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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in a lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114524. [PMID: 38428799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Sucralose, a sugar substitute first approved for use in 1991, is a non-caloric sweetener regulated globally as a food additive. Based on numerous experimental animal studies (dating to the 1980s) and human epidemiology studies, international health agencies have determined that sucralose is safe when consumed as intended. A single lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay conducted by the Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported that mice fed diets containing sucralose develop hematopoietic neoplasia, but controversy continues regarding the validity and relevance of these data for predicting health effects in humans. The present paper addresses the controversy by providing the perspective of experienced pathologists on sucralose-related animal toxicity and carcinogenicity data generally, and the RI carcinogenicity bioassay findings specifically, using results from publicly available papers and international regulatory authority decisions. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology, data evaluation, and reporting of the RI carcinogenicity bioassay for sucralose diminish the value of the data as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard to humans. This limitation will remain until the RI bioassay is repeated under Good Laboratory Practices and the design, data, and accuracy of the pathology diagnoses and interpretations are reviewed by qualified pathologists with experience in evaluating potential chemically-induced carcinogenic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, Emeritus, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Johnson VJ, Rider CV, Luster MI, Brix A, Burleson GR, Cora M, Elmore SA, Frawley RP, Lopez FR, Mutlu E, Shockley KR, Pierfelice J, Burback B, Co CA, Germolec DR. Immunotoxicity of N-butylbenzenesulfonamide: impacts on immune function in adult mice and developmentally exposed rats. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:71-84. [PMID: 37584675 PMCID: PMC10613960 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) is a high-production volume plasticizer that is an emerging contaminant of concern for environmental and human health. To understand the risks and health effects of exposure to NBBS, studies were conducted in adult-exposed mice and developmentally exposed rats to evaluate the potential for NBBS to modulate the immune system. Beginning between 8 and 9 weeks of age, dosed feed containing NBBS at concentrations of 0, 313, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm was continuously provided to B6C3F1/N female mice for 28 days. Dosed feed was also continuously provided to time-mated Harlan Sprague Dawley (Sprague Dawley SD) rats at concentrations of 0-, 250-, 500-, and 1000-ppm NBBS from gestation day 6 to postnatal day 28 and in F1 rats until 11-14 weeks of age. Functional assessments of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity were conducted in adult female mice and F1 rats following exposure to NBBS. In female mice, NBBS treatment suppressed the antibody-forming cell (AFC) response to SRBC with small increases in T-cell responses and natural killer (NK)-cell activity. In developmentally exposed rats, NBBS treatment-related immune effects were sex dependent. A positive trend in NK-cell activity occurred in male F1 rats while a negative trend occurred in female F1 rats. The AFC response to SRBC was decreased in female F1 rats but not in male F1 rats. These data provide evidence that oral exposure to NBBS has the potential to produce immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses, and these effects appear to have some dependence on species, sex, and period of exposure (developmental vs adult).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael I Luster
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Gary R Burleson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Michelle Cora
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rachel P Frawley
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Franklin R Lopez
- Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | - Caroll A Co
- Social and Scientific Systems Inc., a DLH Holdings Corp Company, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Is statistical re-evaluation of hemolymphoreticular neoplasms from aspartame studies valid? Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:143-144. [PMID: 37767919 PMCID: PMC10535777 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, Emeritus, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Papenfuss TL, Himmel L, Kuper CF, Mohanan S, Harleman J, Elmore SA. Toxicologic Pathology Forum: Considerations Regarding Determination of Adversity for Immunopathology Findings in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies with Immune-Modulating Therapeutics. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:205-215. [PMID: 37578155 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231190382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of changes in the immune system serves to determine the efficacy and potential immunotoxicologic effects of new products under development. Toxicologic pathologists play critical roles in identifying immune system changes that drive the immunosafety determination. Standard pathology evaluations of therapies and chemicals remain similar; however, biopharmaceutical therapies have moved from simply affecting the immune system to being specifically developed to modify the immune system, which can impact interpretation. Recent explosive growth in immunomodulatory therapies presents a challenge to the toxicologic pathologist, toxicologist, and regulatory reviewer in terms of evaluating the clinical relevance and potential adversity of immune system changes. Beyond the recognition of such changes, there is an increasing expectation to evaluate, describe, and interpret how therapies affect complex immune system pathways for both immunomodulatory therapies and non-immunomodulatory drugs with off-target immunotoxic effects. In this opinion piece, considerations regarding immune system evaluation, the current landscape of immunomodulatory therapies, a brief description of immunotoxicologic (and immunopathologic) endpoints, the importance of integrating such immunosafety data, and relevance to adversity determination are discussed. Importantly, we describe how the current paradigm of determining adversity for immune system changes may be challenging or insufficient and propose a harmonized and flexible approach for assessing adversity.
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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in lifetime and prenatal rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 171:113504. [PMID: 36414169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener commonly used as a sugar substitute, is currently authorized for use in more than 100 countries. Hundreds of studies, conducted in various countries dating back to the 1970s, have shown that aspartame is safe at real-world exposure levels. Furthermore, multiple human epidemiology studies have provided no indication that consumption of aspartame induces cancer. Given the continued controversy surrounding the Ramazzini Institute's (RI) studies suggesting that aspartame is a carcinogenic hazard in rodents and evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this report aims to provide the perspective of experienced pathologists on publicly available pathology data regarding purported proliferative lesions in liver, lung, lymphoid organs, and mammary gland as well as their implications for human risk assessment as reported for three lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame conducted at the RI. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology and reporting of the RI aspartame studies limit the utility of the data sets as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard. Therefore, all three RI studies, and particularly the accuracy of their pathology diagnoses and interpretations, should be rigorously reviewed by qualified and experienced veterinary toxicologic pathologists in assessing aspartame's carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
The use of the mouse as a model organism is common in translational research. This mouse-human similarity holds true for placental development as well. Proper formation of the placenta is vital for development and survival of the maturing embryo. Placentation involves sequential steps with both embryonic and maternal cell lineages playing important roles. The first step in placental development is formation of the blastocyst wall (approximate embryonic days [E] 3.0-3.5). After implantation (∼E4.5), extraembryonic endoderm progressively lines the inner surface of the blastocyst wall (∼E4.5-5.0), forming the yolk sac that provides histiotrophic support to the embryo; subsequently, formation of the umbilical vessels (∼E8.5) supports transition to the chorioallantoic placenta and hemotrophic nutrition. The fully mature ("definitive") placenta is established by ∼E12.5. Abnormal placental development often leads to embryonic mortality, with the timing of death depending on when placental insufficiency takes place and which cells are involved. This comprehensive macroscopic and microscopic atlas highlights the key features of normal and abnormal mouse placental development from E4.5 to E18.5. This in-depth overview of a transient (and thus seldom-analyzed) developmental tissue should serve as a useful reference to aid researchers in identifying and describing mouse placental changes in engineered, induced, and spontaneous disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert Z Cochran
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Beth Lubeck
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Beth Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Sabio
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA *Co-first authors
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Cope HA, Blake BE, Love C, McCord J, Elmore SA, Harvey JB, Chappell VA, Fenton SE. Latent, sex-specific metabolic health effects in CD-1 mouse offspring exposed to PFOA or HFPO-DA (GenX) during gestation. Emerg Contam 2021; 7:219-235. [PMID: 35097227 PMCID: PMC8794304 DOI: 10.1016/j.emcon.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmental contaminant associated with adverse metabolic outcomes in developmentally exposed human populations and mouse models. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA, commonly called GenX) has replaced PFOA in many industrial applications in the U.S. and Europe and has been measured in global water systems from <1 to 9350 ng/L HFPO-DA. Health effects data for GenX are lacking. OBJECTIVE Determine the effects of gestational exposure to GenX on offspring weight gain trajectory, adult metabolic health, liver pathology and key adipose gene pathways in male and female CD-1 mice. METHODS Daily oral doses of GenX (0.2, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg), PFOA (0.1, 1.0 mg/kg), or vehicle control were administered to pregnant mice (gestation days 1.5-17.5). Offspring were fed a high- or low-fat diet (HFD or LFD) at weaning until necropsy at 6 or 18 weeks, and metabolic endpoints were measured over time. PFOA and GenX serum and urine concentrations, weight gain, serum lipid parameters, body mass composition, glucose tolerance, white adipose tissue gene expression, and liver histopathology were evaluated. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to GenX led to its accumulation in the serum and urine of 5-day old pups (P = 0.007, P < 0.001), which was undetectable by weaning. By 18 weeks of age, male mice fed LFD in the 2.0 mg/kg GenX group displayed increased weight gain (P < 0.05), fat mass (P = 0.016), hepatocellular microvesicular fatty change (P = 0.015), and insulin sensitivity (P = 0.014) in comparison to control males fed LFD. Female mice fed HFD had a significant increase in hepatocyte single cell necrosis in 1.0 mg/kg GenX group (P = 0.022) and 1.0 mg/kg PFOA group (P = 0.003) compared to control HFD females. Both sexes were affected by gestational GenX exposure; however, the observed phenotype varied between sex with males displaying more characteristics of metabolic disease and females exhibiting liver damage in response to the gestational exposure. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to 1 mg/kg GenX and 1 mg/kg PFOA induces adverse metabolic outcomes in adult mice that are diet- and sex-dependent. GenX also accumulated in pup serum, suggesting that placental and potentially lactational transfer are important exposure routes for GenX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlie A. Cope
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bevin E. Blake
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Charlotte Love
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James McCord
- Multimedia Methods Branch, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Susan A. Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, NIH, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Janice B. Harvey
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, NIH, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Vesna A. Chappell
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Elmore SA. Prenatal Evaluations: A Prologue to Postnatal Pathology Interpretations. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1425-1436. [PMID: 34652981 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211046540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are commonly used to investigate the developmental basis of human birth defects. Such models may be used for safety assessment studies designed to reveal xenobiotic-related alterations in juvenile animals, or to investigate gene function or generate models of human disease, as with transgenics. Therefore, the evaluation of rodent embryos and placentas can be used to provide insight into various postnatal abnormalities such as structural or cellular abnormalities and early death. Depending on the defect, pups may be born dead, survive for only a short period of time, survive but with poor growth, or survive and be clinically normal. Mice are generally used to generate genetic alterations that can help in identifying genes involved in embryogenesis. Rats are more commonly used for toxicology studies. This article aims to share information on the importance of, and strategies for, mouse embryo, placenta, and metrial gland evaluations. Information on early postnatal development is also provided as well as select examples of developmental information on organ systems needed for postnatal evaluations. A list of additional studies that can aid in the evaluation of prenatal and postnatal phenotypes is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, 6857NIEHS, Comparative and Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Elmore SA, Choudhary S, Krane GA, Plumlee Q, Quist EM, Suttie AW, Tokarz DA, Ward JM, Cora M. Proceedings of the 2021 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1344-1367. [PMID: 34634962 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211043497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2021 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was the 20th anniversary of the symposia and held virtually on June 25th, in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 40th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were presented to the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included differentiation of canine oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, and undefined glioma with presentation of the National Cancer Institute's updated diagnostic terminology for canine glioma; differentiation of polycystic kidney, dilated tubules and cystic tubules with a discussion of human polycystic kidney disease; a review of various rodent nervous system background lesions in control animals from NTP studies with a focus on incidence rates and potential rat strain differences; vehicle/excipient-related renal lesions in cynomolgus monkeys with a discussion on the various cyclodextrins and their bioavailability, toxicity, and tumorigenicity; examples of rodent endometrial tumors including intestinal differentiation in an endometrial adenocarcinoma that has not previously been reported in rats; a review of various rodent adrenal cortex lesions including those that represented diagnostic challenges with multiple processes such as vacuolation, degeneration, necrosis, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy; and finally, a discussion of diagnostic criteria for uterine adenomyosis, atypical hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin M Quist
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Andrew W Suttie
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories, Inc, Chantilly, VA, USA
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Cora
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Ward JM, Elmore SA, Bradley A, Mahler B. Veterinary HistoArt. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 48:791-793. [PMID: 32885747 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320950656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M Ward
- Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, Maryland, MD, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
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Obert LA, Elmore SA, Ennulat D, Frazier KS. A Review of Specific Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Injury and Their Potential Application in Nonclinical Safety Assessment Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:996-1023. [PMID: 33576319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320985045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A host of novel renal biomarkers have been developed over the past few decades which have enhanced monitoring of renal disease and drug-induced kidney injury in both preclinical studies and in humans. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) share similar underlying mechanisms and the tubulointerstitial compartment has a functional role in the progression of CKD, urinary biomarkers of AKI may provide predictive information in chronic renal disease. Numerous studies have explored whether the recent AKI biomarkers could improve upon the standard clinical biomarkers, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, for predicting outcomes in CKD patients. This review is an introduction to alternative assays that can be utilized in chronic (>3 months duration) nonclinical safety studies to provide information on renal dysfunction and to demonstrate specific situations where these assays could be utilized in nonclinical drug development. Novel biomarkers such as symmetrical dimethyl arginine, dickkopf homolog 3, and cystatin C predict chronic renal injury in animals, act as surrogates for GFR, and may predict changes in GFR in patients over time, ultimately providing a bridge from preclinical to clinical renal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Obert
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniela Ennulat
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Boyle MH, Bennet B, Colman K, Frisk AL, Garcia B, Houle CD, Romeike A, Sura R, Werner J, Elmore SA. Publication Categories in Toxicologic Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1042-1047. [PMID: 33576326 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321992305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxicologic Pathology is the official journal of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP), the British Society of Toxicological Pathology, and the European STP (ESTP). Toxicologic Pathology publishes articles related to topics in various aspects of toxicologic pathology such as anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, experimental pathology, and biomarker research. Publications include society-endorsed Best Practice/Position and Points to Consider publications and ESTP Expert Workshop articles that are relevant to toxicologic pathology and scientific regulatory processes, Opinion articles under the banner of the STP Toxicologic Pathology Forum, Original Articles, Review Articles (unsolicited/contributed, mini, and invited), Brief Communications, Letters to the Editor, Meeting Reports, and Book Reviews. This article provides details on the various publication categories in Toxicologic Pathology and will serve as a reference for authors and readers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karyn Colman
- 33413Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna-Lena Frisk
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Begonya Garcia
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan A Elmore
- Comparative and Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Huang MC, White KL, Elmore SA, Guo TL, Germolec D. Immunotoxicity studies of trans-resveratrol in male B 6C 3F 1/N mice. J Immunotoxicol 2020; 17:194-201. [PMID: 33213203 PMCID: PMC7961840 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2020.1833113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol that is being investigated to treat and prevent various diseases, both experimentally and in the clinic. Despite increased use and interest in resveratrol due to its immunomodulatory properties, there is a lack of studies evaluating potential toxicities, particularly immunotoxicity, associated with resveratrol use. A previous 2-week study found decreasing thymus weight in male B6C3F1/N mice with increasing exposure to trans-resveratrol. This study is a follow-up on those findings by evaluating immune function. Male adult B6C3F1/N mice were given trans-resveratrol (0, 156, 312, 625, 1250, 2500 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for 28 days and functional immune tests and histopathology were evaluated. There were no treatment-related effects on body weight during the study. Humoral, cell-mediated, and innate immune function were not altered after 28 days of trans-resveratrol treatment. There were also no changes in organ weight or microscopic alterations in immune organs. Overall, under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of immunotoxicity or improvements in immune function associated with oral exposure to trans-resveratrol in male mice. Importantly, the immunomodulatory benefits of resveratrol may require a prerequisite level of inflammatory activity and may not be observable in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kimber L White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (retired)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Ghio AJ, Gonzalez DH, Paulson SE, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC, Mahler B, Elmore SA, Schladweiler MC, Kodavanti UP. Ozone Reacts With Carbon Black to Produce a Fulvic Acid-Like Substance and Increase an Inflammatory Effect. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:887-898. [PMID: 32975498 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320961017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient ozone has been associated with increased human mortality. Ozone exposure can introduce oxygen-containing functional groups in particulate matter (PM) effecting a greater capacity of the particle for metal complexation and inflammatory effect. We tested the postulate that (1) a fulvic acid-like substance can be produced through a reaction of a carbonaceous particle with high concentrations of ozone and (2) such a fulvic acid-like substance included in the PM can initiate inflammatory effects following exposure of respiratory epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and an animal model (male Wistar Kyoto rats). Carbon black (CB) was exposed for 72 hours to either filtered air (CB-Air) or approximately 100 ppm ozone (CB-O3). Carbon black exposure to high levels of ozone produced water-soluble, fluorescent organic material. Iron import by BEAS-2B cells at 4 and 24 hours was not induced by incubations with CB-Air but was increased following coexposures of CB-O3 with ferric ammonium citrate. In contrast to CB-Air, exposure of BEAS-2B cells and rats to CB-O3 for 24 hours increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lung injury, respectively. It is concluded that inflammatory effects of carbonaceous particles on cells can potentially result from (1) an inclusion of a fulvic acid-like substance after reaction with ozone and (2) changes in iron homeostasis following such exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David H Gonzalez
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 8783University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 8783University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Beth Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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15
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Elmore SA, Blystone C, Lubeck BA, Harris SF, Johnson C. The Assessment of Longitudinal Sections of Rat Female Reproductive Tissues for NTP 2-Year Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:747-755. [PMID: 32815483 PMCID: PMC7486810 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320948840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) now uses an extended longitudinal sectioning protocol for the uterus to better evaluate female rodent reproductive tract toxicity for all developmental and reproductive toxicology and 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassays. The previous protocol for toxicity/carcinogenicity studies involved 1 cross section midway through each uterine horn and collection of uterine cervix and vagina only if gross lesions were present. Here we compare the histological findings of the original cross sections with the additional longitudinal sections of residual uterine tissues of 7 chronic NTP rat bioassays. The goal of this study was to determine whether there might be any advantages to examining additional uterine tissue. The longitudinal protocol allowed for 10 to 20 times more uterine tissue for evaluation. Results indicate that the potential advantages of a more complete evaluation of female reproductive tract tissue include increased detection of reproductive targets, increased detection of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, improved detection of tissue origin of neoplasms, less reliance on gross identification of lesions, improved accuracy in the application of severity grades, and increased detection of preneoplastic or subtle lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Chad Blystone
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Beth A. Lubeck
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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16
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Abstract
Predatory journals-also called fraudulent, deceptive, or pseudo-journals-are publications that claim to be legitimate scholarly journals but misrepresent their publishing practices. Some common forms of predatory publishing practices include falsely claiming to provide peer review, hiding information about article processing charges, misrepresenting members of the journal's editorial board, and other violations of copyright or scholarly ethics. Because of their increasing prevalence, this article aims to provide helpful information for authors on how to identify and avoid predatory journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Eleanor H Weston
- Vista Technology Services Inc, Contractor for the NIEHS Library, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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17
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Willard-Mack CL, Elmore SA, Hall WC, Harleman J, Kuper CF, Losco P, Rehg JE, Rühl-Fehlert C, Ward JM, Weinstock D, Bradley A, Hosokawa S, Pearse G, Mahler BW, Herbert RA, Keenan CM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Hematolymphoid System. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 47:665-783. [PMID: 31526133 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative changes in rats and mice. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying changes observed in the hematolymphoid organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and other lymphoid tissues (serosa-associated lymphoid clusters and tertiary lymphoid structures) with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. The nomenclature for these organs is divided into 3 terminologies: descriptive, conventional, and enhanced. Three terms are listed for each diagnosis. The rationale for this approach and guidance for its application to toxicologic pathology are described in detail below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Thymus subgroup lead.,National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Johannes Harleman
- Lymph node subgroup lead.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Independent Consultant, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- Associated lymphoid organs subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Losco
- General hematolymphoid subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jerrold M Ward
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Satoru Hosokawa
- Eisai Co, Ltd, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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Blake BE, Cope HA, Hall SM, Keys RD, Mahler BW, McCord J, Scott B, Stapleton HM, Strynar MJ, Elmore SA, Fenton SE. Evaluation of Maternal, Embryo, and Placental Effects in CD-1 Mice following Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX). Environ Health Perspect 2020; 128:27006. [PMID: 32074459 PMCID: PMC7064328 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice and humans, but little is known regarding one of its replacements, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, referred to here as GenX), both of which have been reported as contaminants in drinking water. OBJECTIVES We compared the toxicity of PFOA and GenX in pregnant mice and their developing embryo-placenta units, with a specific focus on the placenta as a hypothesized target. METHODS Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed daily to PFOA (0, 1, or 5mg/kg) or GenX (0, 2, or 10mg/kg) via oral gavage from embryonic day (E) 1.5 to 11.5 or 17.5 to evaluate exposure effects on the dam and embryo-placenta unit. Gestational weight gain (GWG), maternal clinical chemistry, maternal liver histopathology, placental histopathology, embryo weight, placental weight, internal chemical dosimetry, and placental thyroid hormone levels were determined. RESULTS Exposure to GenX or PFOA resulted in increased GWG, with increase in weight most prominent and of shortest latency with 10mg/kg/d GenX exposure. Embryo weight was significantly lower after exposure to 5mg/kg/d PFOA (9.4% decrease relative to controls). Effect sizes were similar for higher doses (5mg/kg/d PFOA and 10mg/kg/d GenX) and lower doses (1mg/kg/d PFOA and 2mg/kg/d GenX), including higher maternal liver weights, changes in liver histopathology, higher placental weights and embryo-placenta weight ratios, and greater incidence of placental abnormalities relative to controls. Histopathological features in placentas suggested that PFOA and GenX may exhibit divergent mechanisms of toxicity in the embryo-placenta unit, whereas PFOA- and GenX-exposed livers shared a similar constellation of adverse pathological features. CONCLUSIONS Gestational exposure to GenX recapitulated many documented effects of PFOA in CD-1 mice, regardless of its much shorter reported half-life; however, adverse effects toward the placenta appear to have compound-specific signatures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin E. Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harlie A. Cope
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha M. Hall
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Keys
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth W. Mahler
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James McCord
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brittany Scott
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J. Strynar
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan A. Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Elmore SA, Cesta MF, Crabbs TA, Janardhan KS, Krane GA, Mahapatra D, Quist EM, Rinke M, Schaaf GW, Travlos GS, Wang H, Willson CJ, Wolf JC. Proceedings of the 2019 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:913-953. [PMID: 31645210 PMCID: PMC6911009 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319876929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Raleigh, North Carolina, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 38th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included aging mouse lesions from various strains, as well as the following lesions from various rat strains: rete testis sperm granuloma/fibrosis, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, retro-orbital schwannoma, periductal cholangiofibrosis of the liver and pancreas, pars distalis hypertrophy, chronic progressive nephropathy, and renal tubule regeneration. Other cases included polyovular follicles in young beagle dogs and a fungal blood smear contaminant. One series of cases challenged the audience to consider how immunohistochemistry may improve the diagnosis of some tumors. Interesting retinal lesions from a rhesus macaque emphasized the difficulty in determining the etiology of any particular retinal lesion due to the retina's similar response to vascular injury. Finally, a series of lesions from the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Non-Rodent Fish Working Group were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark F. Cesta
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Torrie A Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gregory A. Krane
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debabrata Mahapatra
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin M. Quist
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - George W. Schaaf
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory S. Travlos
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haoan Wang
- West China-Frontier Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cynthia J. Willson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
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20
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Elmore SA, Cardiff R, Cesta MF, Gkoutos GV, Hoehndorf R, Keenan CM, McKerlie C, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP, Ward JM. A Review of Current Standards and the Evolution of Histopathology Nomenclature for Laboratory Animals. ILAR J 2019; 59:29-39. [PMID: 30476141 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for international collaboration in rodent pathology has evolved since the 1970s and was initially driven by the new field of toxicologic pathology. First initiated by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer for rodents, it has evolved to include pathology of the major species (rats, mice, guinea pigs, nonhuman primates, pigs, dogs, fish, rabbits) used in medical research, safety assessment, and mouse pathology. The collaborative effort today is driven by the needs of the regulatory agencies in multiple countries, and by needs of research involving genetically engineered animals, for "basic" research and for more translational preclinical models of human disease. These efforts led to the establishment of an international rodent pathology nomenclature program. Since that time, multiple collaborations for standardization of laboratory animal pathology nomenclature and diagnostic criteria have been developed, and just a few are described herein. Recently, approaches to a nomenclature that is amenable to sophisticated computation have been made available and implemented for large-scale programs in functional genomics and aging. Most terminologies continue to evolve as the science of human and veterinary pathology continues to develop, but standardization and successful implementation remain critical for scientific communication now as ever in the history of veterinary nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Robert Cardiff
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Mark F Cesta
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Georgios V Gkoutos
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Charlotte M Keenan
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - John P Sundberg
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Susan A. Elmore, MS, DVM, DCVP, DABT, FIATP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Robert D. Cardiff, MD, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Emeritus at the UCD Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Davis, in Davis, California. Mark F. Cesta, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is NTP Pathologist and Staff Scientist, leading the effort for establishment of the online NTP Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas at the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Georgios V. Gkoutos, PhD, DIC, is Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Robert Hoehndorf, PhD, is Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Charlotte M. Keenan, VMD, DACVP, is a principle consultant at C.M. ToxPath Consulting in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA and leads the international STP effort for the publication of the harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (INHAND) in toxicologic pathology. Colin McKerlie, DVM, DVSc, MRCVS, is a senior associate scientist in the Translational Medicine Research Program at The Hospital for Sick Children and a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology & Laboratory Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Paul N. Schofield, MA DPhil, is the University Reader in Biomedical Informatics at the Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, United Kingdom and is also an adjunct professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. John P. Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is a professor at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Jerrold M. Ward, DVM, PhD, DACVP, FIATP, is a special volunteer at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD and is also Adjunct Faculty at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine
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21
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Elmore SA, Kavari SL, Hoenerhoff MJ, Mahler B, Scott BE, Yabe K, Seely JC. Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Urinary System With Emphasis on Prenatal Days E10.5-E18.5. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:865-886. [PMID: 31599209 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319873871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract are some of the most common human developmental abnormalities. Several genetically engineered mouse models have been developed to mimic these abnormalities and aim to better understand the molecular mechanisms of disease. This atlas has been developed as an aid to pathologists and other biomedical scientists for identification of abnormalities in the developing murine urinary tract by cataloguing normal structures at each stage of development. Hematoxylin and eosin- and immunohistochemical-stained sections are provided, with a focus on E10.5-E18.5, as well as a brief discussion of postnatal events in urinary tract development. A section on abnormalities in the development of the urinary tract is also provided, and molecular mechanisms are presented as supplementary material. Additionally, overviews of the 2 key processes of kidney development, branching morphogenesis and nephrogenesis, are provided to aid in the understanding of the complex organogenesis of the kidney. One of the key findings of this atlas is the histological identification of the ureteric bud at E10.5, as previous literature has provided conflicting reports on the initial point of budding. Furthermore, attention is paid to points where murine development is significantly distinct from human development, namely, in the cessation of nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sanam L Kavari
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beth Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Koichi Yabe
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John C Seely
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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22
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Abstract
Metabolism in organs other than the liver and kidneys may play a significant role in how a specific organ responds to chemicals. The heart has metabolic capability for energy production and homeostasis. This homeostatic machinery can also process xenobiotics. Cardiac metabolism includes the expression of numerous organic anion transporters, organic cation transporters, organic carnitine (zwitterion) transporters, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Expression and distribution of the transporters within the heart may vary, depending on the patient’s age, disease, endocrine status, and various other factors. Several cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme classes have been identified within the heart. The P450 hydroxylases and epoxygenases within the heart produce hydroxyeicosatetraneoic acids and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, metabolites of arachidonic acid, which are critical in regulating homeostatic processes of the heart. The susceptibility of the cardiac P450 system to induction and inhibition from exogenous materials is an area of expanding knowledge, as are the metabolic processes of glucuronidation and sulfation in the heart. The susceptibility of various transcription factors and signaling pathways of the heart to disruption by xenobiotics is not fully characterized but is an area with implications for disruption of normal postnatal development, as well as modulation of adult cardiac health. There are knowledge gaps in the timelines of physiologic maturation and deterioration of cardiac metabolism. Cross-species characterization of cardiac-specific metabolism is needed for nonclinical work of optimum translational value to predict possible adverse effects, identify sensitive developmental windows for the design and conduct of informative nonclinical and clinical studies, and explore the possibilities of organ-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hausner
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
| | - Xi Yang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland (E.A.H., X.Y.); and National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (S.A.E.)
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Elmore SA, Carreira V, Labriola CS, Mahapatra D, McKeag SR, Rinke M, Shackelford C, Singh B, Talley A, Wallace SM, Wancket LM, Willson CJ. Proceedings of the 2018 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:865-897. [PMID: 30282530 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318800734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 37th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and other topics covered during the symposium included seminiferous tubule dysgenesis in rats, ameloblast and odontoblast degeneration/necrosis in a Sprague Dawley rat, intestinal leiomyositis in a beagle dog, gallbladder mucinous hyperplasia, focus of hepatocellular alteration and bile duct alteration in otters, renal tubule cytoplasmic vacuolation with basophilic granules in mice treated swith antisense oligonucleotide therapy, a uterine choriocarcinoma in a rhesus macaque, and rete ovarii proliferative ovarian lesions in various aged rat strains. One particularly provocative lesion was a malignant neoplastic proliferation in the renal pelvic region of a cynomolgus macaque from a 21-day study. Additional challenging lesions included thyroid proliferative lesions in zebra fish and gross findings in fish larvae during routine chemical screening. The Rabbit and Minipig International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Groups also presented a series of challenging lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Caralyn S Labriola
- 3 Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debabrata Mahapatra
- 4 Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean R McKeag
- 5 Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cynthia Shackelford
- 7 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- 8 Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Talley
- 9 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallace
- 10 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Cynthia J Willson
- 4 Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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McCarthy MK, Davenport BJ, Reynoso GV, Lucas ED, May NA, Elmore SA, Tamburini BA, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus impairs draining lymph node function by inhibiting HEV-mediated lymphocyte recruitment. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121100. [PMID: 29997290 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes acute and chronic rheumatologic disease. Pathogenic CHIKV strains persist in joints of immunocompetent mice, while the attenuated CHIKV strain 181/25 is cleared by adaptive immunity. We analyzed the draining lymph node (dLN) to define events in lymphoid tissue that may contribute to CHIKV persistence or clearance. Acute 181/25 infection resulted in dLN enlargement and germinal center (GC) formation, while the dLN of mice infected with pathogenic CHIKV became highly disorganized and depleted of lymphocytes. Using CHIKV strains encoding ovalbumin-specific TCR epitopes, we found that lymphocyte depletion was not due to impaired lymphocyte proliferation. Instead, the accumulation of naive lymphocytes transferred from the vasculature to the dLN was reduced, which was associated with fewer high endothelial venule cells and decreased CCL21 production. Following NP-OVA immunization, NP-specific GC B cells in the dLN were decreased during pathogenic, but not attenuated, CHIKV infection. Our data suggest that pathogenic, persistent strains of CHIKV disable the development of adaptive immune responses within the dLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth A Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 Editor-in-Chief, Toxicologic Pathology.,2 National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 Editor-in-Chief, Toxicologic Pathology.,2 National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- 1 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- 2 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Sills R, Brix A, Cesta M, Churchill SR, Cora MC, Dixon D, Dykstra M, Flake G, Herbert R, Kovi R, Janardhan K, King-Herbert A, Malarkey D, Pandiri A, Travlos G, Willson C, Elmore SA. NTP/NIEHS Global Contributions to Toxicologic Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:1035-1038. [PMID: 29145783 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317740326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
National Toxicology Program (NTP) pathologists are engaged in important initiatives that have significant global impact. These initiatives build on its leadership in pathology peer review and publications in the areas of toxicologic pathology, clinical pathology, and laboratory animal medicine. Over the past decade, NTP/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences research initiatives have focused on cancer and noncancer hazard identification, with the goal of understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. New initiatives of significant global impact include the web-based nonneoplastic lesion atlas and an NTP partnership with international scientists to investigate molecular mechanisms at the whole genome level, which will be used to inform potential mechanisms of environmental exposures in human cancers. Also, we are dedicated to contributing to pathology and toxicology organizations through service on executive committees and editorial boards, participating in international projects and symposiums, and providing training for future leaders in toxicologic pathology. Herein, we provide highlights of our global contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sills
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- 2 Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Cesta
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheba R Churchill
- 3 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle C Cora
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Dykstra
- 2 Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gordon Flake
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ron Herbert
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramesh Kovi
- 2 Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Angela King-Herbert
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Malarkey
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun Pandiri
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg Travlos
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia Willson
- 4 Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- 1 National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Elmore SA, Aeffner F, Bangari DS, Crabbs TA, Fossey S, Gad SC, Haschek WM, Hoane JS, Janardhan K, Kovi RC, Pearse G, Wancket LM, Quist EM. Proceedings of the 2017 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:799-833. [PMID: 29113559 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317733924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 36th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and other topics covered during the symposium included renal papillary degeneration in perinatally exposed animals, an atriocaval mesothelioma, an unusual presentation of an alveolar-bronchiolar carcinoma, a paraganglioma of the organ of Zuckerkandl (also called an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma), the use of human muscle samples to illustrate the challenges of manual scoring of fluorescent staining, intertubular spermatocytic seminomas, medical device pathology assessment and discussion of the approval process, collagen-induced arthritis, incisor denticles, ameloblast degeneration and poorly mineralized enamel matrix, connective tissue paragangliomas, microcystin-LR toxicity, perivascular mast cells in the forebrain thalamus unrelated to treatment, and 2 cases that provided a review of the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) bone nomenclature and recommended application of the terminology in routine nonclinical toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Torrie A Crabbs
- 4 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey Fossey
- 5 AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shayne C Gad
- 6 Gad Consulting Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wanda M Haschek
- 7 Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica S Hoane
- 8 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ramesh C Kovi
- 4 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gail Pearse
- 10 GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin M Quist
- 4 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Chen VS, Morrison JP, Southwell MF, Foley JF, Bolon B, Elmore SA. Histology Atlas of the Developing Prenatal and Postnatal Mouse Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on Prenatal Days E7.5 to E18.5. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:705-744. [PMID: 28891434 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317728134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the developing mouse presents unique challenges, given the complexity of ontogenesis, marked structural reorganization over very short distances in 3 dimensions each hour, and numerous developmental events susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Developmental defects affecting the brain and spinal cord arise frequently both in utero and perinatally as spontaneous events, following teratogen exposure, and as sequelae to induced mutations and thus are a common factor in embryonic and perinatal lethality in many mouse models. Knowledge of normal organ and cellular architecture and differentiation throughout the mouse's life span is crucial to identify and characterize neurodevelopmental lesions. By providing a well-illustrated overview summarizing major events of normal in utero and perinatal mouse CNS development with examples of common developmental abnormalities, this annotated, color atlas can be used to identify normal structure and histology when phenotyping genetically engineered mice and will enhance efforts to describe and interpret brain and spinal cord malformations as causes of mouse embryonic and perinatal lethal phenotypes. The schematics and images in this atlas illustrate major developmental events during gestation from embryonic day (E)7.5 to E18.5 and after birth from postnatal day (P)1 to P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian S Chen
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Authors contributed equally
| | - James P Morrison
- 2 Charles River Laboratories Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Myra F Southwell
- 3 Cellular Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- 4 Bio-Molecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Susan A Elmore
- 3 Cellular Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Dunnick JK, Morgan DL, Elmore SA, Gerrish K, Pandiri A, Ton TV, Shockley KR, Merrick BA. Tetrabromobisphenol A activates the hepatic interferon pathway in rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 266:32-41. [PMID: 27914987 PMCID: PMC5791538 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used flame retardant in printed circuit boards, paper, and textiles. In a two-year study, TBBPA showed evidence of uterine tumors in female Wistar-Han rats and liver and colon tumors in B6C3F1 mice. In order to gain further insight into early gene and pathway changes leading to cancer, we exposed female Wistar Han rats to TBBPA at 0, 25, 250, or 1000mg/kg (oral gavage in corn oil, 5×/week) for 13 weeks. Because at the end of the TBBPA exposure period, there were no treatment-related effects on body weights, liver or uterus lesions, and liver and uterine organ weights were within 10% of controls, only the high dose animals were analyzed. Analysis of the hepatic and uterine transcriptomes showed TBBPA-induced changes primarily in the liver (1000mg/kg), with 159 transcripts corresponding to 132 genes differentially expressed compared to controls (FDR=0.05). Pathway analysis showed activation of interferon (IFN) and metabolic networks. TBBPA induced few molecular changes in the uterus. Activation of the interferon pathway in the liver occurred after 13-weeks of TBBPA exposure, and with longer term TBBPA exposure this may lead to immunomodulatory changes that contribute to carcinogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - D L Morgan
- NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - B A Merrick
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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33
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Elmore SA. Book Review: Atlas of Histology of the Juvenile Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316677069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Elmore SA, Chen VS, Hayes-Bouknight S, Hoane JS, Janardhan K, Kooistra LH, Nolte T, Szabo KA, Willson GA, Wolf JC, Malarkey DE. Proceedings of the 2016 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:11-51. [PMID: 27821709 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2016 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in San Diego, CA, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's (STP) 35th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks, along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included malignant glioma and histiocytic sarcoma in the rodent brain; a new statistical method designed for histopathology data evaluation; uterine stromal/glandular polyp in a rat; malignant plasma cell tumor in a mouse brain; Schwann cell proliferative lesions in rat hearts; axillary schwannoma in a cat; necrosis and granulomatous inflammation in a rat brain; adenoma/carcinoma in a rat adrenal gland; hepatocyte maturation defect and liver/spleen hematopoietic defects in an embryonic mouse; distinguishing malignant glioma, malignant mixed glioma, and malignant oligodendroglioma in the rat; comparison of mammary gland whole mounts and histopathology from mice; and discussion of the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vivian S Chen
- 2 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Hoane
- 2 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Nolte
- 4 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Gabrielle A Willson
- 5 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- 6 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- 1 National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease of humans that consists of characteristic skin lesions associated with concurrent neoplasia. in this study we provide histologic and serologic evidence to support a diagnosis of PNP in a dog with splenic sarcoma. Skin lesions consisted of widespread erosions involving haired skin, mucocutaneous junctions, and oral mucosa. Microscopic examination of skin and mucosae revealed lesions consistent with both pemphigus vulgaris and erythema multiforme. Immunoprecipitation confirmed that circulating IgG autoantibodies from this patient recognized five distinct antigens, presumed to represent epidermal plakins. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic findings in this patient were similar to those observed in human patients with PNP. The splenic neoplasia in this dog was diagnosed as a phenotypically variable spindle cell sarcoma. To date, only one other dog has been reported with PNP. This is the second reported case of canine PNP and the first patient in whom skin lesions were identified in association with splenic neoplasia.
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Frawley RP, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA, Herbert R, Moore R, Staska LM, Behl M, Hooth MJ, Kissling GE, Germolec DR. Immunotoxic effects of sodium tungstate dihydrate on female B6C3F1/N mice when administered in drinking water. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:666-75. [PMID: 27223060 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten is a naturally occurring, high-tensile strength element that has been used in a number of consumer products. Tungsten has been detected in soil, waterways, groundwater, and human tissue and body fluids. Elevated levels of tungsten in urine were reported for populations exposed to tungstate in drinking water in areas where natural tungsten formations were prevalent. Published reports indicated that sodium tungstate may modulate hematopoiesis, immune cell populations, and immune responses in rodent models. The objective of this study was to assess potential immunotoxicity of sodium tungstate dihydrate (STD), a drinking water contaminant. Female B6C3F1/N mice received 0-2000 mg STD/L in their drinking water for 28 d, and were evaluated for effects on immune cell populations in spleen and bone marrow, and humoral-mediated, cell-mediated, and innate immunity. Three different parameters of cell-mediated immunity were similarly affected at 1000 mg STD/L. T-cell proliferative responses against allogeneic leukocytes and anti-CD3 were decreased 32%, and 21%, respectively. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity was decreased at all effector:target cell ratios examined. At 2000 mg STD/L, the absolute numbers of CD3(+) T-cell progenitor cells in bone marrow were increased 86%, but the alterations in B-lymphocyte and other progenitor cells were not significant. There were no effects on bone marrow DNA synthesis or colony forming capabilities. STD-induced effects on humoral-mediated immunity, innate immunity, and splenocyte sub-populations were limited. Enhanced histopathology did not detect treatment-related lesions in any of the immune tissues. These data suggest exposure to STD in drinking water may adversely affect cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Kimber L White
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ron Herbert
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Rebecca Moore
- c Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Mamta Behl
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Michelle J Hooth
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- e Division of Intramural Research , NIEHS, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Yoshizawa K, Yuki M, Kinoshita Y, Emoto Y, Yuri T, Elmore SA, Tsubura A. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced schwannomas in male Sprague-Dawley rats with a literature review of inducible and spontaneous lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:371-9. [PMID: 27233116 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) possesses peripheral nervous system carcinogenic activity in rats and induces benign and malignant schwannomas in systemic organs. In this retrospective study, we compared the characteristics of various immunohistochemical markers in MNU-induced schwannomas in male Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats including: vimentin (Vim), S100, p75 nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), CD57, pancytokeratin (CK), myoglobin, desmin and α smooth muscle actin (SMA). Single intraperitoneal exposures of 50 or 75mg/kg MNU in male rats at the age of 4 weeks induced schwannomas in 43 surviving and terminated rats up to 30-weeks-old. The incidence rate of neoplastic lesions was 37% (16 of 43 rats). Benign schwannomas (mesentery, pancreas, thymus) and malignant schwannomas (subendocardium, cardiac intramural, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, prostate), occurred in nine and seven rats, respectively. All neoplastic lesions were moderately or strongly positive for Vim, S100 and LNGFR proteins. Benign tumors were weakly positive and malignant tumors strongly positive for Ki-67, suggesting a high active proliferation rate of Schwann cell precursors. All lesions were negative for CD57, CK, myoglobin, desmin and SMA. This data may provide useful immunohistochemical information for the investigation of schwannomas in rat chemical carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Michiko Yuki
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Emoto
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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38
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McCarthy MK, Hawman DW, Elmore SA, Morrison TE. Chronic chikungunya virus infection disrupts the architecture and function of draining lymphoid tissue. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.217.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes large outbreaks of rheumatologic disease, resulting in chronic disease symptoms in up to two-thirds of infected individuals. Studies in humans and animal models suggest that CHIKV infection persists in musculoskeletal tissues, although the mechanisms are unclear. The pathogenic clinical isolate AF15561 persists in joint tissue of WT mice, while the attenuated strain 181/25 is cleared. In contrast, 181/25 persists in joint tissue of Rag1−/− mice at levels similar to AF15561, suggesting that adaptive immune responses are critical for clearance of 181/25 but are impaired during AF15561 infection. We hypothesized that early events in lymphoid tissue during persistent or acute CHIKV infection are distinct and these differences contribute to CHIKV persistence or clearance in joint tissue. To test this hypothesis, we performed functional and histological analyses of the draining lymph node (dLN) during acute and persistent CHIKV infection. In mice infected with 181/25, we detected activation of CD21+CD23+ conventional follicular B cells and increased numbers of Tfh cells. In contrast, activated B cells in the dLN of AF15561-infected mice were CD21lo/−CD23−and Tfh cell numbers were reduced. Acute 181/25 infection also resulted in increased cortex area, plasma cells, and germinal center (GC) formation in the dLN, while the dLN of AF15561-infected mice was depleted of lymphocytes and became fibrotic. Following NP-OVA immunization, development of NP-specific GC B cells was decreased during AF15561, but not 181/25 infection, suggesting that persistent CHIKV infection impairs dLN function. These data provide new insight into the immunologic mechanisms that facilitate CHIKV persistence in joint tissue.
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Elmore SA, Farman CA, Hailey JR, Kovi RC, Malarkey DE, Morrison JP, Neel J, Pesavento PA, Porter BF, Szabo KA, Teixeira LBC, Quist EM. Proceedings of the 2015 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:502-35. [PMID: 27075180 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2015 Annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the American College of Veterinary Pathologists/American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology/Society of Toxicologic Pathology combined meeting. The goal of this symposium is to present and discuss diagnostic pathology challenges or nomenclature issues. Because of the combined meeting, both laboratory and domestic animal cases were presented. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks, including challenging diagnostic cases or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included hepatocellular lesions, a proposed harmonized diagnostic approach to rat cardiomyopathy, crop milk in a bird, avian feeding accoutrement, heat exchanger in a tuna, metastasis of a tobacco carcinogen-induced pulmonary carcinoma, neurocytoma in a rat, pituicytoma in a rat, rodent mammary gland whole mounts, dog and rat alveolar macrophage ultrastructure, dog and rat pulmonary phospholipidosis, alveolar macrophage aggregation in a dog, degenerating yeast in a cat liver aspirate, myeloid leukemia in lymph node aspirates from a dog, Trypanosoma cruzi in a dog, solanum toxicity in a cow, bovine astrovirus, malignant microglial tumor, and nomenclature challenges from the Special Senses International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Neel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin M Quist
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Hoane JS, Johnson CL, Morrison JP, Elmore SA. Comparison of Renal Amyloid and Hyaline Glomerulopathy in B6C3F1 Mice: An NTP Retrospective Study. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:687-704. [PMID: 27000376 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316630625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to potential misdiagnosis of hyaline glomerulopathy (HG) for amyloidosis, a retrospective study of B6C3F1 mice from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) archives was undertaken to determine whether HG had occurred in prior NTP studies and, if so, whether these 2 glomerular lesions could be routinely discriminated. Kidney slides from 7 amyloid-positive control mice, 2 HG-positive control mice, 3 normal or negative control mice, and 41 potential HG mice (with renal-only deposits previously diagnosed as amyloid) were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Congo red (CR), and Masson's trichrome (MT) stains. Utilizing these techniques, HG was reliably distinguished from amyloidosis. All 41 potential HG mice had glomerular deposits histochemically inconsistent with amyloid; the deposits were PAS positive and CR negative. Four of the 41 mice were selected for transmission electron microscopy of the glomerular deposits; ultrastructurally, the deposits in these animals were consistent with HG and not amyloid. Our findings indicate that HG is a spontaneous lesion in B6C3F1 mice of low occurrence, is commonly misdiagnosed as amyloidosis, and is more likely than amyloid to cause glomerular deposits in mice without evidence of deposits in other tissues. Also, HG can be distinguished from amyloid on H&E evaluation; however, the distinction is improved with use of PAS or CR staining and/or ultraviolet evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Hoane
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Kinoshita Y, Yoshizawa K, Emoto Y, Yuki M, Yuri T, Shikata N, Elmore SA, Tsubura A. A spontaneously occurring malignant ovarian Sertoli cell tumor in a young Sprague Dawley rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:53-9. [PMID: 26989303 PMCID: PMC4766523 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian tumors are generally uncommon in rats used in toxicologic studies. A malignant Sertoli cell tumor was present in the ovary of a 19-week-old female Sprague Dawley rat. Macroscopically, the mass was white and firm, 10 × 13 × 17 mm in size, and located in the right ovary. Histopathologically, the mass was composed of nests of pleomorphic cells, which formed seminiferous-like tubules separated by a thin fibrovascular stroma. The tubules were lined by tumor cells, which had basally located nuclei and abundant eosinophilic and vacuolated cytoplasm. In some areas, the tumor cells were arranged in a retiform growth pattern, mimicking a rete testis/ovarii. Disseminated metastases to the surfaces of the mesentery, spleen and liver were also present. Immunohistochemically, many tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin, estrogen receptor α and Ki 67. Some tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratin and inhibin α. These findings closely resemble those of an ovarian-derived human malignant Sertoli cell tumor. From our review of the literature, we believe this is the first report of a spontaneous malignant Sertoli cell tumor in the ovary of a young laboratory rat. This case might provide useful historical control information for rat toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuko Emoto
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Michiko Yuki
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shikata
- Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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42
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Swartley OM, Foley JF, Livingston DP, Cullen JM, Elmore SA. Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Hepatobiliary Hemolymphatic Vascular System with Emphasis on Embryonic Days 11.5-18.5 and Early Postnatal Development. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:705-25. [PMID: 26961180 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316630836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A critical event in embryo development is the proper formation of the vascular system, of which the hepatobiliary system plays a pivotal role. This has led researchers to use transgenic mice to identify the critical steps involved in developmental disorders associated with the hepatobiliary vascular system. Vascular development is dependent upon normal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and the transformation of vessels into their adult counterparts. Any alteration in vascular development has the potential to cause deformities or embryonic death. Numerous publications describe specific stages of vascular development relating to various organs, but a single resource detailing the stage-by-stage development of the vasculature pertaining to the hepatobiliary system has not been available. This comprehensive histology atlas provides hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistochemical-stained sections of the developing mouse blood and lymphatic vasculature with emphasis on the hepatobiliary system between embryonic days (E) 11.5-18.5 and the early postnatal period. Additionally, this atlas includes a 3-dimensional video representation of the E18.5 mouse venous vasculature. One of the most noteworthy findings of this atlas is the identification of the portal sinus within the mouse, which has been erroneously misinterpreted as the ductus venosus in previous publications. Although the primary purpose of this atlas is to identify normal hepatobiliary vascular development, potential embryonic abnormalities are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Swartley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Livingston
- USDA, Washington, DC, USA North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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43
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Elmore SA, Dixon D, Hailey JR, Harada T, Herbert RA, Maronpot RR, Nolte T, Rehg JE, Rittinghausen S, Rosol TJ, Satoh H, Vidal JD, Willard-Mack CL, Creasy DM. Recommendations from the INHAND Apoptosis/Necrosis Working Group. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:173-88. [PMID: 26879688 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315625859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Historically, there has been confusion relating to the diagnostic nomenclature for individual cell death. Toxicologic pathologists have generally used the terms "single cell necrosis" and "apoptosis" interchangeably. Increased research on the mechanisms of cell death in recent years has led to the understanding that apoptosis and necrosis involve different cellular pathways and that these differences can have important implications when considering overall mechanisms of toxicity, and, for these reasons, the separate terms of apoptosis and necrosis should be used whenever differentiation is possible. However, it is also recognized that differentiation of the precise pathway of cell death may not be important, necessary, or possible in routine toxicity studies and so a more general term to indicate cell death is warranted in these situations. Morphological distinction between these two forms of cell death can sometimes be straightforward but can also be challenging. This article provides a brief discussion of the cellular mechanisms and morphological features of apoptosis and necrosis as well as guidance on when the pathologist should use these terms. It provides recommended nomenclature along with diagnostic criteria (in hematoxylin and eosin [H&E]-stained sections) for the most common forms of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis). This document is intended to serve as current guidance for the nomenclature of cell death for the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Groups and the toxicologic pathology community at large. The specific recommendations are:Use necrosis and apoptosis as separate diagnostic terms.Use modifiers to denote the distribution of necrosis (e.g., necrosis, single cell; necrosis, focal; necrosis, diffuse; etc.).Use the combined term apoptosis/single cell necrosis whenThere is no requirement or need to split the processes, orWhen the nature of cell death cannot be determined with certainty, orWhen both processes are present together. The diagnosis should be based primarily on the morphological features in H&E-stained sections. When needed, additional, special techniques to identify and characterize apoptosis can also be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Takanori Harada
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas Nolte
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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44
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Resnik DB, Elmore SA. Ensuring the Quality, Fairness, and Integrity of Journal Peer Review: A Possible Role of Editors. Sci Eng Ethics 2016; 22:169-88. [PMID: 25633924 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has identified potential problems that can compromise the quality, fairness, and integrity of journal peer review, including inadequate review, inconsistent reviewer reports, reviewer biases, and ethical transgressions by reviewers. We examine the evidence concerning these problems and discuss proposed reforms, including double-blind and open review. Regardless of the outcome of additional research or attempts at reforming the system, it is clear that editors are the linchpin of peer review, since they make decisions that have a significant impact on the process and its outcome. We consider some of the steps editors should take to promote quality, fairness and integrity in different stages of the peer review process and make some recommendations for editorial conduct and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Box 12233, Mail Drop CU 03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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45
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46
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Malarkey DE, Willson GA, Willson CJ, Adams ET, Olson GR, Witt WM, Elmore SA, Hardisty JF, Boyle MC, Crabbs TA, Miller RA. Utilizing Whole Slide Images for Pathology Peer Review and Working Groups. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1149-57. [PMID: 26511845 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315605933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the results of comparisons of digitally scanned whole slide images (WSIs) and glass microscope slides for diagnosis of tissues under peer review by the National Toxicology Program. Findings in this article were developed as a result of the data collected from 6 pathology working groups (PWGs), 1 pathology peer review, and survey comments from over 25 participating pathologists. For each PWG, 6-14 pathologists examined 10-143 tissues per study from 6- and 9-month perinatal studies and 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Overall it was found that evaluation of WSIs is generally equivalent to using glass slides. Concordance of PWG consensus diagnoses based upon review of WSIs versus glass slides ranged from 74% to 100% (median 86%). The intra- and interobserver diagnostic variation did not appear to influence the conclusions of any study. Based upon user opinions collected from surveys, WSIs may be less optimal than glass slides for evaluation of subtle lesions, large complex lesions, small lesions in a large section of tissue, and foci of altered hepatocytes. These results indicate that, although there may be some limitations, the use of WSIs can effectively accomplish the objectives of a conventional glass slide review and definitely serves as a useful adjunct to the conduct of PWGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Malarkey
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Willson
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia J Willson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - E Terence Adams
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg R Olson
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - William M Witt
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Torrie A Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney A Miller
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Dunnick JK, Sanders JM, Kissling GE, Johnson CL, Boyle MH, Elmore SA. Environmental chemical exposure may contribute to uterine cancer development: studies with tetrabromobisphenol A. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:464-73. [PMID: 25476797 PMCID: PMC6706771 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314557335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely used flame retardant, caused uterine tumors in rats. In this study, TBBPA was administered to male and female Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1/N mice by oral gavage in corn oil for 2 years at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg. TBBPA induced uterine epithelial tumors including adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMTs). In addition, endometrial epithelial atypical hyperplasia occurred in TBBPA-treated rats. Also found to be related to TBBPA treatment, but at lower incidence and at a lower statistical significance, were testicular tumors in rats, and hepatic tumors, hemangiosarcomas (all organs), and intestinal tumors in male mice. It is hypothesized that the TBBPA uterine tumor carcinogenic mechanisms involve altered estrogen levels and/or oxidative damage. TBBPA treatment may affect hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17β (HSD17β) and/or sulfotransferases, enzymes involved in estrogen homeostasis. Metabolism of TBBPA may also result in the formation of free radicals. The finding of TBBPA-mediated uterine cancer in rats is of concern because TBBPA exposure is widespread and endometrial tumors are a common malignancy in women. Further work is needed to understand TBBPA cancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J M Sanders
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M H Boyle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - S A Elmore
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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48
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Guo TL, Germolec DR, Zheng JF, Kooistra L, Auttachoat W, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA. Genistein protects female nonobese diabetic mice from developing type 1 diabetes when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:435-48. [PMID: 24713318 PMCID: PMC4190109 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) on the time of onset and/or the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, when administered GEN by gavage once every day for up to 180 days. Five groups of mice (approximately 24 animals/group; 6-7 weeks of age) were included: naive control, vehicle control (25 mM Na2CO3 in water), and 3 GEN treatment groups (2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg). Mice were maintained on a soy- and alfalfa-free diet (5K96) during the study and were monitored for blood glucose changes every week. When compared to the vehicle control, exposure to 2-mg/kg GEN produced significant decreases ranging from 55 to 79% in the total incidences of diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 250 mg/dl) and severe diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 400 mg/dl) starting at week 14 of the study. However, during the later stages of the study (i.e., after week 23), the 2-mg/kg dose had no effect on disease incidence. In animals treated with 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN, significant decreases in the total incidence of diabetes were observed starting at week 16, while the incidence of severe diabetes was significantly decreased with the changes being observed initially at weeks 18 and 17 for the 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN treatment groups, respectively. Several lines of evidence, including histopathological analysis, suggested that GEN protected the pancreas from autoimmune destruction. However, this protective effect of GEN was absent when female NOD mice were maintained on NTP-2000 rodent diet, which contained 5% soybean meal and 7.5% alfalfa meal (the total concentrations of phytoestrogens ranged between 95 and 134 mg/kg). In summary, oral dosing of GEN reduced the incidence and increased the time to onset of T1D in female NOD mice but only when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Wimolnut Auttachoat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber L White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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49
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Elmore SA, Cora MC, Gruebbel MM, Hayes SA, Hoane JS, Koizumi H, Peters R, Rosol TJ, Singh BP, Szabo KA. Proceedings of the 2014 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:10-40. [PMID: 25385331 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314555526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Washington, D.C., in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 33rd annual meeting. The goal of this annual NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included a pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma in a male B6C3F1 mouse; plexiform vasculopathy in Wistar Han (Crl:WI[Han]) rats; staging of the estrous cycle in rats and mice; peri-islet fibrosis, hemorrhage, lobular atrophy and inflammation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; retinal dysplasia in Crl:WI[Han] rats and B6C3F1 mice; multicentric lymphoma with intravascular microemboli and tumor lysis syndrome, and 2 cases of myopathy and vascular anomaly in Tg.rasH2 mice; benign thymomas in Crl:WI[Han] rats; angiomatous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Crl:WI[Han] rats; an unusual foveal lesion in a cynomolgous monkey; and finally a series of nomenclatures challenges from the endocrine International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) Organ Working Group (OWG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle C Cora
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margarita M Gruebbel
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Schantel A Hayes
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica S Hoane
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rachel Peters
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bhanu P Singh
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen A Szabo
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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50
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Snow SJ, McGee J, Miller DB, Bass V, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Krantz T, King C, Ledbetter AD, Richards J, Weinstein JP, Conner T, Willis R, Linak WP, Nash D, Wood CE, Elmore SA, Morrison JP, Johnson CL, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP. Inhaled diesel emissions generated with cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additive induce adverse pulmonary and systemic effects. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:403-17. [PMID: 25239632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Cerium oxide nanoparticles added to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency but leads to altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. Here, we evaluated whether DECe results in greater adverse pulmonary effects compared with DE. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air, DE, or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days. N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity was increased in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats exposed to DECe but not DE. There were also marginal but insignificant increases in several other lung injury biomarkers in both exposure groups (DECe > DE for all). To further characterize DECe toxicity, rats in a second study were exposed to filtered air or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks. Tissue analysis indicated a concentration- and time-dependent accumulation of lung and liver cerium followed by a delayed clearance. The gas-phase and high concentration of DECe increased lung inflammation at the 2-day time point, indicating that gas-phase components, in addition to particles, contribute to pulmonary toxicity. This effect was reduced at 4 weeks except for a sustained increase in BALF γ-glutamyl transferase activity. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy revealed increased alveolar septa thickness due to edema and increased numbers of pigmented macrophages after DECe exposure. Collectively, these findings indicate that DECe induces more adverse pulmonary effects on a mass basis than DE. In addition, lung accumulation of cerium, systemic translocation to the liver, and delayed clearance are added concerns to existing health effects of DECe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - John McGee
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Desinia B Miller
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Virginia Bass
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Ronald F Thomas
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Todd Krantz
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Charly King
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Judy Richards
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Jason P Weinstein
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Teri Conner
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Robert Willis
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - William P Linak
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - David Nash
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - Charles E Wood
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Susan A Elmore
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - James P Morrison
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Crystal L Johnson
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Matthew Ian Gilmour
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
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