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Peeler A, Afolabi O, Adcock M, Evans C, Nkhoma K, van Breevoort D, Farrant L, Harding R. Primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of the evidence for models and outcomes. Palliat Med 2024:2692163241248324. [PMID: 38693716 DOI: 10.1177/02692163241248324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious health-related suffering is predicted to double in low- and middle-income countries by 2060. Primary care offers the best opportunity to meet Universal Health Coverage in an equitable way. Primary palliative care growth should be evidence-based to ensure provision is feasible, acceptable and culturally congruent. AIM To identify the current evidence related to primary palliative care and to describe how primary palliative is defined in this setting, dominant typologies of care and meaningful outcome measures in LMICs. DESIGN A systematic review and thematic synthesis was conducted. We described the nature, extent and distribution of published literature on primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries, use thematic synthesis to characterize typologies of primary palliative care and design a process model for care delivery in low- and middle-income countries. DATA SOURCES Medline, Psychinfo, Global Health, Embase and CINAHL. RESULTS Thirty-five publications were included. Nearly half took place in Asia (n = 16, 45.7%). We identified five dominant typologies of primary palliative care, including delivery in primary care clinics by multidisciplinary healthcare teams and palliative care specialists, in people's homes by healthcare professionals and volunteers and in tertiary healthcare facilities by generalists. We designed a process model for how these models operate within larger health systems and identified barriers and facilitators to implementing primary palliative care in this context. CONCLUSION Evidence supporting primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries is limited, and much of the published literature comes from Asia and southern Africa. Health systems in low- and middle-income countries have unique strengths and needs that affect primary palliative care services that should guide how services evolve to meet future need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peeler
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
| | - Oladayo Afolabi
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
| | - Michael Adcock
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
| | - Catherine Evans
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
| | - Kennedy Nkhoma
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Harding
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK
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McGannan M, Grant L, Fearon D, Dozier M, Barber-Fleming V. Palliative care needs of people and/or their families with serious and/or chronic health conditions in low- or middle-income country (LMIC) humanitarian settings-a systematic scoping review protocol. Syst Rev 2024; 13:105. [PMID: 38605398 PMCID: PMC11007922 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative care in low- or middle-income country (LMIC) humanitarian settings is a new area, experiencing a degree of increased momentum over recent years. The review contributes to this growing body of knowledge, in addition to identifying gaps for future research. The overall aim is to systematically explore the evidence on palliative care needs of patients and/or their families in LMIC humanitarian settings. METHODS Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol. 8:19-32, 2005) scoping review framework forms the basis of the study design, following further guidance from Levac et al. (Implement Sci 5:1-9, 2010), the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Peters et al. (JBI Reviewer's Manual JBI: 406-452, 2020), and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) from Tricco et al. (Ann Intern Med 169:467-73, 2018). This incorporates a five-step approach and the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework. Using already identified key words/terms, searches for both published research and gray literature from January 2012 to October 2022 will be undertaken using databases (likely to include Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), Web of Science, Policy Commons, JSTOR, Library Network International Monetary Fund and World Bank, Google Advanced Search, and Google Scholar) in addition to selected pre-print sites and websites. Data selection will be undertaken based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and will be reviewed at each stage by two reviewers, with a third to resolve any differences. Extracted data will be charted in a table. Ethical approval is not required for this review. DISCUSSION Findings will be presented in tables and diagrams/charts, followed by a narrative description. The review will run from late October 2022 to early 2023. This is the first systematic scoping review specifically exploring the palliative care needs of patients and/or their family, in LMIC humanitarian settings. The paper from the review findings will be submitted for publication in 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McGannan
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Liz Grant
- Global Health and Development-Centre for Global Health, Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Fearon
- Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marshall Dozier
- Library Academic Support, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria Barber-Fleming
- Advanced Care Research Centre (ACRC), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Salako O, Enyi A, Miesfeldt S, Kabukye JK, Ngoma M, Namisango E, LeBaron V, Sisimayi C, Ebenso B, Lorenz KA, Wang Y, Ryan Wolf J, van den Hurk C, Allsop M. Remote Symptom Monitoring to Enhance the Delivery of Palliative Cancer Care in Low-Resource Settings: Emerging Approaches from Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7190. [PMID: 38131741 PMCID: PMC10743024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper brings together researchers, clinicians, technology developers and digital innovators to outline current applications of remote symptom monitoring being developed for palliative cancer care delivery in Africa. We outline three remote symptom monitoring approaches from three countries, highlighting their models of delivery and intended outcomes, and draw on their experiences of implementation to guide further developments and evaluations of this approach for palliative cancer care in the region. Through highlighting these experiences and priority areas for future research, we hope to steer efforts to develop and optimise remote symptom monitoring for palliative cancer care in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola Salako
- Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy and Radiodiagnosis (RBRR) Digital Health Hub, College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos 102215, Nigeria;
| | | | - Susan Miesfeldt
- Medical Oncology, Maine Medical Center, MaineHealth Cancer Care Center, Scarborough, ME 04106, USA;
| | - Johnblack K. Kabukye
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Upper Mulago Hill Road, Kampala P.O. Box 3935, Uganda;
- Swedish Program for ICT in Developing Regions (SPIDER), Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV), Stockholm University, 164 55 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mamsau Ngoma
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania;
| | - Eve Namisango
- African Palliative Care Association, Kampala P.O. Box 72518, Uganda;
| | - Virginia LeBaron
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Chenjerai Sisimayi
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;
| | - Bassey Ebenso
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK;
| | - Karl A. Lorenz
- Ci2i, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
- Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Julie Ryan Wolf
- Departments of Dermatology and Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Corina van den Hurk
- R&D Department, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, 3501 DB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Matthew Allsop
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK;
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Wang X, Mo Y, Yuan Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Sheng J, Liu J. Exploring the influencing factors of unmet palliative care needs in Chinese patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:113. [PMID: 37543565 PMCID: PMC10403855 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of palliative care for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have been proven in some developed countries, but it is still unclear in the mainland of China. In fact, patients with ESRD experience many unmet palliative care needs, such as physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs, but the factors influencing these needs have not investigated. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at two hemodialysis centers in the mainland of China from January to September 2022. Convenience sampling was used to collect data on the participants' socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, the Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS), the Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI), the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item (PHQ-9), and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS). Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Three hundred five participants were included in this study, and divided palliative care needs into three categories: Class 1, mild palliative care needs (n = 154, 50.5%); Class 2, moderate palliative care needs (n = 89, 29.2%); Class 3, severe palliative care needs (n = 62, 20.3%). Based on the analysis of three profiles, the influencing factors of unmet needs were further analyzed. Compared with Class 3, senior high school education, the household per capita monthly income < 2,000, low KPS scores, high PHQ-9 scores, and low SSRS scores were less likely to be in Class 1 (OR = 0.03, P = 0.012; OR = 0.003, P < 0.001; OR = 1.15, P < 0.001; OR = 0.55, P < 0.001; OR = 1.35, P = 0.002; respectively) and Class 2 (OR = 0.03, P = 0.007; OR = 0.05, P = 0.011; OR = 1.10, P = 0.001; OR = 0.60, P = 0.001; OR = 1.32, P = 0.003; respectively), and high symptom severity were less likely to be in Class 1 (OR = 0.82, P = 0.001). Moreover, compared with Class 1, the household per capita monthly income < 2,000 (OR = 16.41, P < 0.001), high symptom severity scores (OR = 1.12, P = 0.002) and low KPS scores (OR = 0.95, P = 0.002) were more likely to be in Class 2. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that almost half of ESRD patients receiving MHD presented moderate to severe palliative care needs, and the unmet needs were mainly affected by education level, financial pressure, functional status, symptom burden and social support. In the future, it is important to identify the populations with the greatest need for palliative care and consider the influencing factors of unmet needs from a comprehensive perspective, so as to help them improve health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingying Yuan
- School of Nursing, Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Nursing, Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Sheng
- Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Carey N, Abathun E, Maguire R, Wodaje Y, Royce C, Ayers N. Co-design and prototype development of the 'Ayzot App': A mobile phone based remote monitoring system for palliative care. Palliat Med 2023; 37:771-781. [PMID: 37002562 DOI: 10.1177/02692163231162408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative care, a recognised component of care by the World Health Organization is poorly developed in low- and middle-income countries. Mobile phone technology, an effective way to increase access and sustainability of healthcare systems globally, has demonstrated benefits within palliative care service delivery, but is yet to be utilised in Ethiopia. AIM To co-design, develop and evaluate a mobile phone based remote monitoring system for use by palliative care patients in Ethiopia. DESIGN Two-phase co-design approach comprising multiple methods that is stakeholder interviews, focus groups, user-co-creation activities and healthcare worker prioritisation discussions 2019-2020. Phase-1 interviews (n = 40), Phase-2 focus groups (n = 3) and interviews (n = 10). SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Hospice Ethiopia and Yekatit 12 Medical College Hospital: healthcare workers, palliative care patients, family carers & software-developers. RESULTS Co-design activities lead to development of the prototype 'Ayzot' application, which was well received and reported to be easy to use. Patients, and family caregivers saw provision of self-care information and symptom management as a key function of the App and expressed very positive attitudes towards such information being included. Healthcare workers found the App offered service benefits, in terms of time and cost-savings. CONCLUSION This paper provides a detailed example of the development and design of a prototype remote monitoring system using mobile phone technology for palliative care use in Ethiopia. Further development and real-world testing are required, to not only understand how it acts within usual care to deliver anticipated benefits but also to explore its effectiveness and provide cost estimates for wider implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Carey
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands, UK
| | | | - Roma Maguire
- Digital Health and Care and Research, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | | | | | - Nicola Ayers
- Palliative Care Advisor, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
- School of Nursing, BPP University, Waterloo, London, UK
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Namukwaya E, Nabirye E, Dandadzi A, Akeju D, Adejoh S, Namisango E, Nkhoma K, Ebenso B, Allsop MJ. "From the Time You Start With them Until the Lord Calls You": A Qualitative Study on the Experiences and Expectations of People Living with Advanced Cancer Interacting With Palliative Care Services in Uganda, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 64:588-601. [PMID: 36089175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A challenge facing the provision of palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa is a means of increasing coverage of services whilst maintaining quality. Developing an evidence base that reflects patients' experiences and expectations of palliative care services, the context within which services are provided, and the approaches adopted by services in caring for patients, could facilitate and inform the planning and development of patient-centered and responsive services. OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences and expectations of palliative care for people living with advanced cancer in Nigeria, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. METHODS A secondary qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with 62 people with advanced cancer in Nigeria, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Framework approach to thematic analysis of transcripts was adopted, focusing on patients' experiences and expectations when interacting with palliative care services, aligning reporting with the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ). RESULTS Four main themes were generated from the analysis: 1) Condition and community as drivers of a multidimensional burden when living with advanced cancer; 2) The expectations and endeavors of palliative care to ameliorate the impact of cancer on physical, psychological and basic needs; 3) Processes and preferences for interacting and communicating with palliative care services, and; 4) Restoration of hope in the context of limited resources. CONCLUSION Wide-ranging physical, psychological, social and financial impacts on participants were outlined. These concerns were largely met with compassionate and responsive care in the context of constrained resources. Study findings can inform evolving notions of patient-centred care for serious illnesses in the participating countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Nabirye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adlight Dandadzi
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Akeju
- Department of Social Work, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Adejoh
- Department of Social Work, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Eve Namisango
- African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kennedy Nkhoma
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bassey Ebenso
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Allsop
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.
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Palliative care needs and symptom burden in younger and older patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Sci 2022; 9:422-429. [PMID: 36285085 PMCID: PMC9587393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the current situation of palliative care needs and the symptom burden in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), and to explore whether there are differences between younger and older patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the hemodialysis centers of two tertiary hospitals from November 2021 to June 2022. Participants were selected by convenience sampling. Socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, the Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS), the Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI), and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-3L) were used for evaluation. Descriptive statistics, between-group comparisons, and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 236 patients were enrolled, including 118 younger and 118 older patients. The total median (P25, P75) POS score was 16.0 (12.0, 23.0), and the score was higher in older patients (P < 0.01). The mean total number of symptoms in MHD patients was 15.04 ± 5.06, and the overall median symptom severity score was 59.0 (52.0, 71.0); these scores were higher in the older group (P < 0.01). The most common symptom was dry mouth (91.5%), followed by itching (83.1%), and dry skin (82.2%). Additionally, palliative care needs were significantly associated with symptom burden and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Conclusions The results showed that patients with ESRD undergoing MHD have a significant symptom burden and moderate palliative care needs, which are more severe in older patients. Therefore, interdisciplinary teams should be formed to actively manage patients’ symptoms and meet the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs related to palliative care to improve patients’ HRQOL.
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Afolabi OA, Nkhoma K, Soyannwo O, Aje A, Ogunniyi A, Harding R, Maddocks M. Integrated Primary Palliative Care in Nigeria- Perspectives of Patients, Families and Providers. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 64:319-329. [PMID: 35835429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative care should be integrated into primary healthcare systems within low- and middle-income countries to achieve Universal Health Coverage goals. We aimed to identify preferences and expectations for primary palliative care among people living with serious illness and their families and the readiness of primary healthcare providers to deliver primary palliative care in Nigeria. METHODS Qualitative descriptive interview study with 48 participants: people living with serious illness (n=21) and their family caregivers (n=15), healthcare providers (n=12). Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three major themes were identified. 1.) Engaging patients and families. 2.) Managing patients and families' expectations and preferences. 3.) Addressing staffing-related issues. Patients and families have existing trust and bonds from using primary healthcare but lack individual agency necessary for person-centered care decisions. They expect an easily accessible service, opportunities for social interaction and adequate communication. Development of healthcare providers is needed to ensure an appropriate clinical response, manage interprofessional trust and ensure clear role delineation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have identified specific approaches to implement the WHO policy on integrated primary palliative care. Palliative care integration within primary healthcare in Nigeria can be achieved through building information and communication skills of healthcare providers, engaging and empowering patients to exercise their agency in care decisions, and adequately delineating healthcare providers' roles to ensure staff work within their competencies and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo A Afolabi
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative care (O.A.A, K.N., R.H., M.M.), Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative care, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Nursing Science (O.A.A.), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - Kennedy Nkhoma
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative care (O.A.A, K.N., R.H., M.M.), Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olaitan Soyannwo
- Hospice and Palliative care department (O.S.), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinyemi Aje
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.A.), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Division of Neurology (O.A.), Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard Harding
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative care (O.A.A, K.N., R.H., M.M.), Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative care (O.A.A, K.N., R.H., M.M.), Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative care, King's College London, London, UK
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