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Yu KN, Nadanaciva S, Rana P, Lee DW, Ku B, Roth AD, Dordick JS, Will Y, Lee MY. Prediction of metabolism-induced hepatotoxicity on three-dimensional hepatic cell culture and enzyme microarrays. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1295-1310. [PMID: 29167929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human liver contains various oxidative and conjugative enzymes that can convert nontoxic parent compounds to toxic metabolites or, conversely, toxic parent compounds to nontoxic metabolites. Unlike primary hepatocytes, which contain myriad drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), but are difficult to culture and maintain physiological levels of DMEs, immortalized hepatic cell lines used in predictive toxicity assays are easy to culture, but lack the ability to metabolize compounds. To address this limitation and predict metabolism-induced hepatotoxicity in high-throughput, we developed an advanced miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) cell culture array (DataChip 2.0) and an advanced metabolizing enzyme microarray (MetaChip 2.0). The DataChip is a functionalized micropillar chip that supports the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line in a 3D microarray format. The MetaChip is a microwell chip containing immobilized DMEs found in the human liver. As a proof of concept for generating compound metabolites in situ on the chip and rapidly assessing their toxicity, 22 model compounds were dispensed into the MetaChip and sandwiched with the DataChip. The IC50 values obtained from the chip platform were correlated with rat LD50 values, human C max values, and drug-induced liver injury categories to predict adverse drug reactions in vivo. As a result, the platform had 100% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 93% overall predictivity at optimum cutoffs of IC50 and C max values. Therefore, the DataChip/MetaChip platform could be used as a high-throughput, early stage, microscale alternative to conventional in vitro multi-well plate platforms and provide a rapid and inexpensive assessment of metabolism-induced toxicity at early phases of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA
| | | | - Payal Rana
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander D Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yvonne Will
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall (FH), 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH, 44115-2214, USA.
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Holmes A, Brown R, Shakesheff K. Engineering tissue alternatives to animals: applying tissue engineering to basic research and safety testing. Regen Med 2009; 4:579-92. [PMID: 19580406 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus for the rapid progress in the field of tissue engineering has been the clinical potential of the technology to repair, replace, maintain or enhance the function of a particular tissue or organ. However, tissue engineering has much wider applicability in basic research and safety testing, which is often not recognized owing to the clinical focus of tissue engineers. Using examples from a recent National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council symposium, which brought together tissue engineers and scientists from other research communities, this review highlights the potential of tissue engineering to provide scientifically robust alternatives to animals to address basic research questions and improve drug and chemical development in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Holmes
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research, 20 Park Crescent, London, W1B 1AL, UK.
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Abstract
The use of data from non-animal toxicity methods in risk assessment has mainly been limited to hazard identification and for elucidating mechanisms of toxicity. However, there is a need to extend the use of in vitro tests to hazard characterisation and risk assessment. This might be feasible by: (a) increased use of human cells of different types; (b) better maintenance of differentiated cells in culture for long periods; (c) use of genetically-engineered cells with useful characteristics; (d) development of complex organotypic cell systems; (e) development of co-cultures of different cell types; and (f) development of techniques for long term culturing, repeat dosing and assessment of recovery. Also, it will be necessary to obtain more information on the differences between cells in culture and in situ in tissues, and on the effects of dosing in vitro and in vivo, to develop realistic and meaningful uncertainty factors to allow in vitro information to be used for risk assessment in its own right, and in conjunction with animal data. These issues and a suggested proposal for using in vitro data in risk assessment are discussed.
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