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Felice D, Guilloux JP, Pehrson A, Li Y, Mendez-David I, Gardier AM, Sanchez C, David DJ. Vortioxetine Improves Context Discrimination in Mice Through a Neurogenesis Independent Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:204. [PMID: 29593535 PMCID: PMC5857583 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) patients may exhibit cognitive deficits and it is currently unclear to which degree treatment with antidepressants may affect cognitive function. Preclinical and clinical observations showed that vortioxetine (VORT, an antidepressant with multimodal activity), presents beneficial effects on aspects of cognitive function. In addition, VORT treatment increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in rodents, a candidate mechanism for antidepressant activity. Pattern separation (PS) is the ability to discriminate between two similar contexts/events generating two distinct and non-overlapping representations. Impaired PS may lead to overgeneralization and anxiety disorders. If PS impairments were described in depressed patients, the consequences of antidepressant treatment on context discrimination (CD) are still in its infancy. We hypothesized that VORT-increased AHN may improve CD. Thus, in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism underpinning VORT treatment effects on CD, a rodent model of PS, the role of AHN and stress-induced c-Fos activation was evaluated in the adult mouse hippocampus. Chronic treatment with VORT (1.8 g/kg of food weight; corresponding to a daily dose of 10 mg/kg, 3 weeks) improved CD in mice. Interestingly, chronic treatment with VORT reversed ablation of AHN-induced delay in CD and freezing behavior. VORT treatment decreased stress-induced c-Fos activation in the dorsal but not ventral dentate gyrus. VORT treatment did not affect c-Fos activity in the hippocampus of mice with ablated neurogenesis. This study highlights a role of VORT in CD, which may be independent from AHN and hippocampal c-Fos activation. Further studies elucidating the mechanisms underlying VORT’s effects in CD could contribute to future strategies for alleviating the disease burden for individuals suffering from depression and/or anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felice
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CESP, INSERM UMRS1178, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CESP, INSERM UMRS1178, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Alan Pehrson
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, United States
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CESP, INSERM UMRS1178, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CESP, INSERM UMRS1178, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, United States.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Denis J David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CESP, INSERM UMRS1178, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Steen NE, Aas M, Simonsen C, Dieset I, Tesli M, Nerhus M, Gardsjord E, Mørch R, Agartz I, Melle I, Vaskinn A, Spigset O, Andreassen OA. Serum level of venlafaxine is associated with better memory in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:386-392. [PMID: 26516101 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of psychosis spectrum disorders. Antipsychotics have at best small positive effects on cognitive performance. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of antidepressants on cognitive functioning in these disorders. In the present study cognitive performance was investigated in relation to serum levels of antidepressants in persons with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Serum concentrations of escitalopram, citalopram and venlafaxine plus O-desmethylvenlafaxine were measured in a total of 187 participants with bipolar disorder (N=74) or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (N=113), and analyzed in relation to neuropsychological tests performance of verbal learning, verbal memory, attention, working memory, executive functioning and processing speed. Analyses were performed using linear regression adjusting for a range of confounders. There was a significant positive association between the serum level of venlafaxine plus O-desmethylvenlafaxine and verbal memory (immediate recall: Logical Memory Test immediate recall [p=0.015], and long term delayed recall: Logical Memory Test delayed recall [p=0.011]). No significant associations were seen between citalopram or escitalopram and verbal memory. There were no significant associations between the tested antidepressants and verbal learning, attention, working memory, executive functioning, or processing speed. Venlafaxine seem to be associated with better verbal memory in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This suggests a possible beneficial role of certain antidepressants on cognitive dysfunction, which may have clinical implications and provide insight into underlying pathophysiology. However, the current findings should be replicated in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Drammen District Psychiatric Center, Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway.
| | - Monica Aas
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Tesli
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Nerhus
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend Gardsjord
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragni Mørch
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, PO Box 85, Vinderen, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anja Vaskinn
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Spigset
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, PO Box 3250, Sluppen, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Sayyah M, Majzoob S, Sayyah M. Metabolic and toxicological considerations for obsessive-compulsive disorder drug therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:657-73. [PMID: 23521155 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.783011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects the daily life of the patients. Chronic nature of this disease and the need for long-term high-dose drug therapy for its maintenance increase the risk of metabolic and toxicological complications. AREAS COVERED In this concise article, the metabolic and toxicological aspects of major medication categories prescribed in OCD, such as serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressant (clomipramine), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antipsychotics indicated in OCD (both Food and Drug Administration-approved and off-label) are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The most critical point in pharmacotherapy of OCD is the need for the high-dose and long-term use of drugs. In OCD, generally the higher doses of applicable drugs than those used in depression are required, often exceeding the recommended maximum dose. Moreover, such high doses should be given for at least 10 - 12 weeks to ensure the adequate treatment duration for the clinical effects to emerge. This long-term high-dose maintenance therapy increases the risk of drug toxicity and adverse effects. Physicians should take extra care in periodical assessment of signs and symptoms of metabolic and toxicological complications in patients. Subjective symptoms reported by patients should be carefully assessed and not attributed to obsessive nature of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sayyah
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
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De Las Cuevas C, Ramallo Y, Sanz EJ. Psychomotor performance and fitness to drive: the influence of psychiatric disease and its pharmacological treatment. Psychiatry Res 2010; 176:236-41. [PMID: 20202690 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Both psychiatric disorders and psychiatric drug treatments produce changes of psychomotor performance which can disturb and/or interfere with the ability to drive safely. We studied the influence of current psychiatric drug treatments on psychomotor functions and on driving performance of 77 consecutive psychiatric outpatients in two different clinical situations: at admission, when patients are destabilized and their mental disorders untreated, and after 6 weeks of pertinent psychotropic treatment. Fitness to drive and psychomotor performance were assessed using the electronic LNDETER 100 battery. Treatment effects on global functioning were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) scale. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons with the Bonferroni correction were performed. At the time of diagnosis, 90% of the patients failed to achieve scores sufficient to renew their driving licenses. After 6 weeks of adequate treatment, 83% improved their mental condition, and 17% either remained unchanged or deteriorated. Of those who improved, 25% had scores sufficiently high for them to drive legally, and the rest improved their performance from baseline assessment. Three of the four sub-tests were able to discriminate between patients with different clinical conditions. The study clearly suggests that medical treatment of psychiatric problems has a positive effect on driving tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De Las Cuevas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38071, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Gorenstein C, de Carvalho SC, Artes R, Moreno RA, Marcourakis T. Cognitive performance in depressed patients after chronic use of antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185:84-92. [PMID: 16485140 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depressive disorders are conditions that often require continuous treatment, and it is therefore important to evaluate the consequences of prolonged administration. There are few studies assessing cognitive functions of depressed patients after long-term use of antidepressants. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the cognitive performance of depressed patients treated with antidepressants for at least 6 months. METHODS Patients with major depression (DSM-IV) using imipramine for 2.4+/-0.6 years (mean+/-SE), clomipramine for 2.8+/-1.2 years, fluoxetine for 1.8+/-0.3 years and sertraline for 1.5+/-0.3 years were compared to matched controls (sex, age and educational level) without any psychiatric diagnosis. Memory evaluation consisted of episodic, implicit and working memory tests as well as metamemory assessment. RESULTS (a) Psychomotor performance of patients taking imipramine was worse than that of controls in inserting pins and a visual reaction time task; on the performance of tapping the difference from controls varied according to dose/weight for patients taking clomipramine and fluoxetine. (b) For memory tests, differences between patients taking sertraline and controls were observed in the number of digits and words recalled; the difference between patients and controls varied according to dose/weight on the number of familiar words correctly completed for patients taking clomipramine and on digit span backward for those taking sertraline. (c) Metamemory was worse in all patient groups irrespective of patients' clinical state. CONCLUSIONS The impairment in psychomotor and memory performances associated with these antidepressants seems to be of low intensity and of questionable clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Gorenstein
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Morcuende S, Gadd CA, Peters M, Moss A, Harris EA, Sheasby A, Fisher AS, De Felipe C, Mantyh PW, Rupniak NMJ, Giese KP, Hunt SP. Increased neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurokinin-1 receptor gene knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1828-36. [PMID: 14622216 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs increases neurogenesis and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. These changes have been correlated with changes in learning and long-term potentiation and may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drug treatment. Recently, antagonists at the neurokinin-1 receptor, the preferred receptor for the neuropeptide substance P, have been shown to have antidepressant activity. Mice with disruption of the neurokinin-1 receptor gene are remarkably similar both behaviourally and neurochemically to mice maintained chronically on antidepressant drugs. We demonstrate here that there is a significant elevation of neurogenesis but not cell survival in the hippocampus of neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Neurogenesis can be increased in wild-type but not neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice by chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs which preferentially target noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways. Hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are also two-fold higher in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice, whereas cortical levels are similar. Finally, we examined hippocampus-dependent learning and memory but found no clear enhancement in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. These data argue against a simple correlation between increased levels of neurogenesis or brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mnemonic processes in the absence of increased cell survival. They support the hypothesis that increased neurogenesis, perhaps accompanied by higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, may contribute to the efficacy of antidepressant drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morcuende
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Medawar Building, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Gallagher P, Massey AE, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on executive function in healthy male volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3:10. [PMID: 12895276 PMCID: PMC184453 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment is frequently described in a number of psychiatric disorders and may be a direct consequence of serotonergic dysfunction. As impairments in executive functions are some of the most frequently described, the purpose of this study was to examine the performance of normal volunteers on a range of executive tasks following a transient reduction of central serotonin (5-HT) levels using the method of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). METHODS Fifteen healthy male subjects participated in a within-subject, double-blind, counterbalanced crossover study. ATD was induced by ingestion of a 100 g amino-acid drink. Executive function was evaluated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop, Verbal Fluency and Trail Making. Visual analogue scales were administered to assess mood. RESULTS Plasma free and total tryptophan concentrations were significantly reduced by the depleting drink (P < 0.001). ATD selectively improved motor speed/ attention on the Trails A test (P = 0.027), with no effect on subjective ratings of mood. Interaction effects between drink and the order of drink administration were observed on most neurocognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS The improvement in simple motor speed/ attention following ATD is in keeping with the ascribed role of 5-HT in the cortex, however performance on tests of executive function is not robustly altered. The presence of interaction effects on most tasks suggests that subtle changes may occur but are masked, possibly by simple learning effects, in the context of a crossover design. This has implications for the design of future studies, particularly those examining executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gallagher
- Stanley Research Centre; School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry; University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Anna E Massey
- Stanley Research Centre; School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry; University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Stanley Research Centre; School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry; University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - R Hamish McAllister-Williams
- Stanley Research Centre; School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry; University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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