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Falcão KVG, Azevedo RDSD, Lima LRAD, Bezerra RDS. A rapid protocol for inducing acute pancreatitis in zebrafish models. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109958. [PMID: 38857668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder that occurs in the exocrine pancreas associated with tissue injury and necrosis. Experimental models of AP typically involve rodents, such as rats or mice. However, rodents exhibit divergent pathophysiological responses after the establishment of AP between themselves and in comparison, with human. The experiments conducted for this manuscript aimed to standardize a new AP model in zebrafish and validate it. Here, we provide a protocol for inducing AP in zebrafish through intraperitoneal injections of synthetic caerulein. Details are provided for solution preparation, pre-injection procedures, injection technique, and monitoring animal survival. Subsequently, validation was performed through biochemical and histological analyses of pancreatic tissue. The administered dose of caerulein for AP induction was 10 μg/kg applied four times in the intraperitoneal region. The histological validation study demonstrated the presence of necrosis within the first 12 h post-injection, accompanied by an excess of zymogen granules in the extracellular milieu. These observations align with those reported in conventional rodent models. We have standardized and validated the AP model in zebrafish. This model can contribute to preclinical and clinical studies of new drugs for AP treatment. Therefore, this novel model expands the toolkit for exploring faster and more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiza Rayanna Amorim de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental, Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE, Campus Garanhuns, Brazil
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2
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Shin JH, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Seeley RJ. Reg3γ: current understanding and future therapeutic opportunities in metabolic disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1672-1677. [PMID: 37524871 PMCID: PMC10474034 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating family member gamma, Reg3γ (the mouse homolog of human REG3A), belonging to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), functions as a part of the host immune system to maintain spatial segregation between the gut bacteria and the host in the intestine via bactericidal activity. There is emerging evidence that gut manipulations such as bariatric surgery, dietary supplementation or drug treatment to produce metabolic benefits alter the gut microbiome. In addition to changes in a wide range of gut hormones, these gut manipulations also induce the expression of Reg3γ in the intestine. Studies over the past decades have revealed that Reg3γ not only plays a role in the gut lumen but can also contribute to host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of Reg3γ, its role in various metabolic functions, and new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Du W, Adkisson C, Ye X, Duran CL, Chellakkan Selvanesan B, Gravekamp C, Oktay MH, McAuliffe JC, Condeelis JS, Panarelli NC, Norgard RJ, Sela Y, Stanger BZ, Entenberg D. SWIP-a stabilized window for intravital imaging of the murine pancreas. Open Biol 2022; 12:210273. [PMID: 35702996 PMCID: PMC9198798 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are grave illnesses with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Intravital imaging (IVI) is a powerful technique for visualizing physiological processes in both health and disease. However, the application of IVI to the murine pancreas presents significant challenges, as it is a deep, compliant, visceral organ that is difficult to access, easily damaged and susceptible to motion artefacts. Existing imaging windows for stabilizing the pancreas during IVI have unfortunately shown poor stability for time-lapsed imaging on the minutes to hours scale, or are unable to accommodate both the healthy and tumour-bearing pancreata. To address these issues, we developed an improved stabilized window for intravital imaging of the pancreas (SWIP), which can be applied to not only the healthy pancreas but also to solid tumours like PDAC. Here, we validate the SWIP and use it to visualize a variety of processes for the first time, including (1) single-cell dynamics within the healthy pancreas, (2) transformation from healthy pancreas to acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein, and (3) the physiology of PDAC in both autochthonous and orthotopically injected models. SWIP can not only improve the imaging stability but also expand the application of IVI in both benign and malignant pancreas diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Breast Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Adkisson
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xianjun Ye
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Camille L. Duran
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John C. McAuliffe
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nicole C. Panarelli
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Norgard
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yogev Sela
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Daluwatte C, Schotland P, Strauss DG, Burkhart KK, Racz R. Predicting potential adverse events using safety data from marketed drugs. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:163. [PMID: 32349656 PMCID: PMC7191698 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While clinical trials are considered the gold standard for detecting adverse events, often these trials are not sufficiently powered to detect difficult to observe adverse events. We developed a preliminary approach to predict 135 adverse events using post-market safety data from marketed drugs. Adverse event information available from FDA product labels and scientific literature for drugs that have the same activity at one or more of the same targets, structural and target similarities, and the duration of post market experience were used as features for a classifier algorithm. The proposed method was studied using 54 drugs and a probabilistic approach of performance evaluation using bootstrapping with 10,000 iterations. RESULTS Out of 135 adverse events, 53 had high probability of having high positive predictive value. Cross validation showed that 32% of the model-predicted safety label changes occurred within four to nine years of approval (median: six years). CONCLUSIONS This approach predicts 53 serious adverse events with high positive predictive values where well-characterized target-event relationships exist. Adverse events with well-defined target-event associations were better predicted compared to adverse events that may be idiosyncratic or related to secondary target effects that were poorly captured. Further enhancement of this model with additional features, such as target prediction and drug binding data, may increase accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuri Daluwatte
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Peter Schotland
- Office of New Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - David G. Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Keith K. Burkhart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Rebecca Racz
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
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Detection of Reg3γ by Immunohistochemistry in Cerulein-Induced Model of Acute Pancreatic Injury in Mice and Rats. Pancreas 2019; 48:1015-1025. [PMID: 31404030 PMCID: PMC6749974 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a continuation of previous work, Reg3γ protein was further evaluated as a biomarker of pancreatic injury using immunohistochemistry in an additional species. METHODS Mice and rats were treated with intraperitoneal cerulein injections, creating acute pancreatic injury. Mice received 2, 4, or 6 doses, and rats received 1, 2, or 3 doses of cerulein creating low, medium, and high treatment groups. Control animals were dosed with phosphate-buffered saline at corresponding volumes and intervals. Groups of 6 animals were killed 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours after final treatments. Reg3γ immunohistochemical staining and image analysis were performed on pancreatic tissue obtained 6, 24, or 48 hours after control or cerulein treatment. Staining was quantified using image analysis software to calculate area of positivity as a percentage of total tissue area. RESULTS Percent positivity of Reg3γ in both species rose by 6 hours, peaked by 24 hours across all 3 cerulein doses, and dropped significantly by 48 hours. In high-dose rats with accompanying gene expression data, Reg3γ gene expression corresponded temporally with quantitative staining data. CONCLUSIONS Reg3γ staining quantified through image analysis showed a time- and dose-response in cerulein-treated mice and rats.
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Miller RJ, Han A, Erdman JW, Wallig MA, O’Brien WD. Quantitative Ultrasound and the Pancreas: Demonstration of Early Detection Capability. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2019; 38:2093-2102. [PMID: 30575064 PMCID: PMC6588516 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To show that quantitative ultrasound biomarkers attenuation (AC) and backscatter (BSC) coefficients are effective tools to detect early changes in acute pancreatitis, using a cerulein-induced pancreatitis rat model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 68) were divided into 8 groups: uninjected cage controls, saline-injected controls, and cerulein-injected rats euthanized at 2, 4, 15, 24, 48, and 60 hours after injection. Pancreatic AC and BSC (25-55 MHz) were estimated in vivo (Vevo 2100, VisualSonics, Toronto, CA) and ex vivo (40-MHz transducer). The pancreas of each rat was evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS Changes in both in vivo and ex vivo AC and BSC relative to controls reflected temporal histomorphologic changes. Overall, there were decreased AC and BSC at early time points and then rebound toward control values over time. Maximal in vivo AC and BSC decreases occurred at 2 hours after cerulein injection. Attenuation coefficient changes corresponded well with early pancreatic edema and acinar cell vacuolation, with rebound as edema decreased, autophagy/cellular death occurred, and histiocytic infiltrates and fibrosis manifested. Backscatter coefficient decreased early but rebounded as autophagy and apoptosis increased, only to fall as acinar atrophy peaked, and fibrosis and histiocytic infiltration increased. CONCLUSIONS Cerulein-induced pancreatitis is an excellent model for studying ultrasonic AC and BSC biomarkers during the early stages of acute pancreatitits, reflecting microscopic structural changes. Edema followed by cell shrinkage and apoptosis, then histiocytic infiltration and fibrosis, has certain similarities with the morphologies of some forms of pancreatic carcinoma. This suggests that quantitative ultrasound may be very useful for early detection of disease onset or response to therapy for not only acute pancreatitis but also pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J. Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, Miller: ; Han: ; O’Brien:
| | - Aiguo Han
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, Miller: ; Han: ; O’Brien:
| | - John W. Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, Erdman:
| | - Matthew A. Wallig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, Wallig:
| | - William D. O’Brien
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, Miller: ; Han: ; O’Brien:
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Silva-Vaz P, Abrantes AM, Castelo-Branco M, Gouveia A, Botelho MF, Tralhão JG. Murine Models of Acute Pancreatitis: A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2794. [PMID: 31181644 PMCID: PMC6600324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical studies can provide some data concerning the etiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes of this disease. However, the study of early events and new targeted therapies cannot be performed on humans due to ethical reasons. Experimental murine models can be used in the understanding of the pancreatic inflammation, because they are able to closely mimic the main features of human AP, namely their histologic glandular changes and distant organ failure. These models continue to be important research tools for the reproduction of the etiological, environmental, and genetic factors associated with the pathogenesis of this inflammatory pathology and the exploration of novel therapeutic options. This review provides an overview of several murine models of AP. Furthermore, special focus is made on the most frequently carried out models, the protocols used, and their advantages and limitations. Finally, examples are provided of the use of these models to improve knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, identify new biomarkers of severity, and develop new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva-Vaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- General Surgery Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - António Gouveia
- General Surgery Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ye R, Onodera T, Blanchard PG, Kusminski CM, Esser V, Brekken RA, Scherer PE. β1 Syntrophin Supports Autophagy Initiation and Protects against Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:813-825. [PMID: 30653956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Syntrophins are a family of proteins forming membrane-anchored scaffolds and serving as adaptors for various transmembrane and intracellular signaling molecules. To understand the physiological roles of β1 syntrophin, one of the least characterized members, we generated mouse models to eliminate β1 syntrophin specifically in the endocrine or exocrine pancreas. β1 syntrophin is dispensable for the morphology and function of insulin-producing β cells. However, mice with β1 syntrophin deletion in exocrine acinar cells exhibit increased severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Reduced expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and dilation of acinar lumen are potential predisposition factors. During the disease progression, a relative lack of autophagy is associated with deficiencies in both actin assembly and endoplasmic reticulum nucleation. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that β1 syntrophin is a critical regulator of actin cytoskeleton and autophagy in pancreatic acinar cells and is potently protective against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ye
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pierre-Gilles Blanchard
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Victoria Esser
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Natural Peptides in Drug Discovery Targeting Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092344. [PMID: 30217053 PMCID: PMC6225273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory peptide has gained much importance since it can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and increase the availability of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, enhancing cholinergic transmission in pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Natural peptides have received considerable attention as biologically important substances as a source of AChE inhibitors. These natural peptides have high potential pharmaceutical and medicinal values due to their bioactivities as neuroprotective and neurodegenerative treatment activities. These peptides have attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical industries, in order to design potential peptides for use in the prophylactic and therapy purposes. Some natural peptides and their derivatives have high commercial values and have succeeded in reaching the pharmaceutical market. A large number of peptides are already in preclinical and clinical pipelines for treatment of various diseases. This review highlights the recent researches on the various natural peptides and future prospects for AD management.
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10
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Rouse R, Kruhlak N, Weaver J, Burkhart K, Patel V, Strauss DG. Translating New Science Into the Drug Review Process: The US FDA's Division of Applied Regulatory Science. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2018; 52:244-255. [PMID: 29568713 PMCID: PMC5844453 DOI: 10.1177/2168479017720249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the US Food and drug Administration (FDA) developed a strategic plan for regulatory science that focuses on developing new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality, and performance of FDA-regulated products. In line with this, the Division of Applied Regulatory Science was created to move new science into the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) review process and close the gap between scientific innovation and drug review. The Division, located in the Office of Clinical Pharmacology, is unique in that it performs mission-critical applied research and review across the translational research spectrum including in vitro and in vivo laboratory research, in silico computational modeling and informatics, and integrated clinical research covering clinical pharmacology, experimental medicine, and postmarket analyses. The Division collaborates with Offices throughout CDER, across the FDA, other government agencies, academia, and industry. The Division is able to rapidly form interdisciplinary teams of pharmacologists, biologists, chemists, computational scientists, and clinicians to respond to challenging regulatory questions for specific review issues and for longer-range projects requiring the development of predictive models, tools, and biomarkers to speed the development and regulatory evaluation of safe and effective drugs. This article reviews the Division's recent work and future directions, highlighting development and validation of biomarkers; novel humanized animal models; translational predictive safety combining in vitro, in silico, and in vivo clinical biomarkers; chemical and biomedical informatics tools for safety predictions; novel approaches to speed the development of complex generic drugs, biosimilars, and antibiotics; and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Naomi Kruhlak
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Keith Burkhart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David G. Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Song Z, Huang Y, Liu C, Lu M, Li Z, Sun B, Zhang W, Xue D. miR-352 participates in the regulation of trypsinogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells by influencing the function of autophagic lysosomes. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29541382 PMCID: PMC5834275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to screen miRNAs and mRNAs that are differentially expressed during trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis and to verify their role in the process of trypsinogen activation. The function enrichment analysis showed that the functions of miR-352 and its regulatory targets lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) and cathepsin L1 (CTSL1) were lysosome related. The results of the verification experiment showed that in the TLC-S-treated AR42J (pancreatic cell line) cells, miR-352 expression increased, expression levels of LAMP2 and CTSL1 were significantly reduced, trypsinogen activation was increased, and the autophagy pathway was blocked. In the miR-352 mimic-transfected cells, miR-352 expression increased, expression levels of LAMP2 and CTSL1 were significantly reduced, trypsinogen activation was increased, intracellular lysosomal pH increased, cathepsins L activity decreased and the amount of autophagolysosomes increased. In the miR-352 inhibitor-transfected cells, miR-352 expression was reduced, expression levels of LAMP2 and CTSL1 were significantly increased, trypsinogen activation was decreased, intracellular lysosomal pH decreased, cathepsins L activity increased and the amount of autophagolysosomes decreased. In the process of taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLC-S) induced trypsinogen activation, overexpression of miR-352 could down-regulate LAMP2 and CTSL1, resulting in the dysfunction of autophagic lysosome. Thus, the autophagy pathway was blocked, and trypsinogen activation was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggong Song
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhituo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weihui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongbo Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Rahmoune H, Boutrid N, Amrane M, Bioud B. Comment on Pancreatitis in Type 1 Tyrosinemia. Balkan Med J 2017; 34:380-381. [PMID: 28783026 PMCID: PMC5615974 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Rahmoune
- Department of Pediatrics, Setif University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
| | - Nada Boutrid
- Department of Pediatrics, Setif University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
| | - Mounira Amrane
- Department of Biochemistry, Setif University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
| | - Belkacem Bioud
- Department of Pediatrics, Setif University Hospital, Setif, Algeria
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13
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Wang J, Huang W, Thibault S, Brown TP, Bobrowski W, Gukasyan HJ, Evering W, Hu W, John-Baptiste A, Vitsky A. Evaluation of miR-216a and miR-217 as Potential Biomarkers of Acute Exocrine Pancreatic Toxicity in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:321-334. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316678090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and monitoring exocrine pancreatic damage during nonclinical and clinical testing is challenging because classical biomarkers amylase and lipase have limited sensitivity and specificity. Novel biomarkers for drug-induced pancreatic injury are needed to improve safety assessment and reduce late-stage attrition rates. In a series of studies, miR-216a and miR-217 were evaluated as potential biomarkers of acute exocrine pancreatic toxicity in rats. Our results revealed that miR-216a and miR-217 were almost exclusively expressed in rat pancreas and that circulating miR-216a and miR-217 were significantly increased in rats following administration of established exocrine pancreatic toxicants caerulein (CL) and 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB) as well as in rats administered a proprietary molecule known to primarily affect the exocrine pancreas. Conversely, neither microRNA was increased in rats administered a proprietary molecule known to cause a lesion at the pancreatic endocrine–exocrine interface (EEI) or in rats administered an established renal toxicant. Compared with amylase and lipase, increases in miR-216a and miR-217 were of greater magnitude, persisted longer, and/or correlated better with microscopic findings within the exocrine pancreas. Our findings demonstrate that in rats, miR-216a and miR-217 are sensitive and specific biomarkers of acute exocrine pancreatic toxicity that may add value to the measurement of classical pancreatic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Wang
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wenhu Huang
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenyue Hu
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Allison Vitsky
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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14
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Nolte T, Brander-Weber P, Dangler C, Deschl U, Elwell MR, Greaves P, Hailey R, Leach MW, Pandiri AR, Rogers A, Shackelford CC, Spencer A, Tanaka T, Ward JM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:1S-125S. [PMID: 26973378 PMCID: PMC4765498 DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for classifying lesions in the digestive system including the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas of laboratory rats and mice. Most lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature, the diagnostic criteria, and the photomicrographs are also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and age related lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test items. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for the digestive system will decrease misunderstandings among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nolte
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
- Chairman of the Digestive Tract INHAND Committee
| | - Patricia Brander-Weber
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Dangler
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
Present: Sanofi5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01740,
USA
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Michael R. Elwell
- Covance Laboratories, Inc. 14500 Avion Parkway, Ste 125,
Chantilly, Virginia 20151, USA
| | - Peter Greaves
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Science Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hailey
- GlaxoSmithKline PO Box 14164 Durham, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | | | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. PO Box 12766,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Arlin Rogers
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 274
Tremont Street, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Shackelford
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Alnwick Research Centre,
Willowburn Avenue, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2JH United Kingdom
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15
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Rouse R, Zhang L, Shea K, Zhou H, Xu L, Stewart S, Rosenzweig B, Zhang J. Extended exenatide administration enhances lipid metabolism and exacerbates pancreatic injury in mice on a high fat, high carbohydrate diet. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109477. [PMID: 25291183 PMCID: PMC4188617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study expanded upon a previous study in mice reporting a link between exenatide treatment and exocrine pancreatic injury by demonstrating temporal and dose responses and providing an initial mechanistic hypothesis. The design of the present study included varying lengths of exenatide exposure (3, 6 weeks to 12 weeks) at multiple concentrations (3, 10, or 30 µg/kg) with multiple endpoints (histopathology evaluations, immunoassay for cytokines, immunostaining of the pancreas, serum chemistries and measurement of trypsin, amylase, and, lipase, and gene expression profiles). Time- and dose-dependent exocrine pancreatic injury was observed in mice on a high fat diet treated with exenatide. The morphological changes identified in the pancreas involved acinar cell injury and death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, and atrophy), cell adaptations (hypertrophy and hyperplasia), and cell survival (proliferation/regeneration) accompanied by varying degrees of inflammatory response leading to secondary injury in pancreatic blood vessels, ducts, and adipose tissues. Gene expression profiles indicated increased signaling for cell survival and altered lipid metabolism in exenatide treated mice. Immunohistochemistry supported gene expression findings that exenatide caused and/or exacerbated pancreatic injury in a high fat diet environment potentially by further increasing high fat diet exacerbated lipid metabolism and resulting oxidative stress. Further investigation is required to confirm these findings and determine their relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leshuai Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine Shea
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongfei Zhou
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barry Rosenzweig
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute pancreatitis is associated with alcohol abuse, gallstones and bacterial infection. Its basic cause is tissue destruction accompanied by an innate immune response, which induces epithelial stress pathways. Recent studies have focused on some of the integral cellular pathways shared between multiple pancreatitis models that also suggest new approaches to detection and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Several models of pancreatitis have been associated with stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress together with the induction of a defective autophagic pathway. Recent evidence reinforces the critical role of these cellular processes in pancreatitis. A member of the toll-like receptor family, toll-like receptor 4, which is known to contribute to disease pathology in many models of experimental pancreatitis, has been found to be a promising target for treatment of pancreatitis. Interestingly, a direct activator of toll-like receptor 4, the bacterial cell wall component in gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide, contributes to the onset and severity of disease when combined with additional stressors, such as chronic alcohol feeding; however, recent studies have shown that acute infection of mice with live bacteria is alone sufficient to induce acute pancreatitis. SUMMARY In the last several months, the convergent roles of acinar cell stress, autophagy and proinflammatory signaling initiated by the toll-like receptors have been emphatically reinforced in the onset of acute pancreatitis.
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