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Kumar A, Bockenstedt M, Laast V, Sharma A. Historical Control Background Incidence of Spontaneous Neoplastic Lesions of Sprague-Dawley Rats in 104-Week Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:329-356. [PMID: 38281147 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231224466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Data collected from approximately 1800 male and 1800 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats used in 104-week carcinogenicity studies were archived in a historical control database at Labcorp Early Development, Inc, and the neoplastic microscopic observation data from these rats were retrospectively evaluated. Historical control data can provide useful information on the range and incidence of spontaneously occurring background neoplasms in the species and strain of the test animal used in different types of toxicity studies, including studies of differing lengths, delivery of test article, and test animal. Some of the most common malignant findings noted included fibrosarcoma of skin/subcutis and thyroid C-cell carcinoma in males (2.1% each) while mammary gland carcinoma and pituitary carcinoma (25% and 2.6%) were most common in females. Pituitary adenoma of pars distalis was found to be the most prevalent benign neoplasm in both males and females (56.4% and 77.1%). Fibroadenoma of mammary gland (35.6%) and thyroid C-cell adenoma (8.5%) were the second and third most common benign tumors in female SD rats. In males, the thyroid C-cell adenoma (10.9%) and benign pheochromocytoma (8.9%) were the second and third most common tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie Bockenstedt
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria Laast
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alok Sharma
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Radi ZA, Khan N. Pathophysiology and human cancer risk assessment of pharmaceutical-induced thymoma in carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116471. [PMID: 36934859 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Thymoma, a tumor of thymic lymphocytes or thymic epithelial cells (TECs), is a common spontaneous tumor in Wistar Han rats, especially in females with up to 18% incidence in controls. In addition to sex, there are rat strain differences in background incidence of thymomas such as Sprague Dawley versus Wistar Han rats. Human thymomas are very rare and without clear differences in incidence between males and females. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drug classes, including Janus kinase inhibitors, increase the incidence of benign thymoma in two-year rat carcinogenicity studies. Potential non-genotoxic mechanisms that might contribute to the pathogenesis of thymoma development in one sex (female) Wistar Han rats include: (1) hormonal differences, (2) high proliferation rate of TECs, (3) delayed physiologic thymic involution, and/or (4) significant level of immunosuppression at high doses of a pharmaceutical drug. Factors to consider in the human cancer risk assessment of pharmaceutical-induced thymoma are: the genotoxicity of the test article, sex and strain of rats, exposure safety margins, and pathophysiologic differences and similarities of thymoma between rats and humans. Totality of weight of evidence approach and available data suggest thymomas observed in carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceutical drugs are not relevant for human risk at clinically relevant therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Drug Safety R&D, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Nasir Khan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Drug Safety R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Petkov D, Patrick DJ, Rogerson P, Rehagen D, Hennig G, Bradley A, Howroyd P, Czajkowski M, Decker J, Aboulmali A, Balmer B. Idiopathic Aneurysms of the Ascending Aorta in the Mouse and Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:4-12. [PMID: 34855556 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211056872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysms of the ascending aorta, unrelated to xenobiotic administration, are described in 5 rats and 2 mice in nonclinical safety studies conducted at Charles River Laboratories (CRL) sites over the past 10 years. The most prominent microscopic finding was focal dilation with disruption of the wall of the ascending aorta with chronic adventitial inflammation or fibroplasia. The pathogenesis of this finding is unknown. There were no associated macroscopic findings, clinical abnormalities, or vascular lesions elsewhere. The results of a search of historical control data from toxicology studies of 1 day to 72 weeks' duration performed at CRL for aortic findings from 5900 mice and 23,662 rats are also reported. Aortic lesions are uncommon in mice and rats used in nonclinical safety studies, but toxicologic pathologists should be aware that aneurysms of the ascending aorta with fibroplasia and inflammation in the aortic wall and adventitia may occur spontaneously or iatrogenically, as they have the potential to impact interpretation in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petkov
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Gayle Hennig
- 70294Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alys Bradley
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Howroyd
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Czajkowski
- Melissa Czajkowski, 26135Charles River Laboratories, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands. Petkov is now with Frontage Laboratories, Concord, OH, USA; Patrick is now with Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Cloup E, Romao P, Taylor I, Mowat V, Mukaratirwa S. Incidences and Range of Spontaneous Microscopic Lesions in the Eye of Sprague-Dawley Rats and Han Wistar Rats Used in Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:581-589. [PMID: 32840182 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320951474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and range of spontaneous microscopic lesions were determined in the eyes of male and female control Sprague-Dawley and Han Wistar rats. Data were collected retrospectively from 1411, 817, 970, 658, and 3999 rats from control groups of 4-, 13-, 26-, 52-, and 104-week studies, respectively, carried out between 1997 and 2019. Microscopic lesions of the eye were rare in 4- and 13-week studies, uncommon in 26- and 52-week studies, and were of relatively higher incidence in 104-week studies. Neoplastic lesions were sporadic and were only observed in 104-week studies. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the most common lesions (>1% in 104-week studies) were retinal degeneration, retinal rosettes/folds, and lenticular degeneration. The Han Wistar rats presented a range of ocular lesions similar to the Sprague-Dawley rats. However, retinal degeneration occurred with an earlier onset and at higher incidences, ranging from >5% in 26-week studies up to 45.72% in 104-week studies. In both strains, females exhibited higher incidences and severities of retinal degeneration. It is hoped that reference to the incidences reported here will facilitate the differentiation of spontaneous lesions from test article-induced lesions in toxicology studies in these strains of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cloup
- 63899Covance Laboratories, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Romao
- 63899Covance Laboratories, Eye, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Taylor
- 63899Covance Laboratories, Eye, United Kingdom
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Hojo M, Sakamoto Y, Maeno A, Tayama K, Tada Y, Yuzawa K, Ando H, Kubo Y, Nagasawa A, Tanaka K, Yano N, Kaihoko F, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki T, Inomata A, Moriyasu T, Miyajima K, Nakae D. A histopathological analysis of spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in aged male RccHan:WIST rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 33:47-55. [PMID: 32051666 PMCID: PMC7008206 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological information about spontaneous lesions in aged Hannover Wistar rats is limited. In this study, we describe spontaneous lesions found in 39 male RccHan:WIST rats used as a control in a carcinogenicity study. Neoplastic lesions were frequently seen in the endocrine system, such as pituitary adenomas in the pars distalis. This strain exhibited a high incidence of thymoma (10.3%), compared to other strains. We encountered an oligodendroglioma, a pituitary adenoma of the pars intermedia, and a prostate adenocarcinoma, which are comparatively rare in rats. While the variety and incidence of non-neoplastic lesions were similar to those in other strains, several interesting lesions occurred with relatively high incidence, including "harderianization" of the extraorbital lacrimal gland, common bile duct ectasia, and hyperplasia of pulmonary endocrine cells in the lung. Furthermore, comparative analyses demonstrated that the severity of chronic progressive nephropathy and murine progressive cardiomyopathy in RccHan:WIST rats was less than that in F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Hojo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ai Maeno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukie Tada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yuzawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akemichi Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Norio Yano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Fujifumi Kaihoko
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuko Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Toshinari Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Takako Moriyasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakura-ga-Oka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakura-ga-Oka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Pardo ID, Weber K, Cramer S, Krinke GJ, Butt MT, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Atlas of Normal Microanatomy, Procedural and Processing Artifacts, Common Background Findings, and Neurotoxic Lesions in the Peripheral Nervous System of Laboratory Animals. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:105-131. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate among normal structures, procedural and processing artifacts, spontaneous background changes, and test article–related effects in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is essential for interpreting microscopic features of ganglia and nerves evaluated in animal species commonly used in toxicity studies evaluating regulated products and chemicals. This atlas provides images of findings that may be encountered in ganglia and nerves of animal species commonly used in product discovery and development. Most atlas images are of tissues from control animals that were processed using routine methods (ie, immersion fixation in neutral-buffered 10% formalin, embedding in paraffin, sectioning at 5 µm, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin) since these preparations are traditionally applied to study materials produced during most animal toxicity studies. A few images are of tissues processed using special procedures (ie, immersion or perfusion fixation using methanol-free 4% formaldehyde, postfixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium, embedding in hard plastic resin, sectioning at 1 µm, and staining with toluidine blue), since these preparations promote better stabilization of lipids and thus optimal resolution of myelin sheaths. Together, this compilation provides a useful resource for discriminating among normal structures, procedure- and processing-related artifacts, incidental background changes, and treatment-induced findings that may be seen in PNS tissues of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Cramer
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC (A StageBio Company), Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark T. Butt
- Tox Path Specialists, LLC (A StageBio Company), Frederick, MD, USA
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Tomonari Y, Sato J, Kurotaki T, Wako Y, Kanno T, Tsuchitani M. Thymomas and Associated Hyperplastic Lesions in Wistar Hannover Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:129-137. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318822301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymomas occur prevalently in aged Wistar Hannover (WH) rats, along with hyperplastic lesions that cannot be categorized as thymomas. We compared the histological features of hyperplastic lesions and thymomas in WH rats, the incidences of these lesions, and the relationship of these lesions to the degree of thymic involution and also compared these lesions with those of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats in 4-, 13-, 26-, and 104-week studies. There were no morphological differences between hyperplastic cells and benign tumor cells in thymomas. The histological difference between hyperplastic lesions and thymomas was the size of the proliferative areas and the number of medullary differentiation areas. The hyperplastic lesions of the thymus in WH rats might have a potential for progression to thymomas due to the observed multiple hyperplastic lesions or mixed lesions with thymomas. The incidence of these proliferative lesions in the thymus was higher in females than in males. Further, the incidence of these proliferative lesions was higher in WH rats than in SD rats. Thymic involution was more severe in males than in females and more severe in SD rats than in WH rats. The differences in involution progression may have been reflected in the incidence of thymic proliferative lesions in SD and WH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomonari
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Sato
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kurotaki
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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