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Rigot M, Bateman SW, Yiew XT. Clinical methemoglobinemia secondary to administration of hydroxyurea at therapeutic doses in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2353-2357. [PMID: 38822748 PMCID: PMC11256121 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia secondary to administration of hydroxyurea is only reported in veterinary medicine as a result of accidental ingestion of high doses, and once at therapeutic dose in human medicine. A 2.5-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog was presented for acute signs of neurologic disease and diagnosed with severe erythrocytosis without an identified underlying cause, leading to suspicion of polycythemia vera. The dog was managed with phlebotomies, supportive care, and administration of hydroxyurea. Within 2 h of administration of hydroxyurea (37 mg/kg) administration, respiratory distress with cyanosis, and methemoglobinemia developed. Signs resolved within 24 h but recurred after a second administration of lower dosage of hydroxyurea (17 mg/kg) 20 days later. The dog remained asymptomatic except for mild cyanosis but was humanely euthanized for lack of relevant improvement of signs of neurologic disease. This case report documents the repeated occurrence of methemoglobinemia in a dog after administration of hydroxyurea at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rigot
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Shane W. Bateman
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Xiu Ting Yiew
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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2
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Gour A, Kotwal P, Dogra A, Kour D, Dhiman S, Kumar A, Digra SK, Kumar A, Singh G, Nandi U. Investigating the Potential Use of Andrographolide as a Coadjuvant in Sickle Cell Anemia Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12765-12771. [PMID: 35474831 PMCID: PMC9026017 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide is one of the main active principles of Andrographolide paniculata and has been extensively explored for its therapeutic use. Current studies focus on phytotherapeutics-based adjuvant therapy to symptomatically treat sickle cell anemia (SCA) as there is no specific drug/gene therapy available to date. The present study aimed to explore the potential of andrographolide as an adjuvant therapy for SCA in the presence or absence of hydroxyurea (HU), a key drug for SCA treatment. A panel of ex vivo and in vivo experimentations was performed to explore the antisickling activity of andrographolide, followed by evaluating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) activities in the presence of HU. Andrographolide showed significant antisickling activity using blood from SCA patients (ex vivo) and did not show any deleterious effect to cause hemolysis using rat blood (ex vivo). It displayed a substantial decrease in HU-induced decline in splenic lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine level (TNF-α and IFN-γ) using rat splenocytes (ex vivo). Concomitant oral administration of andrographolide with HU in rats for 15 days exhibited a noticeable improvement in the RBC count and hemoglobin levels comparable to the efficacy of l-glutamine (in vivo). Simultaneous administration of andrographolide with HU caused no marked effect on any pharmacokinetic parameters of HU except the highest plasma concentration of HU and its corresponding time point, which significantly dropped and delayed, respectively (in vivo). No considerable effect of andrographolide was observed on urease and horseradish peroxidase activity (in vitro). Overall, results suggest that andrographolide has several beneficial actions to be an adjuvant therapy to symptomatically manage SCA, but it should be avoided during the prescribed therapy of HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gour
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pankul Kotwal
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dilpreet Kour
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sumit Dhiman
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Natural
Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD
Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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3
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Su B, Lim D, Tian Z, Liu G, Ding C, Cai Z, Chen C, Zhang F, Feng Z. Valproic Acid Regulates HR and Cell Cycle Through MUS81-pRPA2 Pathway in Response to Hydroxyurea. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681278. [PMID: 34513672 PMCID: PMC8429838 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the primary problem threatening women’s health. The combined application of valproic acid (VPA) and hydroxyurea (HU) has a synergistic effect on killing breast cancer cells, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Replication protein A2 phosphorylation (pRPA2), is essential for homologous recombination (HR) repair and cell cycle. Here we showed that in response to HU, the VPA significantly decreased the tumor cells survival, and promoted S-phase slippage, which was associated with the decrease of pCHK1 and WEE1/pCDK1-mediated checkpoint kinases phosphorylation pathway and inhibited pRPA2/Rad51-mediated HR repair pathway; the mutation of pRPA2 significantly diminished the above effect, indicating that VPA-caused HU sensitization was pRPA2 dependent. It was further found that VPA and HU combination treatment also resulted in the decrease of endonuclease MUS81. After MUS81 elimination, not only the level of pRPA2 was abolished in response to HU treatment, but also VPA-caused HU sensitization was significantly down-regulated through pRPA2-mediated checkpoint kinases phosphorylation and HR repair pathways. In addition, the VPA altered the tumor microenvironment and reduced tumor burden by recruiting macrophages to tumor sites; the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high pRPA2 expression had significantly worse survival. Overall, our findings demonstrated that VPA influences HR repair and cell cycle through down-regulating MUS81-pRPA2 pathway in response to HU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyu Su
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - David Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Zhujun Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guochao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxia Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zuchao Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Huang MC, Turner KJ, Vallant M, Robinson VG, Lu Y, Price CJ, Fennell TR, Silinski MA, Waidyanatha S, Ryan KR, Black SR, Fernando RA, McIntyre BS. Tolerability and age-dependent toxicokinetics following perinatal hydroxyurea treatment in Sprague Dawley rats. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1007-1020. [PMID: 33241551 PMCID: PMC8144245 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is a valuable therapy for individuals with sickle cell anemia. With increased use of HU in children and throughout their lives, it is important to understand the potential effects of HU therapy on their development and fertility. Thus, studies were conducted to identify appropriate doses to examine long‐term effects of prenatal and early postnatal HU exposure and to understand kinetics of HU at various life stages. Pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were administered HU (0–150 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage from gestation days 17 to 21 and during lactation. Pups were dosed with the same dose as their respective dam starting on postnatal day (PND) 10 and up to PND 34. There was minimal maternal toxicity, and no significant effects on littering at any dose of HU. Starting on ~PND 16, offspring displayed skin discoloration and alopecia at doses ≥75 mg/kg/day and lower body weight compared to controls at doses ≥100 mg/kg/day. Gestational transfer of HU was observed, but there was minimal evidence of lactational transfer. Our toxicokinetic studies suggest that the internal dose in offspring may be altered due to age, but not due to sex. The plasma area under the curve, a measure of systemic exposure, at doses tolerated by offspring was threefold to sevenfold lower than the internal therapeutic dose in humans. Therefore, strategies to establish clinically relevant exposures in animal studies are needed. Overall, these data are useful for the design of appropriate nonclinical studies in the future to evaluate the consequences of long‐term HU treatment starting in childhood. Increased use of hydroxyurea (HU) to treat sickle cell disease in children and throughout their lives augments the importance of understanding potential effects of HU on development and fertility. To inform the design of studies to evaluate long‐term safety of HU use in children, tolerability of prenatal and early postnatal HU treatment was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats. Additionally, studies investigating gestational and lactational transfer of HU and how toxicokinetics of HU vary with age were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Molly Vallant
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Social and Scientific Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen R Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Barry S McIntyre
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Boulassel MR, Al-Zubaidi A, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Qarni Z, Al-Naamany N, Al-Yarabi A, Elshinawy M, Wali Y. Elevated levels of circulating invariant natural killer cell subsets are skewed toward Th2-like phenotype in children with sickle cell disease. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108308. [PMID: 31726101 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are being considered as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies in a variety of conditions including sickle cell disease (SCD). However, relatively little is known about the fate of iNKT cell subsets in children with SCD. Herein, quantitative and qualitative analyses of circulating iNKT cell subsets were carried out in 120 children in steady state and 30 healthy controls. Children with SCD displayed significantly elevated levels of circulating iNKT cell subsets with a preferential polarization toward Th2-like cells. The known SCD modifiers did not influence levels of iNKT cell subsets, except that children carrying the Bantu haplotype exhibited elevated levels of CD4iNKT cells, and to a lesser degree CD8iNKT cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that circulating iNKT cell subsets are significantly increased in children with SCD, and highlight the existence of imbalanced production of cytokines toward Th2-like phenotype, which seems to be associated with genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Rachid Boulassel
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
| | - Abeer Al-Zubaidi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Shoaib Al-Zadjali
- Department of Haematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
| | - Zahra Al-Qarni
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Nidaa Al-Naamany
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Yarabi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
| | - Mohamed Elshinawy
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman; Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yasser Wali
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
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6
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Anjos DSD, Costa PB, Magalhães LF, Sierra OR, Calazans SG, Fonseca-Alves CE. Hydroxyurea-induced onychomadesis in a dog with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:73-76. [PMID: 30243362 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old Rottweiler dog was presented with a history of prostration, weight loss and hyporexia for six months. Based on complete blood tests (hematological and biochemical analyses), bone marrow examination and imaging analysis, a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia was made. Treatment with hydroxyurea at a dosage of 18 mg/kg twice daily was not effective in controlling the high count of white blood cells. Furthermore, after 35 days of hydroxyurea treatment, the animal developed onycholysis, with sloughing of the claws of the left pelvic and left thoracic limbs and exposure of the distal phalanx. Interruption of the medication was implemented, with clinical healing of the ungual lesions observed three months after initiation of the drug. White blood cells returned to normal after using cyclophosphamide. Currently, the animal is in complete remission, having a disease-free interval of 575 days without chemotherapy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of hydroxyurea-induced onycholysis within a short-term period in a dog diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denner Santos Dos Anjos
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbosa Costa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes Magalhães
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Oscar Rodrigo Sierra
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabryna Gouveia Calazans
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Das I, Mishra H, Khodiar PK, Patra PK. Identification of therapeutic targets for inflammation in sickle cell disease (SCD) among Indian patients using gene expression data analysis. Bioinformation 2018; 14:408-413. [PMID: 30262980 PMCID: PMC6143353 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is life-threatening hemoglobinopathy prevalent in India, Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in disease process and involves intricate interaction among leukocytes, platelets, sickle erythrocytes and vascular endothelium. Available disease modifying therapies are hydroxyl-urea and blood transfusion. Therefore, it is of interest to develop improved pharmacological agents for SCD. We report up-regulated genes in steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis using analysis of gene expression data obtained by microarray experiment for SCD as potential targets. The association of these targets with inflammation in pathway analysis is also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Das
- Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, India
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Ahmad MF, Ansari MO, Jameel S, Wani AL, Parveen N, Siddique HR, Shadab GGHA. Protective role of nimbolide against chemotherapeutic drug hydroxyurea induced genetic and oxidative damage in an animal model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:91-99. [PMID: 29679812 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nimbolide is known to be an antioxidant found in neem plant. Hydroxyurea is a medication frequently used in sickle-cell disease, different cancers and HIV infection. The present study aimed to evaluate the adverse effect of HU and possible amelioration by nimbolide in Wistar rats. To test our hypothesis, we performed genotoxicity tests, biochemical assays, and histopathological studies. We observed that HU caused higher levels of genotoxicity in the treated animals. The observed genetic and oxidative damage might be due to the presence of reactive species as HU increased the level of the malondialdehyde-a biomarker of oxidative damage. Interestingly, co-treatment of animals with HU and nimbolide showed a lower level of damage. We conclude that nimbolide significantly protects the cells from the adverse effect of HU and could be considered as a potential adjuvant for the patients under HU therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fahim Ahmad
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Owais Ansari
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Jameel
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ab Latif Wani
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nuzhat Parveen
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hifzur R Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - G G H A Shadab
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicological Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Cheng W, Zhou R, Liang F, Wei H, Feng Y, Wang Y. Application of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Test to Detect Gender-Specific Effect of Chemicals: A Supplementary Tool for Embryotoxicity Prediction. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1519-33. [PMID: 27445234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gender effect is an inherent property of chemicals, characterized by variations caused by the chemical-biology interaction. It has widely existed, but the shortage of an appropriate model restricts the study on gender-specific effect. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been utilized as an alternative test for developmental toxicity. Despite its numerous improvements, mouse embryonic stem cells with an XX karyotype have not been used in the EST, which restricts the ability of the EST to identify gender-specific effects during high-throughput-screening (HTS) of chemicals to date. To address this, the embryonic stem cell (ESC) SP3 line with an XX karyotype was used to establish a "female" model as a complement to EST. Here, we proposed a "double-objects in unison" (DOU)-EST, which consisted of male ESC and female ESC; a seven-day EST protocol was utilized, and the gender-specific effect of chemicals was determined and discriminated; the replacement of myosin heavy chain (MHC) with myosin light chain (MLC) provided a suitable molecular biomarker in the DOU-EST. New linear discriminant functions were given in the purpose of distinguishing chemicals into three classes, namely, no gender-specific effect, male-susceptive, and female-susceptive. For 15 chemicals in the training set, the concordances of prediction result as no gender effect, male susceptive, and female susceptive were 86.67%, 86.67%, and 93.33%, respectively, the sensitivities were 66.67%, 83.33%, and 83.33%, respectively, and the specificities were 91.67%, 88.89%, and 100%, respectively; the total accuracy of DOU-EST was 86.67%. For three chemicals in the test set, one was incorrectively predicted. The possible reason for misclassification may due to the absence of hormone environment in vitro. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) indicated a mean error rate of 18.34%. Taken together, these data suggested a good performance of the proposed DOU-EST. Emerging chemicals with undiscovered gender-specific effects are anticipated to be screened with the DOU-EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wei
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China.,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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