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Kube P, Levy C, Diaz MCG, Dickerman M. Improving the Procedure of Delivering Serious News: Impact of a Six-Month Curriculum for Second Year Pediatric Residents. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2024; 41:889-894. [PMID: 37822065 DOI: 10.1177/10499091231206562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We implemented and studied a novel curriculum that combined role play, didactic education, and the use of a procedure card for asynchronous learning to improve second-year pediatric residents' skills in delivering serious news. Design: Phase 1 established baseline performance with a self-efficacy survey and observed simulation delivering serious news. Phase 2 included directed education of participants with a validated communication skills training framework. During Phase 3, participants were instructed to review the communication procedure card as a just-in-time reference prior to delivering serious news to patients and their families over 6 months. Following this period, participants completed a second self-efficacy survey and engaged in another observed simulation session delivering serious news. Pre and post intervention performance and self-efficacy were compared. Results: A total of 21 out of 26 (81%) participants completed all phases of this study. Participants had a statistically significant increase (p < .001) in self-efficacy scores post-intervention compared to pre-intervention for each of the skills to effectively deliver serious news: assess understanding, communicate news clearly, allow for silence, respond to emotion, and equip for next steps. Additionally, investigator assessments of participants showed an overall statistically significant improvement (p < .001) in all five communication skills post intervention compared to pre intervention. Conclusions: This curriculum resulted in significantly improved self-efficacy and observed ratings of communication skills in second-year pediatric residents over a 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Kube
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Carly Levy
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Maria Carmen G Diaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Simulation Medicine, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Mindy Dickerman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Palliative Medicine, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
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Shaw CA, Knox K, Bair H, Watkinson E, Weeks D, Jackson L. Is elderspeak communication in simulated hospital dementia care congruent to communication in actual patient care? A mixed-methods pilot study. J Clin Nurs 2024; 33:3089-3100. [PMID: 38716873 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Simulation offers a feasible modality to prepare nurses for challenges communicating with patients with dementia. Elderspeak communication is speech that sounds like baby talk and can lead to rejection of care by patients with dementia. However, it is unknown if simulation can be used to capture elderspeak communication in dementia care. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to determine if simulation accurately captures elderspeak communication by nursing staff in hospital dementia care. DESIGN A 3-part mixed-methods design in which (1) three dementia care simulations were designed and validated by a panel of experts, (2) communication by nursing staff completing each simulation was quantitatively compared to communication during actual patient care, and (3) views on the realism were explored using within- and across-case coding. METHODS Three simulations using different modalities (manikin, role-play, and standardised patient) were designed and validated with eight experts using the Lynn Method. Ten nursing staff were audio-recorded and their communication was coded for elderspeak communication. Results for each simulation were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test to recordings taken during actual dementia care encounters. Debriefings were coded for realism and results were converged. RESULTS The average time using elderspeak during naturalistic care was 29.9% (SD = 20.9%) which did not differ from the average amount of elderspeak used across the three simulations modalities which ranged from 29.1% to 30.4%. Qualitative results suggested a lack of realism with the manikin condition and the nursing staff indicated preference for the simulation with the standardised patient. CONCLUSIONS Communication elicited in the dementia care simulations was congruent to communication produced in actual dementia care but preference was for the standardised patient. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Elderspeak communication can be accurately produced in the simulated environment which indicates that simulation is a valid method for person-centred communication training in nursing staff. IMPACT Simulation offers a feasible modality to prepare nurses for challenges communicating with patients with dementia. Elderspeak communication is speech that sounds like baby talk and can lead to rejection of care by patients with dementia. However, it is unknown if simulation can be used to capture elderspeak communication in dementia care. Elderspeak communication captured in the simulated environment was congruent to communication nursing staff use during actual patient care to hospitalised persons living with dementia. This study empirically identifies that communication is elicited in similar patterns by nursing staff in the simulated environment compared to the naturalistic care environment which demonstrates that simulation can be used as a valid tool for education and research on person-centred communication. REPORTING METHODS STROBE. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No Patient or Public Contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Shaw
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Katie Knox
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather Bair
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Erica Watkinson
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Delaney Weeks
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Lainie Jackson
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
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Sun Q, Pang Y, Liu X, He M, Dong J, Xie J. Enhancing General Surgery Clerkships: The Application and Value of Standardized Patient-Based Situational Simulation Teaching. Cureus 2024; 16:e60845. [PMID: 38910777 PMCID: PMC11191846 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the value of a standardized patient-based situational simulation teaching method in general surgery internships. METHODS A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with clinical medicine undergraduates from the 2020 cohort of our university as subjects. These students were randomly divided into a traditional teaching (TT) group and a combined teaching (CT) group based on their internship schedules. The TT group followed the conventional teaching model, while the CT group engaged in the standardized patient-based situational simulation teaching method. The study compared differences in pre-internship theoretical scores, post-internship theoretical scores, medical record writing quality, and student satisfaction between the two groups. RESULTS The CT group (n=108) significantly outperformed the TT group (n=104) in post-internship theoretical scores and medical record writing quality (all P<0.05) and showed marked improvement in stimulating students' interest in learning (P=0.015), enhancing clinical diagnostic and treatment abilities (P<0.001), improving doctor‒patient communication skills (P<0.001), strengthening medical mission sense (P<0.001), reinforcing physicians' sense of responsibility (P<0.001), and facilitating the application of learned knowledge (P<0.001). These differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION The standardized patient-based situational simulation teaching method (CT) in general surgery internships has been highly recognized by students and can enhance their clinical competency, offering considerable value for broader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- Discipline Inspection Commission Office, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
| | - Yueshan Pang
- Department of Geriatrics, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
| | - Ming He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
| | - Jiebin Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, CHN
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White D, Kilshaw L, Eng D. Communication skills: simulated patient goals of care workshop for acute care clinicians. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2024; 14:94-102. [PMID: 36347567 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate and timely goals of patient care (GoPC) discussions are associated with improved health outcomes near the end-of-life among patients with serious illness, however, acute care clinicians report a lack of training in conducting GoPC conversations. OBJECTIVES A half-day GoPC communication workshop for acute care clinicians was delivered and evaluated. Participants were instructed in the use of communication frameworks and practiced skills in clinical scenarios with a simulated patient. METHOD Expert facilitators guided feedback towards learner identified goals during simulated GoPC discussions. Self-reported confidence in communication skills was measured with a pre-post questionnaire, which was repeated 2 months following the workshop. RESULTS 50 clinicians completed the workshop and questionnaire. A mean improvement in confidence in communication skills of 35% (p<0.001) was identified following participation, which remained elevated at 2 months (p<0.001). All participants responded that they would recommend the workshop to a colleague, and more than two-thirds went on to share their learnings with other clinicians. CONCLUSION The use of a simulated patient, communication frameworks and an expert facilitator were associated with durable improvement in confidence in GoPC communication among acute care clinicians. A half-day workshop was feasible and acceptable to participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David White
- Geriatric Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy Kilshaw
- Geriatric Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Derek Eng
- Palliative Care, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zeng J, Liang S, Fu X, Guo J, Bai Y, Zhou S, Du Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Peng S, Wen L, Li W, Li B, Yang H, Zhang Y. Student standardized patients versus occupational standardized patients for improving clinical competency among TCM medical students: a 3-year prospective randomized study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:216. [PMID: 37020221 PMCID: PMC10074708 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized patient (SP) simulations are well-recognized patterns for practicing clinical skills and interactions. Our previous study showed that a simulation program using occupational SP for Traditional Chinese Medicine (OSP-TCMs) was efficient, however, a high cost and time-intensive nature have limited its use. TCM postgraduates trained as student SPs (SSP-TCMs) present a potentially cost-effective alternative. The purpose of this study was to examine and determine whether SSP simulation offered more benefits over didactic training alone for improving clinical competency among TCM medical students, and conduct a multifaceted analysis comparing SSP-TCMs and OSP-TCMs. METHODS This was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Fourth-year TCM undergraduates were recruited as trainees from the Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of TCM. Data were collected from September 2018 to December 2020. Trainees were randomly divided into the three following groups: traditional method training group, OSP-TCM training group, and SSP-TCM training group (1:1:1). At the end of a 10-week curriculum, trainees received a two-station examination comprising a systematic online knowledge test and an offline clinical performance examination. Post-training and post-exam questionnaires were administered to collect feedback from these trainees. RESULTS Students assigned to the SSP-TCM training and OSP-TCM training groups received favorable marks for the "systematic knowledge test" and "TCM clinical skills" (2018, Pa=0.018, Pb=0.042; 2019, Pa=0.01, Pb=0.033; 2020, Pa=0.035, Pb=0.039) compared to the TM trainees. Additionally, trainees in the intervention groups demonstrated a positive post-training edge in scores of "medical records" (2018, Pa=0.042, Pb=0.034; 2019, Pa=0.032, Pb=0.042; 2020, Pa=0.026, Pb=0.03) and "TCM syndrome differentiation and therapeutic regimen" (2018, Pb=0.032; 2019, Pa=0.037, Pb=0.024; 2020, Pa=0.036, Pb=0.043). For the simulation encounter assessment given by SP-TCMs, OSP-TCM trainees and SSP-TCM trainees scored higher than TM trainees (2018, Pa=0.038, Pb=0.037; 2019, Pa=0.024, Pb=0.022; 2020, Pa=0.019, Pb=0.021). For the feedback questionnaires, the students in TM group provided less positive feedback for training efficacy and test performance compared to those in the SSP-TCM and OSP-TCM groups. The trainees responded that the training effect of clinical simulations was similar between the SSP-TCM and OSP-TCM groups. SSP-TCMs were more responsive to unexpected emergencies (Pa=0.022, Pb>0.05) and more likely to encourage questioning (Pa=0.029, Pb>0.05) but tended to provide implied hints (Pc=0.015) and utilize medical jargon (Pc=0.007) as compared to OSP-TCMs. CONCLUSION Simulation training for SSP-TCMs and OSP-TCMs showed great benefits for enhancing clinical competency. SSP-TCM simulation was feasible, practical, and cost-effective, and may serve as an alternative method to OSP-TCM simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zeng
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Education Department, Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fu
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Education Department, Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yaolin Bai
- Education Department, Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Education Department, Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Quanyu Du
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Sihan Peng
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lijuan Wen
- Clinical Skill Center, Clinical Medical School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Sichuan Evidence-Based Medicine Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Bylund CL, Vasquez TS, Peterson EB, Ansell M, Bylund KC, Ditton-Phare P, Hines A, Manna R, Singh Ospina N, Wells R, Rosenbaum ME. Effect of Experiential Communication Skills Education on Graduate Medical Education Trainees' Communication Behaviors: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1854-1866. [PMID: 35857395 PMCID: PMC9712157 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A better understanding of how communication skills education impacts trainees' communication skills is important for continual improvement in graduate medical education (GME). Guided by the Kirkpatrick Model, this review focused on studies that measured communication skills in either simulated or clinical settings. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of experiential communication skills education on GME trainees' communication behaviors. METHOD Five databases were searched for studies published between 2001 and 2021 using terms representing the concepts of medical trainees, communication, training, and skills and/or behaviors. Included studies had an intervention design, focused only on GME trainees as learners, used experiential methods, and had an outcome measure of communication skills behavior that was assessed by a simulated or standardized patient (SP), patient, family member, or outside observer. Studies were examined for differences in outcomes based on study design; simulated versus clinical evaluation setting; outside observer versus SP, patient, or family member evaluator; and length of training. RESULTS Seventy-seven studies were ultimately included. Overall, 54 (70%) studies reported some positive findings (i.e., change in behavior). There were 44 (57%) single-group pre-post studies, 13 (17%) nonrandomized control studies, and 20 (26%) randomized control studies. Positive findings were frequent in single-group designs (80%) and were likely in nonrandomized (62%) and randomized (55%) control trials. Positive findings were likely in studies evaluating communication behavior in simulated (67%) and clinical (78%) settings as well as in studies with outside observer (63%) and SP, patient, and family member (64%) evaluators. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates strong support that experiential communication skills education can impact GME trainees' communication behaviors. Marked heterogeneity in communication trainings and evaluation measures, even among subgroups, did not allow for meta-analysis or comparative efficacy evaluation of different studies. Future studies would benefit from homogeneity in curricular and evaluation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carma L Bylund
- C.L. Bylund is professor, Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Taylor S Vasquez
- T.S. Vasquez is a doctoral student, Department of Public Relations, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily B Peterson
- E.B. Peterson is senior research analyst, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margaret Ansell
- M. Ansell is associate university librarian and associate chair, Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kevin C Bylund
- K.C. Bylund is associate professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Philippa Ditton-Phare
- P. Ditton-Phare is medical education support officer (psychiatry), Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - April Hines
- A. Hines is journalism and mass communications librarian, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ruth Manna
- R. Manna is associate director, Patient Experience Partnerships, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Naykky Singh Ospina
- N. Singh Ospina is associate professor, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert Wells
- R. Wells is science writer, Office of Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Marcy E Rosenbaum
- M.E. Rosenbaum is professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Korlipara M, Shah H. “Power of words”: impact, concerns and applications of nonviolent communication training. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ejtd-03-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program on nonviolent communication (NVC) and assess its impact, concerns and applicability to the context of work. This study also focuses on the factors that influence the retention and application of the skills acquired during the training after three months of completion of the program.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative approach. Purposive sampling was used, and 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted to study the impact of an NVC training program titled “Power of words”. Thematic analysis based on Kirkpatrick’s model of training evaluation was used to arrive at the findings.
Findings
NVC training was found to have created a sustainable shift in perspective and behaviour of the participants; however, the learning and application of the NVC skills were found to be dependent on individual and contextual factors. The role of the facilitator was found to be crucial in creating safe spaces that were essential for open sharing and effective practice. NVC was found to be easier to apply to contexts of personal relationships; however, in a work context, it holds immense scope to create both organisational- and employee-level outcomes.
Research limitations/implications
This study has implications for developing theory on NVC and its consequences to humanistic management and employee thriving.
Practical implications
This study has implications for developing theory on NVC and its consequences for humanistic management and employee thriving. This study has practical implications for humanising communication at work and also has implications for leaders, managers, coaches, counsellors, HR professionals and OD professionals, to improve employee or client experiences. This study also has implications for the potential community development.
Social implications
This study also has implications for the potential community development as a consequence of NVC training.
Originality/value
The research on the application of NVC training to context of work is very limited, and also, there is very limited research on both the effectiveness of online training and the retention and application of the learning after three months of completion of the program. This study fills these gaps.
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Berta M, Burt L, Carlucci M, Corbridge S. Breaking Bad News via Telehealth: Simulation Training for Nurse Practitioner Students. J Nurs Educ 2022; 61:528-532. [PMID: 36098544 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20220705-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated educators must consider students' future practice will involve patient communication via telehealth, including breaking bad news. METHOD This mixed-methods analysis was conducted among 33 nurse practitioner (NP) students at two universities. Questionnaires were analyzed before and after a simulation training session with standardized patients to determine students' perceptions, learning satisfaction, confidence, and self-rated preparedness for delivering bad news via telehealth. RESULTS Students' self-rated levels of preparedness for delivering bad news were higher after participating in the simulation. Students found the teaching methods to be effective, enjoyable, motivating, and suitable to individual learning styles. Two themes emerged that described students' perceptions of the experience: valuable simulation processes and multifaceted learning applicable to future NP practice. CONCLUSION Breaking bad news via virtual platforms is new and challenging. Findings suggest this simulation experience provided a valuable tool for augmenting didactic training for NP students. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(9):528-532.].
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Renganathan L, Datta K, Seth A, Sethi N, Kanitkar M. Off-site simulation-based training on management of postpartum hemorrhage amongst final-year medical students. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:S152-S157. [PMID: 36147387 PMCID: PMC9485733 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetric emergency, and training of health-care providers for early diagnosis and intervention improves morbidity and mortality. Regular simulation-based training modules are conducted in our institute for health-care providers. The objective of this study was to assess the final-year medical students on their subjective improvement in the management of PPH after an off-site simulation-based training which was conducted after a conventional lecture. Methods A survey was administered on medical students and their subjective retrospective analysis of both pre and post off-site simulation was collected. The survey was analyzed, and results were formulated. Results Forty-six students completed the survey. Although students felt their confidence level in enumerating the steps in management of PPH less than 50% before the drill, it increased to 70% after the drill. The confidence of the students in carrying out the procedures of PPH also increased. The results showed a considerable subjective improvement in skill and cognitive enhancement after an off-site simulation-based training. There was a significant improvement in the pre and postsimulation training scores in the test. The faculty felt that there was an enhancement in learning after the simulation training. Conclusion Off-site simulation of an emergency condition improves both knowledge and skill in students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karuna Datta
- Professor, Department of Sports Medicine, Convener MCIRC for MET & Coordinator, Department of Medical Education, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Atul Seth
- Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Navdeep Sethi
- ACIDS MED, HQ IDS (MED), Integrated HQ of MoD, New Delhi, India
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Van Scoy LJ, Scott AM, Green MJ, Witt PD, Wasserman E, Chinchilli VM, Levi BH. Communication Quality Analysis: A user-friendly observational measure of patient-clinician communication. COMMUNICATION METHODS AND MEASURES 2022; 16:215-235. [PMID: 37063460 PMCID: PMC10104441 DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2022.2099819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Communication Quality Analysis (CQA) is a rigorous transcript-based coding method for assessing clinical communication quality. We compared the resource-intensive transcript-based version with a streamlined real-time version of the method with respect to feasibility, validity, reliability, and association with traditional measures of communication quality. Simulated conversations between 108 trainees and 12 standardized patients were assessed by 7 coders using the two versions of CQA (transcript and real-time). Participants also completed two traditional communication quality assessment measures. Real-time CQA was feasible and yielded fair to excellent reliability, with some caveats that can be addressed in future work. CQA ratings were moderately correlated with traditional measures of communication quality, suggesting that CQA captures different aspects of communication quality than do traditional measures. Finally, CQA did not exhibit the ceiling effects observed in the traditional measures of communication quality. We conclude that real-time CQA is a user-friendly method for assessing communication quality that has the potential for broad application in training, research, and intervention contexts and may offer improvements to traditional, self-rated communication measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jodi Van Scoy
- Departments of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Humanities, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Allison M Scott
- Department of Communication; University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Michael J. Green
- Departments of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Humanities, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Pamela D. Witt
- Departments of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Emily Wasserman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Vernon M. Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Benjamin H Levi
- Department of Humanities, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
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Lockwood BJ, Gustin J, Verbeck N, Rossfeld K, Norton K, Barrett T, Potts R, Towner-Larsen R, Waterman B, Radwany S, Hritz C, Wells-Di Gregorio S, Holliday S. Training to Promote Empathic Communication in Graduate Medical Education: A Shared Learning Intervention in Internal Medicine and General Surgery. Palliat Med Rep 2022; 3:26-35. [PMID: 35415720 PMCID: PMC8994435 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2021.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective: Design: Setting/Subjects: Measurements: Results: Conclusions:
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J. Lockwood
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jillian Gustin
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole Verbeck
- Office of Curriculum and Scholarship, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kara Rossfeld
- Complex General Surgical Oncology, Ohio Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kavitha Norton
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd Barrett
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Potts
- Patient Experience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert Towner-Larsen
- Medical Staff Administration, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany Waterman
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven Radwany
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher Hritz
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharla Wells-Di Gregorio
- Division of Palliative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott Holliday
- College Administration, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Meyer BD, Fearnow B, Smith HL, Morgan SG, Quinonez RB. Implementing Standardized Patient Caregivers to Practice Difficult Conversations in a Pediatric Dentistry Course. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2022; 18:11201. [PMID: 35036525 PMCID: PMC8720916 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Standardized patient (SP) methodology has been used in health professional education to help students develop communication, deeper diagnostic reasoning, and critical thinking skills. Few examples demonstrate the use of SPs to practice difficult conversations with pediatric caregivers in the pediatric dentistry literature. The objective of this educational activity was to describe the implementation of three SPs in a pediatric dentistry course for second-year dental students. METHODS We developed three SP encounters covering interactions with caregivers of an infant with severe early childhood caries, an adolescent on the path to gender affirmation, and a child with autism and dental caries whose caregiver was resistant to fluoride- and silver-containing dental materials. We describe the case design process, rubric construction and calibration, student debriefing, and pandemic modifications. We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation by thematic analysis of student reflections following each encounter using a qualitative descriptive framework. RESULTS Eighty-three students completed each encounter. Qualitative analysis showed that students preferred a more realistic encounter by having a child or other distraction present. Students relied on different elements of motivational interviewing depending on the objective of each encounter and the age of the patient. Overall, the SP encounters were well received by students and faculty as an alternative or supplement to traditional student evaluation methods. DISCUSSION We noted a number of lessons learned about implementing SP methodology in pediatric dental education. With these experiences now in place, future evaluations should measure student performance in the SP encounters against student performance during clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau D. Meyer
- Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry
- Corresponding author:
| | - Bethany Fearnow
- Curriculum Innovation Consultant, Academic Affairs, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry
| | - Hannah L. Smith
- Fourth-Year Dental Student, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry
| | - Sarah G. Morgan
- Fourth-Year Dental Student, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry
| | - Rocio B. Quinonez
- Professor, Division of Pediatric and Public Health, and Associate Dean for Educational Leadership and Innovation, Academic Affairs, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry
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Using Standardized Patients to Augment Communication Skills and Self-Efficacy in Caring for Transgender Youth. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:1441-1448. [PMID: 34022426 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of standardized patient encounters (SPEs) on gender-affirming communication skills and self-efficacy of pediatrics learners. METHODS Fourth-year medical students, pediatrics interns, psychiatry interns, and nurse practitioner trainees on 1-month adolescent medicine blocks completed a curriculum with e-learning activities that was expanded to include SPEs. Following e-learning, learners completed 2 SPEs featuring transgender adolescent cases. Faculty observers and standardized patients completed checklists focused on history-taking, counseling, and interpersonal communication, and provided learner feedback after each case. The curriculum was evaluated by comparing skills checklists scores from case 1 to case 2 via Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Self-efficacy was assessed precurriculum (Assessment 1), post-e-learning (Assessment 2), and post-SPE (Assessment 3) using a previously developed instrument. Changes in self-efficacy scores were assessed via linear regression models with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Forty-three eligible learners participated in the study. The majority were pediatrics interns, and 5 learners had worked in a transgender clinic prior to the curriculum participation. Learners increased median total checklist scores between cases from 22 to 28 (P < .001) (maximum score of 34). Learners' overall self-efficacy scores improved by 3.4 (confidence interval [CI]: 2.9-3.9; P < .001) between Assessments 1 and 2 and by 1.5 (CI: 1.2-1.7; P < .001) from Assessment 2 to 3. Similar improvements in checklist scores and self-efficacy occurred within stratified learner types. CONCLUSIONS The combination of SPEs with e-learning is effective at improving self-efficacy and gender-affirming communication skills for a multidisciplinary pediatrics learners. The comprehensive curriculum allowed learners inexperienced with transgender youth to apply knowledge and practice skills.
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I-PSI: Short- and Long-Term Efficacy of a Comprehensive Initiative to Promote Patient Safety Event Reporting by Trainees. Am J Med Qual 2021; 37:72-80. [PMID: 34108395 DOI: 10.1097/01.jmq.0000749848.73584.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite benefits of safety event reporting, few are trainee initiated. A comprehensive intervention was created to increase trainee reporting, partnering a trainee safety council with high-level faculty. Data were collected for 12 months pre intervention and 30 months post intervention, including short-term (1-12 mo) and long-term (13-30 mo) follow-up. A total of 2337 trainee events were submitted over the study period, primarily communication-related (40%) and on the medicine service (39%). Monthly submissions increased from 29.3 pre intervention to 66.2, 77.7, and 58.6 events/mo at post intervention, short-term follow-up, and long-term follow-up, respectively (P < 0.001). Proportion of hospital events submitted by trainees increased from 2.3% pre intervention to 4.1%, 4.9%, and 3.6% at post intervention, short-term, and long-term follow-up, respectively (P < 0.001). Trainee monthly submissions (P = 0.015) and proportion of hospital events (P < 0.001) declined from short- to long-term follow-up. Low- and intermediate-level harm events significantly increased post intervention (P < 0.001) while high-level events did not (P = 0.15-1.0). Our comprehensive intervention increased trainee event submissions at long-term follow-up.
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15
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Use of Simulation to Improve Emotional Competence at End-of-Life Care for Healthcare Professionals and Students: A Scoping Review. Clin Simul Nurs 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Carroll E, Nelson A, Kurzweil A, Zabar S, Lewis A. Using Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCE) to Teach Neurology Residents to Disclose Prognosis after Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105846. [PMID: 33984743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologists need to be adept at disclosing prognosis and breaking bad news. Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) allow trainees to practice these skills. METHODS In 2017, in conjunction with the NYU School of Medicine Simulation Center, neurology faculty designed an OSCE case in which a resident had to inform a standardized patient (SP) her father had severe global hypoxic ischemic injury. The residents were surveyed on the experience using a Likert scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The SP completed a behavioral anchored checklist and marked items as "not done," "partly done," or "well done". RESULTS 57 third and fourth year neurology residents completed the case from 2018 to 2020, 54 (95%) of whom completed the post-OSCE survey. Residents reported feeling moderately prepared for the simulation (mean Likert score 3.7/5), and thought their performance was average (3.4/5). Overall, they found the case to be very helpful (4.6/5). The residents performed well in the realms of maintaining professionalism (64% rated "well done"), developing a relationship (62% rated "well done"), and information gathering (61% rated "well done"). There was room for improvement in the realms of providing education and presenting the bad news (39% and 37% rated "partly/not done," respectively). CONCLUSIONS OSCE cases can be used to teach neurology trainees how to discuss prognosis and break bad news. Feedback about this simulation was positive, though its efficacy has yet to be evaluated and could be a future direction of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carroll
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, 530 1st Ave, HCC-5A, New York 10016, NY, United States.
| | - Aaron Nelson
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Arielle Kurzweil
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Sondra Zabar
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Ariane Lewis
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Nascimento JDSG, Nascimento KGD, Oliveira JLGD, Alves MG, Silva ARD, Dalri MCB. Clinical simulation for nursing competence development in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: systematic review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2020; 28:e3391. [PMID: 33174995 PMCID: PMC7647418 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4094.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the effectiveness of clinical simulation for competence development regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation in comparison with different teaching and learning strategies used in the education of nursing students. METHOD systematic review, performed on the databases PubMed®/MEDLINE®, LILACS, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science. The Rayyan QCRI application was used to select the studies, in addition to the instruments for assessing the methodological quality of Joanna Briggs Institute and the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. RESULTS a total of 887 studies were identified, and five we included in the final sample. The included studies had good methodological quality by the assessment instruments. All of them had statistically significant results to develop competence through clinical simulation, when compared to other methods. CONCLUSION clinical simulation proved to be effective for the development of clinical competence in cardiopulmonary resuscitation of nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Garcia Nascimento
- Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil
| | | | - Jordana Luiza Gouvêa de Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Roberta da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Celia Barcellos Dalri
- Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Selim S, Kunkel E, Wegier P, Tanuseputro P, Downar J, Isenberg SR, Li A, Kyeremanteng K, Manuel D, Kobewka DM. A systematic review of interventions aiming to improve communication of prognosis to adult patients. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2020; 103:1467-1497. [PMID: 32284167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to describe interventions that aim to improve communication of prognosis to adult patients and to summarize the effect of interventions. METHODS We included randomized controlled trials of interventions that included prognosis delivery. We excluded studies of decision aids. Our analysis was a narrative synthesis of interventions and outcomes. RESULTS Our search identified 1151 unique records. After screening, and full text review we included 21 reports from 17 RCTs. Only 2 studies used a prediction model to generate prognostic estimates. Four studies used education, ten used patient mediated interventions, and 2 used coordination of care. In some studies education that includes prognosis improves patient reported outcomes, communication and treatment decisions, patient mediated interventions can increase the number of questions patients ask about prognosis. Coordination of care may improve satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Education for clinicians that includes teaching about how to communicate prognosis may improve patient reported outcomes. Patient mediated interventions can increase the number of prognosis related questions asked by patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Communication skills training that includes training on delivering prognosis may improve communication and patient reported outcomes, but the evidence is uncertain. Giving patients question prompt lists can help them ask more prognosis related questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab Selim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kunkel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pete Wegier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Temmy Latner Centre for Palliative Care, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - James Downar
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarina R Isenberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Temmy Latner Centre for Palliative Care, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada; Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aimee Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Douglas Manuel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel M Kobewka
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Patel SA, Halpin RM, Keosayian DL, Streckfus CF, Barros JA, Franklin DR, Quock RL, Jeter CB, Franklin A. Impact of simulated patients on students' self-assessment of competency in practice of geriatric dentistry. J Dent Educ 2020; 84:908-916. [PMID: 32394449 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The evaluation of the effectiveness of simulation training in dentistry has previously been focused primarily on psychomotor hand skills. This study explored the impact of simulated patient (SP) encounters in simulation on students' self-assessment of competency in their clinical and communication abilities with geriatric patients. METHODS Students from 2 cohorts were recruited for this study. Cohort 1 (n = 30) participated in the standard curriculum with no simulation training and served as the control group. Cohort 2 (n = 34) participated in a SP experience, simulating the initial stages of a care visit for 2 nursing home patients. Students' perceptions of competency to perform these clinical and communication tasks were assessed. A group debriefing session was held 5 weeks post-simulation where Cohort 2 completed a student feedback form. RESULTS A statistically significant change (P < 0.00001) was noted for both cohorts in their self-reported competence to perform clinical tasks following exposure to an independent clinical experience. In addition to this gain, individuals in Cohort 2 demonstrated improvements following simulation and expressed different responses of impact to questions related to treatment, pharmacology, and managing a complex medical history. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that simulation of patient interactions using SPs can strengthen students' self-assessment of competency in their abilities, leading to more genuine interactions with actual patients. These findings will help inform the design of future SP encounters as a component of an evolving humanistic curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalizeh A Patel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard M Halpin
- Educational Technology, Office of Technology Services and Informatics, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diana L Keosayian
- Institutional Effectiveness, UTHealth Office of Academic Affairs, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles F Streckfus
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juliana A Barros
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Deborah R Franklin
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan L Quock
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cameron B Jeter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Franklin
- UTHealth School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Downar J. Resources for Educating, Training, and Mentoring All Physicians Providing Palliative Care. J Palliat Med 2020; 21:S57-S62. [PMID: 29283871 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a rapid review of the published literature and available resources for educating Canadian physicians to provide palliative and end-of-life care. Several key messages emerge from the review. First, there are many palliative care educational resources already available for Canadian physicians. Second, the many palliative care education resources are often not used in physician training. Third, we know that some palliative care educational interventions are inexpensive and scalable, while others are costly and time-consuming; we know very little about which palliative care educational interventions impact physician behavior and patient care. Fourth, two palliative care competency areas in particular can be readily taught: symptom management and communication skill (e.g., breaking bad news and advance care planning). Fifth, palliative care educational interventions are undermined by the "hidden curriculum" in medical education; interventions must be accompanied by continuing education and faculty development to create lasting change in physician behavior. Sixth, undergraduate and postgraduate medical training is shifting from a time-based training paradigm to competency-based training and evaluation. Seventh, virtually every physician in Canada should be able to provide basic palliative care; physicians in specialized areas of practice should receive palliative care education that is tailored to their area, rather than generic educational interventions. For each key message, one or more implications are provided, which can serve as recommendations for a framework to improve palliative care as a whole in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Downar
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family and Community Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Morris NA, Czeisler BM, Sarwal A. Simulation in Neurocritical Care: Past, Present, and Future. Neurocrit Care 2020; 30:522-533. [PMID: 30361865 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-018-0629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Simulation-based medical education is a technique that leverages adult learning theory to train healthcare professionals by recreating real-world scenarios in an interactive way. It allows learners to emotionally engage in the assessment and management of critically ill patients without putting patients at risk. Learners are encouraged to work at the edge of their expertise to promote growth and are provided with feedback to nurture development. Thus, the training is targeted to the learner, not the patient. Despite its origins as a teaching tool for neurological diseases, simulation-based medical education has been historically abandoned by neurocritical care educators. In contrast, other critical care educators have embraced the technique and built an impressive foundation of literature supporting its use. Slowly, neurocritical care educators have started experimenting with simulation-based medical education and sharing their results. In this review, we will investigate the historical origins of simulation in the neurosciences, the conceptual framework supporting the technique, current applications, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Morris
- Department of Neurology, Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S. Greene St, G7K18, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Barry M Czeisler
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarti Sarwal
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Silva JLG, Oliveira Kumakura ARDS, Zanchetta FC, Dias Coutinho VR, Lima MHM. Clinical Simulation for Teaching of Wound Evaluation and Treatment. Clin Simul Nurs 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Servotte JC, Bragard I, Szyld D, Van Ngoc P, Scholtes B, Van Cauwenberge I, Dardenne N, Goosse M, Pilote B, Guillaume M, Ghuysen A. Efficacy of a Short Role-Play Training on Breaking Bad News in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5811//westjem.2019.8.43441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Servotte
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bragard
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Demian Szyld
- Institute for Medical Simulation, Center for Medical Simulation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Pauline Van Ngoc
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Scholtes
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Nadia Dardenne
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Manon Goosse
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Pilote
- Université Laval, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Québec, Canada
| | - Michele Guillaume
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Ghuysen
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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24
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Servotte JC, Bragard I, Szyld D, Van Ngoc P, Scholtes B, Van Cauwenberge I, Donneau AF, Dardenne N, Goosse M, Pilote B, Guillaume M, Ghuysen A. Efficacy of a Short Role-Play Training on Breaking Bad News in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:893-902. [PMID: 31738716 PMCID: PMC6860397 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.8.43441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breaking bad news (BBN) in the emergency department (ED) represents a challenging and stressful situation for physicians. Many medical students and residents feel stressed and uncomfortable with such situations because of insufficient training. Our randomized controlled study aimed to assess the efficacy of a four-hour BBN simulation-based training on perceived self-efficacy, the BBN process, and communication skills. Methods Medical students and residents were randomized into a 160-hour ED clinical rotation without a formal BBN curriculum (control group [CG], n = 31) or a 156-hour ED clinical rotation and a four-hour BBN simulation-based training (training group [TG], n = 37). Both groups were assessed twice: once at the beginning of the rotation (pre-test) and again four weeks later. Assessments included a BBN evaluation via a simulation with two actors playing family members and the completion of a questionnaire on self-efficacy. Two blinded raters assessed the BBN process with the SPIKES (a delivery protocol for delivering bad news) competence form and communication skills with the modified BBN Assessment Schedule. Results Group-by-time effects adjusted by study year revealed a significant improvement in TG as compared with CG on self-efficacy (P < 0.001), the BBN process (P < 0.001), and communication skills (P < 0.001). TG showed a significant gain regarding the BBN process (+33.3%, P < 0.001). After the training, students with limited clinical experience prior to the rotation showed BBN performance skills equal to that of students in the CG who had greater clinical experience. Conclusion A short BBN simulation-based training can be added to standard clinical rotations. It has the potential to significantly improve self-efficacy, the BBN process, and communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Servotte
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium.,University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bragard
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium.,University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Demian Szyld
- Institute for Medical Simulation, Center for Medical Simulation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Pauline Van Ngoc
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Béatrice Scholtes
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nadia Dardenne
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Manon Goosse
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Pilote
- Université Laval, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Québec, Canada
| | - Michèle Guillaume
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Ghuysen
- University of Liège, Department of Public Health Sciences, Liège, Belgium.,University of Liege, Interdisciplinary Medical Simulation Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Kelemen AM, Groninger H. Ambiguities in Comfort Care Discussions-Reply. JAMA Intern Med 2019; 179:274-275. [PMID: 30715114 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Kelemen
- Section of Palliative Care, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.,University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore
| | - Hunter Groninger
- Section of Palliative Care, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Wall T, Kosior K, Ferrero S. The role of metacognition in teaching clinical reasoning: Theory to practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ehp.ehp_14_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Moore PM, Rivera S, Bravo‐Soto GA, Olivares C, Lawrie TA. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD003751. [PMID: 30039853 PMCID: PMC6513291 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003751.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the third update of a review that was originally published in the Cochrane Library in 2002, Issue 2. People with cancer, their families and carers have a high prevalence of psychological stress, which may be minimised by effective communication and support from their attending healthcare professionals (HCPs). Research suggests communication skills do not reliably improve with experience, therefore, considerable effort is dedicated to courses that may improve communication skills for HCPs involved in cancer care. A variety of communication skills training (CST) courses are in practice. We conducted this review to determine whether CST works and which types of CST, if any, are the most effective. OBJECTIVES To assess whether communication skills training is effective in changing behaviour of HCPs working in cancer care and in improving HCP well-being, patient health status and satisfaction. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 4), MEDLINE via Ovid, Embase via Ovid, PsycInfo and CINAHL up to May 2018. In addition, we searched the US National Library of Medicine Clinical Trial Registry and handsearched the reference lists of relevant articles and conference proceedings for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA The original review was a narrative review that included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled before-and-after studies. In updated versions, we limited our criteria to RCTs evaluating CST compared with no CST or other CST in HCPs working in cancer care. Primary outcomes were changes in HCP communication skills measured in interactions with real or simulated people with cancer or both, using objective scales. We excluded studies whose focus was communication skills in encounters related to informed consent for research. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials and extracted data to a pre-designed data collection form. We pooled data using the random-effects method. For continuous data, we used standardised mean differences (SMDs). MAIN RESULTS We included 17 RCTs conducted mainly in outpatient settings. Eleven trials compared CST with no CST intervention; three trials compared the effect of a follow-up CST intervention after initial CST training; two trials compared the effect of CST and patient coaching; and one trial compared two types of CST. The types of CST courses evaluated in these trials were diverse. Study participants included oncologists, residents, other doctors, nurses and a mixed team of HCPs. Overall, 1240 HCPs participated (612 doctors including 151 residents, 532 nurses, and 96 mixed HCPs).Ten trials contributed data to the meta-analyses. HCPs in the intervention groups were more likely to use open questions in the post-intervention interviews than the control group (SMD 0.25, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.48; P = 0.03, I² = 62%; 5 studies, 796 participant interviews; very low-certainty evidence); more likely to show empathy towards their patients (SMD 0.18, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.32; P = 0.008, I² = 0%; 6 studies, 844 participant interviews; moderate-certainty evidence), and less likely to give facts only (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.01; P = 0.05, I² = 68%; 5 studies, 780 participant interviews; low-certainty evidence). Evidence suggesting no difference between CST and no CST on eliciting patient concerns and providing appropriate information was of a moderate-certainty. There was no evidence of differences in the other HCP communication skills, including clarifying and/or summarising information, and negotiation. Doctors and nurses did not perform differently for any HCP outcomes.There were no differences between the groups with regard to HCP 'burnout' (low-certainty evidence) nor with regard to patient satisfaction or patient perception of the HCPs communication skills (very low-certainty evidence). Out of the 17 included RCTs 15 were considered to be at a low risk of overall bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Various CST courses appear to be effective in improving HCP communication skills related to supportive skills and to help HCPs to be less likely to give facts only without individualising their responses to the patient's emotions or offering support. We were unable to determine whether the effects of CST are sustained over time, whether consolidation sessions are necessary, and which types of CST programs are most likely to work. We found no evidence to support a beneficial effect of CST on HCP 'burnout', the mental or physical health and satisfaction of people with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Moore
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Solange Rivera
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Gonzalo A Bravo‐Soto
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileCentro Evidencia UCDiagonal Paraguay476SantiagoMetropolitanaChile7770371
| | - Camila Olivares
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Theresa A Lawrie
- Evidence‐Based Medicine ConsultancyThe Old BarnPipehouse, FreshfordBathUKBA2 7UJ
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unresolved conflicts in health care threaten both clinician morale and quality of patient care. We piloted a training model that targeted clinicians' conflict resolution skills. METHODS Sixty clinicians from local hospitals were randomized into an intervention group (n = 30), completing a 3-hour conflict resolution training session, and a control group (n = 30) without training. The training included facilitated practice with actors, coaching, and feedback. Evaluation of 60 participants' conflict resolution skills was done in videotaped simulations with actors portraying interprofessional colleagues. Global ratings and checklist items developed for assessing clinicians' performance mirrored steps in the conflict communication model. RESULTS The intervention group's performance exceeded the control group on global scores, 7.2 of 10 (SD = 1.6) versus 5.6 (SD = 1.5), p < .05, and checklist scores, 9.3 of 11 (SD = 2.9) versus 7.9 (SD = 1.5), p < .05. Two checklist items showed statistically significant differences: (1) subjects opened the dialogue on a neutral ground before jumping into conflict discussions (intervention: 97% and control: 73%, p < .05) and (2) subjects elicited the colleague's story before sharing their own story (intervention: 70% and control: 27%, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The pilot results suggest that a health care-specific approach to conflict resolution can be effectively taught through facilitated practice, coaching, and feedback.
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Miller DC, Sullivan AM, Soffler M, Armstrong B, Anandaiah A, Rock L, McSparron JI, Schwartzstein RM, Hayes MM. Teaching Residents How to Talk About Death and Dying: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Barriers and Randomized Educational Intervention. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018; 35:1221-1226. [PMID: 29642710 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118769674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We present a pilot study exploring the effects of a brief, 30-minute educational intervention targeting resident communication surrounding dying in the intensive care unit (ICU). We sought to determine whether simulation or didactic educational interventions improved resident-reported comfort, preparation, and skill acquisition. We also sought to identify resident barriers to using the word "dying." METHODS In this mixed-methods prospective study, second- and third-year medical residents were randomized to participate in a simulation-based communication training or a didactic session. Residents completed a pre-post survey after the sessions evaluating the sessions and reflecting on their use of the word "dying" in family meetings. RESULTS Forty-five residents participated in the study. Residents reported increases in comfort (Mean [M]-pre = 3.3 [standard deviation: 0.6], M-post = 3.7 [0.7]; P < .01, Cohen d = 0.75) and preparation (M-pre = 3.4 [0.7], M-post = 3.9 [0.6]; P < .01, d = 1.07) using the word "dying" after both the simulation and didactic versions. Residents randomized to the simulation reported they were more likely to have learned new skills as compared to residents in the didactic (M-simulation = 2.2 [0.4], M-didactic = 1.9 [0.3]; P = .015, d = 0.80). They estimated that they used the word "dying" in 50% of their end-of-life (EOL) conversations and identified uncertain prognosis as the main barrier to explicitly stating the word "dying." CONCLUSION A 30-minute educational intervention improves internal medicine residents' self-reported comfort and preparation in talking about death and dying in the ICU. Residents in simulation-based training were more likely to report they learned new skills as compared to the didactic session. Residents report multiple barriers to using the word "dying" EOL conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Miller
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amy M Sullivan
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Carl J. Shapiro Center for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Soffler
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Armstrong
- 3 Carl J. Shapiro Center for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asha Anandaiah
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Rock
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob I McSparron
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard M Schwartzstein
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Carl J. Shapiro Center for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret M Hayes
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Carl J. Shapiro Center for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Association between Do Not Resuscitate/Do Not Intubate Status and Resident Physician Decision-making. A National Survey. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 14:536-542. [PMID: 28099054 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201610-798oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Compared with their Full Code counterparts, patients with do not resuscitate/do not intubate (DNR/DNI) status receive fewer interventions and have higher mortality than predicted by clinical characteristics. OBJECTIVES To assess whether internal medicine residents, the front-line providers for many hospitalized patients, would manage hypothetical patients differently based on code status. We hypothesized respondents would be less likely to provide a variety of interventions to DNR/DNI patients than to Full Code patients. METHODS Cross-sectional, randomized survey of U.S. internal medicine residents. We created two versions of an internet survey, each containing four clinical vignettes followed by questions regarding possible interventions; the versions were identical except for varying code status of the vignettes. Residency programs were randomly allocated between the two versions. RESULTS Five hundred thirty-three residents responded to the survey. As determined by Chi-squared and Fisher's exact test, decisions to intubate or perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation were largely dictated by patient code status (>94% if Full Code, <5% if DNR/DNI; P < 0.0001 for all scenarios). Resident proclivity to deliver noninvasive interventions (e.g., blood cultures, medications, imaging) was uniformly high (>90%) and unaffected by code status. However, decisions to pursue other aggressive or invasive options (e.g., dialysis, bronchoscopy, surgical consultation, transfer to intensive care unit) differed significantly based on code status in most vignettes. CONCLUSIONS Residents appear to assume that patients who would refuse cardiopulmonary resuscitation would prefer not to receive other interventions. Without explicit clarification of the patient's goals of care, potentially beneficial care may be withheld against the patient's wishes.
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Kaye EC, Snaman JM, Johnson L, Levine D, Powell B, Love A, Smith J, Ehrentraut JH, Lyman J, Cunningham M, Baker JN. Communication with Children with Cancer and Their Families Throughout the Illness Journey and at the End of Life. PALLIATIVE CARE IN PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61391-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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