SA, Hoane JS, Koizumi H, Peters R, Rosol TJ, Singh BP, Szabo KA. Proceedings of the 2014 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:10-40. [PMID: 25385331 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314555526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Washington, D.C., in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 33rd annual meeting. The goal of this annual NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included a pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma in a male B6C3F1 mouse; plexiform vasculopathy in Wistar Han (Crl:WI[Han]) rats; staging of the estrous cycle in rats and mice; peri-islet fibrosis, hemorrhage, lobular atrophy and inflammation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; retinal dysplasia in Crl:WI[Han] rats and B6C3F1 mice; multicentric lymphoma with intravascular microemboli and tumor lysis syndrome, and 2 cases of myopathy and vascular anomaly in Tg.rasH2 mice; benign thymomas in Crl:WI[Han] rats; angiomatous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Crl:WI[Han] rats; an unusual foveal lesion in a cynomolgous monkey; and finally a series of nomenclatures challenges from the endocrine International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) Organ Working Group (OWG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle C Cora
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margarita M Gruebbel
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Schantel A Hayes
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica S Hoane
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rachel Peters
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bhanu P Singh
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen A Szabo
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Homer BL, Morton D, Bagi CM, Warneke JA, Andresen CJ, Whiteley LO, Morris DL, Tones MA. Oral administration of soluble guanylate cyclase agonists to rats results in osteoclastic bone resorption and remodeling with new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:411-23. [PMID: 25142129 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314546559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Orally administered small molecule agonists of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) induced increased numbers of osteoclasts, multifocal bone resorption, increased porosity, and new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton of Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar histopathological bone changes were observed in both young (7- to 9-week-old) and aged (42- to 46-week-old) rats when dosed by oral gavage with 3 different heme-dependent sGC agonist (sGCa) compounds or 1 structurally distinct heme-independent sGCa compound. In a 7-day time course study in 7- to 9-week-old rats, bone changes were observed as early as 2 to 3 days following once daily compound administration. Bone changes were mostly reversed following a 14-day recovery period, with complete reversal after 35 days. The mechanism responsible for the bone changes was investigated in the thyroparathyroidectomized rat model that creates a low state of bone modeling and remodeling due to deprivation of thyroid hormone, calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The sGCa compounds tested increased both bone resorption and formation, thereby increasing bone remodeling independent of calciotropic hormones PTH and CT. Based on these studies, we conclude that the bone changes in rats were likely caused by increased sGC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Homer
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Morton
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cedo M Bagi
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - James A Warneke
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Dale L Morris
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Tones
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Mikaelian I, Cameron M, Dalmas DA, Enerson BE, Gonzalez RJ, Guionaud S, Hoffmann PK, King NMP, Lawton MP, Scicchitano MS, Smith HW, Thomas RA, Weaver JL, Zabka TS. Nonclinical Safety Biomarkers of Drug-induced Vascular Injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:635-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better biomarkers are needed to identify, characterize, and/or monitor drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in nonclinical species and patients. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), a precompetitive collaboration of pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formed the Vascular Injury Working Group (VIWG) to develop and qualify translatable biomarkers of DIVI. The VIWG focused its research on acute DIVI because early detection for clinical and nonclinical safety monitoring is desirable. The VIWG developed a strategy based on the premise that biomarkers of DIVI in rat would be translatable to humans due to the morphologic similarity of vascular injury between species regardless of mechanism. The histomorphologic lexicon for DIVI in rat defines degenerative and adaptive findings of the vascular endothelium and smooth muscles, and characterizes inflammatory components. We describe the mechanisms of these changes and their associations with candidate biomarkers for which advanced analytical method validation was completed. Further development is recommended for circulating microRNAs, endothelial microparticles, and imaging techniques. Recommendations for sample collection and processing, analytical methods, and confirmation of target localization using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are described. The methods described are anticipated to aid in the identification and qualification of translational biomarkers for DIVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Abbvie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond J. Gonzalez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Silvia Guionaud
- Shire, Hampshire International Business Park, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
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Pettersen JC, Litchfield J, Neef N, Schmidt SP, Shirai N, Walters KM, Enerson BE, Chatman LA, Pfefferkorn JA. The Relationship of Glucokinase Activator–induced Hypoglycemia with Arteriopathy, Neuronal Necrosis, and Peripheral Neuropathy in Nonclinical Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:696-708. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The toxicity of 4 GKAs (PF-04279405, PF-04651887, piragliatin, and PF-04937319) was assessed in mice, rats, dogs, and/or monkeys. GKAs were administered for 2 to 8 weeks. Standard endpoints, glucose, and insulin were assessed. All compounds produced varying degrees of hypoglycemia in all species. Brain neuronal necrosis and/or peripheral neuropathy were observed with most compounds. These findings are consistent with literature reports linking hypoglycemia with nervous system effects. Arteriopathy, mainly of cardiac vessels, was observed at a low frequency in monkey and/or dog. Arteriopathy occurred only at doses that produced severe and prolonged periods of repeated hypoglycemia. Since this lesion occurred in multiple studies with structurally distinct GKAs, these results suggested arteriopathy was related to GKA pharmacology. The morphological characteristics of the arteriopathy were consistent with that produced by experimental catecholamine administration. We hypothesize that the prolonged periods of hypoglycemia resulted in increased local and/or systemic concentrations of catecholamines via a counterregulatory and/or stress-related mechanism. Alternatively, prolonged hypoglycemia may have resulted in endothelial dysfunction leading to arteriopathy. This risk can be managed in human patients in clinical studies by careful glucose monitoring and intervention to avoid prolonged episodes of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Neef
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Department of Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karen M. Walters
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Linda A. Chatman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Tobin GAM, Zhang J, Goodwin D, Stewart S, Xu L, Knapton A, González C, Bancos S, Zhang L, Lawton MP, Enerson BE, Weaver JL. The role of eNOS phosphorylation in causing drug-induced vascular injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:709-24. [PMID: 24705881 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314522885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously we found that regulation of eNOS is an important part of the pathogenic process of Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) for PDE4i. The aims of the current study were to examine the phosphorylation of eNOS in mesentery versus aorta at known regulatory sites across DIVI-inducing drug classes and to compare changes across species. We found that phosphorylation at S615 in rats was elevated 35-fold 2 hr after the last dose of CI-1044 in mesentery versus 3-fold in aorta. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that many of the upstream regulators of eNOS activation were associated with eNOS in 1 or more signalosome complexes. Next rats were treated with drugs from 4 other classes known to cause DIVI. Each drug was given alone and in combination with SIN-1 (NO donor) or L-NAME (eNOS inhibitor), and the level of eNOS phosphorylation in mesentery and aorta tissue was correlated with the extent of vascular injury and measured serum nitrite. Drugs or combinations produced altered serum nitrite levels as well as vascular injury score in the mesentery. The results suggested that phosphorylation of S615 may be associated with DIVI activity. Studies with the species-specific A2A adenosine agonist CI-947 in rats versus primates showed a similar pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne A McMahon Tobin
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David Goodwin
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Knapton
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos González
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Simona Bancos
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Leshuai Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael P Lawton
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bradley E Enerson
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - James L Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Swanson TA, Conte T, Deeley B, Portugal S, Kreeger JM, Obert LA, Joseph EC, Wisialowski TA, Sokolowski SA, Rief C, Nugent P, Lawton MP, Enerson BE. Hemodynamic Correlates of Drug-induced Vascular Injury in the Rat Using High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:784-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of drugs have been shown to cause drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in preclinical toxicity studies. Measurement of blood flow and vessel diameter in numerous vessels and across various tissues by ultrasound imaging has the potential to be a noninvasive translatable biomarker of DIVI. Our objective was to demonstrate the utility of high-frequency ultrasound imaging for measuring changes in vascular function by evaluating blood flow and vessel diameter in the superior mesenteric arteries (SMA) of rats treated with compounds that are known to cause DIVI and are known vasodilators in rat: fenoldopam, CI-1044, and SK&F 95654. Blood flow, vessel diameter, and other parameters were measured in the SMA at 4, 8, and 24 hr after dosing. Mild to moderate perivascular accumulations of mononuclear cells, neutrophils in tunica adventitia, and superficial tunica media as well as multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis in the tunica media were found in animals 24 hr after treatment with fenoldopam and SK&F 95654. Each compound caused marked increases in blood flow and shear stress as early as 4 hr after dosing. These results suggest that ultrasound imaging may constitute a functional correlate for the microscopic finding of DIVI in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri A. Swanson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Teri Conte
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Deeley
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Portugal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - John M. Kreeger
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leslie A. Obert
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - E. Clive Joseph
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Catherine Rief
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Nugent
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Brott DA, Katein A, Thomas H, Lawton M, Montgomery RR, Richardson RJ, Louden CS. Evaluation of von Willebrand factor and von Willebrand factor propeptide in models of vascular endothelial cell activation, perturbation, and/or injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:672-83. [PMID: 24499802 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313518664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically, vasoactive agents targeting endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells (SMC) are known to cause acute drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) and the resulting pathology is due to endothelial cell (EC) perturbation, activation, and/or injury. Alteration in EC structure and/or function may be a critical event in vascular injury and, therefore, evaluation of the circulatory kinetic profile and secretory pattern of EC-specific proteins such as VWF and VWFpp could serve as acute vascular injury biomarkers. In rat and dog models of DIVI, this profile was determined using pharmacologically diverse agents associated with functional stimulation/perturbation (DDAVP), pathological activation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]/endotoxin), and structural damage (fenoldopam [FD], dopamine [DA], and potassium channel opener (PCO) ZD6169). In rats, FD caused moderate DIVI and time-related increase in plasma VWF levels ∼33% while in control rats VWF increased ∼5%. In dogs, VWF levels transiently increased ∼30% when there was morphologic evidence of DIVI by DA or ZD6169. However, in dogs, VWFpp increased >60-fold (LPS) and >6-fold (DDAVP), respectively. This was in comparison to smaller dynamic 1.38-fold (LPS) and 0.54-fold (DDAVP) increases seen in plasma VWF. Furthermore, DA was associated with a dose-dependent increase in plasma VWFpp. In summary, VWF and VWFpp can discriminate between physiological and pathological perturbation, activation, and injury to ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brott
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Anne Katein
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Heath Thomas
- Safety Assessment, Pathology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Lawton
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Rudy J Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Calvert S Louden
- Drug Safety Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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