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Silva IJCS, Barbosa GB, Isoppo KDS, Karloh M, Mayer AF. Reliability and validity of the online application of London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale in assessing dyspnea-related functional impairment in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38226600 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2303366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the LCADL scale applied via online form in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. METHODS Methodological study. After hospitalization for COVID-19 individuals completed the LCADL via online form at two separate times. They also answered the post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS), dyspnea, fatigue, and health perception scales, modified Medical Research Council (MRCm), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36). Hospitalization data were collected from the individual's medical record. RESULTS 104 individuals participated in the study (57 men, 45.2 ± 11.9 years). The LCADL showed moderately to high test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.73-0.86; p < 0.001), there was no difference in scores between test and retest (p > 0.05), the mean difference between the applications was smaller than the standard error of measurement and the internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's α = 0.70-0.94). In addition, it demonstrated adequate construct validity, showing correlations with PCFS, dyspnea perception, fatigue and health scales, mMRC, SF-36, and length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (p < 0.05). The LCADL as percentage of the total score presented a significant floor effect (25%). CONCLUSION The LCADL applied online was reliable and valid for assessing limitations due to dyspnea in ADL in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Julia Cristiana Santos Silva
- Núcleo de Assistência, Ensino e Pesquisa em Reabilitação Pulmonar (NuReab), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Graziele Besen Barbosa
- Núcleo de Assistência, Ensino e Pesquisa em Reabilitação Pulmonar (NuReab), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Karoliny Dos Santos Isoppo
- Núcleo de Assistência, Ensino e Pesquisa em Reabilitação Pulmonar (NuReab), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Physiotherapy Department, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Manuela Karloh
- Núcleo de Assistência, Ensino e Pesquisa em Reabilitação Pulmonar (NuReab), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Fleig Mayer
- Núcleo de Assistência, Ensino e Pesquisa em Reabilitação Pulmonar (NuReab), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Physiotherapy Department, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Fettes L, Bayly J, Chukwusa E, Ashford S, Higginson I, Maddocks M. Predictors of increasing disability in activities of daily living among people with advanced respiratory disease: a multi-site prospective cohort study, England UK. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-10. [PMID: 38073190 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2288673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disability in activities of daily living (ADL) is a common unmet need among people with advanced respiratory disease. Rehabilitation could help prolong independence, but indicators for timely intervention in this population are lacking. This study aimed to identify trajectories of disability in ADLs over time, and predicting factors, in advanced respiratory disease. METHOD Multi-site prospective cohort study in people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung disease (ILD), recruited from hospital or community services, throughout England. Disability in basic (Barthel Index) and instrumental (Lawton-Brody IADL Scale) ADLs were assessed monthly over six months. Visual graphical analysis determined individual trajectories. Multivariate logistic regression examined predictors of increasing disability in basic and instrumental ADLs. FINDINGS Between March 2020 and January 2021, we recruited participants with a diagnosis of NSCLC (n = 110), COPD (n = 72), and ILD (n = 19). 151 participants completed ≥3 timepoints and were included in the longitudinal analysis. Mobility limitation was an independent predictor of increasing disability in instrumental ADLs (odds ratio, 1⋅41 [CI: 1⋅14-1⋅74], p = 0⋅002). CONCLUSION Mobility limitation could be used as a simple referral criterion across people with advanced respiratory disease to ensure timely rehabilitation that targets independence in ADLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Fettes
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Bayly
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emeka Chukwusa
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Ashford
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Higginson
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
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Wang P, Xiao W. Development and Validation of Subsyndromal Delirium Prediction Model in Patients With Advanced Malignant Tumor: A Case-Control Study. Cancer Nurs 2023:00002820-990000000-00187. [PMID: 37962137 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subsyndromal delirium (SSD) is a clinical manifestation between delirium and nondelirium. There is no established guideline for diagnosing SSD, with a few different tools used for diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To construct and verify the risk prediction model for subdelirium syndrome in patients with advanced malignant tumors and explore its application value in risk prediction. METHODS A total of 455 patients admitted to the Oncology Department in a tertiary grade A hospital in Hengyang City were recruited from December 2020 to May 2021. They were selected as the modeling group. The model was constructed by logistic regression. A total of 195 patients with advanced malignant tumors from June 2021 to July 2021 were selected to validate the developed model. RESULTS The predictors incorporated into the model were opioids (odds ratio [OR], 1.818), sleep disorders (OR, 1.783), daily living ability score (OR, 0.969), and pain (OR, 1.810). In the modeling group, the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was P = .113, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.884, the sensitivity was 0.820, and the specificity was 0.893. In the validation group, the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test P = .108, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.843, the Yuden index was 0.670, the sensitivity was 0.804, and the specificity was 0.866. CONCLUSIONS This model has excellent precision in the risk prediction of subdelirium in patients with advanced malignant tumors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The model we developed has a guiding significance for specialized tumor nurses to care for patients with advanced malignant tumors and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Author Affiliations: Departments of Medical Oncology (Ms Wang) and Gastroenterology (Mr Xiao), The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang
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Beaumont M, Latiers AC, Prieur G. [The role of the physiotherapist in the assessment and management of dyspnea]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:169-187. [PMID: 36682956 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of the physiotherapist in the assessment and management of dyspnea. Dyspnea is the most common symptom in cardio-respiratory diseases. Recently improved comprehension of dyspnea mechanisms have underlined the need for three-faceted assessment. The three key aspects correspond to the "breathing, thinking, functioning" clinical model, which proposes a multidimensional - respiratory, emotional and functional - approach. Before initiating treatment, it is essential for several reasons to assess each specific case, determining the type of dyspnea affecting the patient, appraising the impact of shortness of breath, and estimating the effectiveness of the treatment applied. The physiotherapist has a major role to assume in the care of dyspneic patients, not only in assessment followed by treatment but also as a major collaborator in a multidisciplinary team, especially with regard to pulmonary rehabilitation. The aim of this review is to inventory the existing assessment tools and the possible physiotherapies for dyspnea, using a holistic approach designed to facilitate the choice of techniques and to improve quality of care by fully addressing the patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beaumont
- Service de réadaptation respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier des Pays de Morlaix, Morlaix, France; Inserm, Univ Brest, CHRU Brest, UMR 1304, GETBO, Brest, France.
| | - A C Latiers
- Service ORL, Stomatologie et Soins Continus, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgique
| | - G Prieur
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie, Groupe de Recherche en Kinésithérapie Respiratoire, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgique; Université de Normandie, UNIROUEN, EA3830-GRHV, 76000 Rouen, France; Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Service de pneumologie et de réadaptation respiratoire, avenue Pierre Mendes France, 76290 Montivilliers, France; Institut de Recherche et Innovation en Biomédecine (IRIB), 76000 Rouen, France
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Tinti S, Parati M, De Maria B, Urbano N, Sardo V, Falcone G, Terzoni S, Alberti A, Destrebecq A. Multi-Dimensional Dyspnea-Related Scales Validated in Individuals With Cardio-Respiratory and Cancer Diseases. A Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 63:e46-e58. [PMID: 34358643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In order to examine the multi-dimensional nature of dyspnea and its impact on the activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with cardio-respiratory and cancer diseases, validated measures are needed. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to identify all the multi-dimensional clinical scales assessing dyspnea and its impact on ADLs in patients with cardio-respiratory and cancer diseases, and to critically appraise their psychometric properties. METHODS Five databases were systematically searched up to July 2020. Eligible criteria were: the examination of at least one psychometric property, and the recruitment of adults with a cardio-respiratory or cancer disease in non-emergency settings. The characteristics and psychometric properties of the studies included were presented through a narrative synthesis. The methodological quality of the studies and evidence synthesis were rated using the "COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN)" criteria. RESULTS Forty-three studies, for which eight assessment scales had been identified, were included in the review. At the time of the review, three multi-dimensional assessment scales were available for assessing dyspnea symptoms, and five multi-dimensional scales were available to examine the impact of dyspnea on ADLs. Although the use of these scales has rapidly grown, evidence of psychometric properties has been reported as limited in most of the scales. CONCLUSION Despite the potential of the identified scales, further studies are needed to strength evidence on the validity and reliability of the multi-dimensional dyspnea scales. Furthermore, more studies appraising the content validity and responsiveness of the scales are specifically recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tinti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention (S.T.), University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Parati
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory (M.P.), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (M.P., B.D.M.), Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice De Maria
- IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (M.P., B.D.M.), Milan, Italy
| | - Nicla Urbano
- ASST-Rhodense (N.U.), Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivian Sardo
- ASST-Rhodense, Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Department (V.S., G.F.), Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Falcone
- ASST-Rhodense, Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Department (V.S., G.F.), Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Terzoni
- ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo (S.T.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Alberti
- ASST-Rhodense Bachelor School of Nursing (A.A.), Rho, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Destrebecq
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A.D.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Gersten RA, Moale AC, Seth B, Vick JB, Brown H, Eakin MN, Mathai SC, Danoff SK. A scoping review of palliative care outcome measures in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210080. [PMID: 34348982 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0080-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) confers a high mortality and symptom burden, substantially impacting quality of life. Studies evaluating palliative care in ILD are rapidly expanding. Uniform outcome measures are crucial to assessing the impact of palliative care in ILD. This scoping review evaluates existing outcome measures in general health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical health, mental health, social health and advance care planning (ACP) domains in patients with ILD. Articles in English with quantitative assessment of at least one measure of general HRQoL, physical health, mental health, social health or ACP in patients with ILD were included. Searches across three databases yielded 3488 non-duplicate articles. 23 met eligibility criteria and included three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or secondary analysis of an RCT (13%), three cross-sectional studies or secondary analysis of cross-sectional study (13%), one prospective study (4%) and 16 retrospective studies (70%). Among eligible articles, 25 distinct instruments were identified. Six studies assessed general HRQoL (26%), 16 assessed physical health (70%), 11 assessed mental health (48%), six assessed social health (26%) and 16 assessed ACP (70%). The ability to compare results across studies remains challenging given the heterogeneity in outcome measures. Future work is needed to develop core palliative care outcome measures in ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gersten
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA .,Joint first authors
| | - Amanda C Moale
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Joint first authors
| | - Bhavna Seth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judith B Vick
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Brown
- Dept of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle N Eakin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen C Mathai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonye K Danoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Gersten RA, Danoff SK. Symptom Management in Advanced Lung Disease. Respir Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81788-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Breathlessness is a common yet complex symptom of advanced disease. Effective management will most likely draw upon the skills of multiple disciplines and professions. This review considers recent advances in the management of chronic breathlessness with regards to interdisciplinary working. RECENT FINDINGS There are growing data on interventions for chronic breathlessness that incorporate psychosocial mechanisms of action, for example, active mind-body treatments; and holistic breathlessness services that exemplify interprofessional working with professionals sharing skills and practice for user benefit. Patients value the personalized, empathetic and understanding tenor of care provided by breathlessness services, above the profession that delivers any intervention. Workforce training, decision support tools and self-management interventions may provide methods to scale-up these services and improve reach, though testing around the clinical effects of these approaches is required. SUMMARY Chronic breathlessness provides an ideal context within which to realize the benefits of interdisciplinary working. Holistic breathlessness services can commit to a comprehensive approach to initial assessment, as they can subsequently deliver a wide range of interventions suited to needs as they are identified.
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Hoffman M, Augusto VM, Eduardo DS, Silveira BMF, Lemos MD, Parreira VF. Inspiratory muscle training reduces dyspnea during activities of daily living and improves inspiratory muscle function and quality of life in patients with advanced lung disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2019; 37:895-905. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1656314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hoffman
- Rehabilitation Sciences Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Physiotherapy Discipline, La Trobe Clinical School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valéria M. Augusto
- Department of Internal Medicine, UFMG, 271, Centro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daisy S. Eduardo
- Advanced Lung Disease and Pre Lung Transplantation Ambulatory Clinics, UFMG, 271, Centro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. F. Silveira
- Rehabilitation Sciences Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcela D. Lemos
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Assessment and Research, Department of Physical Therapy, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lareau SC, Blackstock FC. Functional status measures for the COPD patient: A practical categorization. Chron Respir Dis 2019; 16:1479973118816464. [PMID: 30789020 PMCID: PMC6318724 DOI: 10.1177/1479973118816464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to review available functional status measures (FSMs) validated for use in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) population and categorizing the measures by their commonalities to formulate a framework that supports clinicians in the selection and application of FSMs. A literature review identifying valid and reliable measures of functional status for people with COPD was undertaken. Measures were thematically analyzed and categorized to develop a framework for clinical application. A variety of measures of activity levels exist, with 35 included in this review. Thematic categorization identified five categories of measures: daily activity, impact, surrogate, performance-based, and disability-based measures. The vast variety of FSMs available for clinicians to apply with people who have COPD may be overwhelming, and selection must be thoughtfully based on the nature of the population being studied/evaluated, and aims of evaluation being conducted, not simply as a standard measure used at the institution. Psychometric testing is a critical feature to a strong instrument and issues of reliability, validity, and responsiveness need to be understood prior to measurement use. Contextual nature of measures such as language used and activities measured is also important. A categorical framework to support clinicians in the selection and application of FSMs has been presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Claire Lareau
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Felicity Clair Blackstock
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Gupta N, Garg R, Kumar V, Bharati SJ, Mishra S, Bhatnagar S. Palliative Care for Patients with Nonmalignant Respiratory Disease. Indian J Palliat Care 2017; 23:341-346. [PMID: 28827944 PMCID: PMC5545966 DOI: 10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_14_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmalignant respiratory diseases are chronic and life-limiting conditions that need holistic palliative care. Such patients not only have a variety of physical symptoms such as dyspnea, pain, cough, depression, and anxiety, but also have a number of psychosocial and spiritual issues, which are not addressed to by us. This leads to a poor quality of life. Hence, these patients require supportive palliative care to relieve their sufferings, but unfortunately such care is not available to them in our country. In this article, we have tried to discuss the barriers to the provision of palliative care to such patients and suggested some measures to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishkarsh Gupta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Nishkarsh Gupta, Department of Anaesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029, India. E-mail:
| | - Rakesh Garg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachidanand Jee Bharati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Mishra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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