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Singh A, Verma N, Kant S, Verma AK, Tripathi A, Bhardwaj K. Impact of Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on Tobacco Dependence, Craving, and Haematological Parameters in Tobacco-Dependent Subjects. Cureus 2024; 16:e57101. [PMID: 38681370 PMCID: PMC11054311 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco is prevalently used in smoking or smokeless forms and remains a major public health concern worldwide, with its adverse effects on overall health. Omega-3 fatty acid (FA) has shown its promising effects in various health conditions. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed oil (omega-3 supplementation) on tobacco dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and haematological parameters in tobacco users. Methods In this randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled study, 104 tobacco users (54 in the omega-3 group and 50 in the placebo group) were supplemented with 10 ml of food-grade flaxseed oil and 10 ml of placebo for six months, respectively. Their demographics, frequency of daily tobacco use, tobacco dependence, tobacco craving, tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and complete blood count (CBC) were assessed at baseline (before intervention) and after a six-month intervention. Results The demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar except for gender at baseline. There were 50 males and four females in the omega-3 group, while there were 42 males and eight females in the placebo group. After a six-month flaxseed oil intervention, BMI values showed a significant reduction (p = 0.0081) in the omega-3 group when compared to baseline; however, CBC parameters did not show any significant changes when comparing baseline to follow-up values. On the contrary, haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs) showed significant changes when comparing the follow-ups of the omega-3 group with the placebo group, indicating p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0163, respectively. Also, omega-3 effectively decreased daily tobacco use frequency (p<0.0001), tobacco dependence (p<0.0001), and craving (p<0.0001). Conclusion Supplementation of 10 ml of flaxseed oil per day (omega-3 FA) for six months significantly reduced tobacco dependence and cravings. Additionally, the flaxseed oil supplementation effectively reduced the frequency of daily tobacco intake and modulated tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Thus, our results suggest that flaxseed oil supplementation is a useful adjunct for tobacco users who intend to quit tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Narsingh Verma
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Surya Kant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Ajay K Verma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Adarsh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Kshitij Bhardwaj
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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Luo M, Gan Q, Fu Y, Chen Z. Cue-reactivity targeted smoking cessation intervention in individuals with tobacco use disorder: a scoping review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1167283. [PMID: 37743997 PMCID: PMC10512743 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1167283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cue-reactivity is a critical step leading to the emergence of addictive psychology and the triggering of addictive behaviors within the framework of addiction theory and is considered a significant risk factor for addiction-related behaviors. However, the effect of cue-reactivity targeted smoking cessation intervention and the cue-reactivity paradigms used in the randomized controlled trials varies, which introduces more heterogeneity and makes a side-by-side comparison of cessation responses difficult. Therefore, the scoping review aims to integrate existing research and identify evidence gaps. Methods We searched databases in English (PubMed and Embase) and Chinese (CNKI and Wanfang) using terms synonymous with 'cue' and 'tobacco use disorder (TUD)' to April 2023, and via hand-searching and reference screening of included studies. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials taking cue-reactivity as an indicator for tobacco use disorder (TUD) defined by different kinds of criteria. Results Data were extracted on each study's country, population, methods, timeframes, outcomes, cue-reactivity paradigms, and so on. Of the 2,944 literature were retrieved, 201 studies met the criteria and were selected for full-text screening. Finally, 67 pieces of literature were selected for inclusion and data extraction. The results mainly revealed that non-invasive brain stimulation and exercise therapy showed a trend of greater possibility in reducing subjective craving compared to the remaining therapies, despite variations in the number of research studies conducted in each category. And cue-reactivity paradigms vary in materials and mainly fall into two main categories: behaviorally induced craving paradigm or visually induced craving paradigm. Conclusion The current studies are still inadequate in terms of comparability due to their heterogeneity, cue-reactivity can be conducted in the future by constructing a standard library of smoking cue materials. Causal analysis is suggested in order to adequately screen for causes of addiction persistence, and further explore the specific objective cue-reactivity-related indicators of TUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoling Luo
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Murff HJ, Greevy RA, Sternlieb S, Gilliam K, King S, Sanghani R, Tindle HA. The Fish Oil to Reduce Tobacco Use iN Expectant mothers (FORTUNE) feasibility trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100707. [PMID: 35948268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three small clinical trials have suggested that supplementation with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) found in fish oils may reduce nicotine cravings and at higher doses reduce cigarette consumption. Pregnant women who smoke have fewer pharmacologic options to aid them with smoking cessation. Although n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has been studied in pregnancy, few studies have evaluated doses of ≥4 g per day, and no previous studies have selectively enrolled pregnant women who smoke. High-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may aid cessation but could be poorly tolerated in pregnant women who smoke because of gastrointestinal side effects. OBJECTIVE We conducted a feasibility trial to determine the tolerability of high-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnant women who smoked. We hypothesized that n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid doses of 4.2 g a day would be well-tolerated relative to an olive oil placebo. We assessed red blood cell phospholipid membrane concentrations at baseline and end of therapy (4 weeks) and piloted outcomes for a future efficacy trial of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for smoking cessation in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN We recruited 28 pregnant women between the gestational ages of 6 and 36 weeks who reported daily cigarette smoking and were motivated to quit to participate in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized feasibility trial of 4.2 g per day of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Participants reported cigarettes per day, completed the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence, and provided blood, urine, and exhaled CO samples. We used repeated-measures analysis of variance to pilot analyses of changes in cigarettes per day and Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence scores. RESULTS At baseline, red blood cell membrane eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations were negatively correlated with cigarettes per day (r=-0.44; P=.04). By 4 weeks, circulating n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels increased by 18% in the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation arm vs a decrease of 3% in the placebo arm. Occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects such as burping, heartburn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or nausea did not differ statistically between study arms. At 4 weeks, participants allocated to the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids arm reported a median of 3 cigarettes per day (interquartile range, 1-8) vs 7 cigarettes per day (interquartile range, 1-14) in the placebo arm, which was not statistically significant (P=.99). Participants allocated to the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids arm had a decrease of 1 (interquartile range, 0-1) on the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence score vs 0 (interquartile range, 0-0) for placebo (P=.46). CONCLUSION High-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may be tolerated in pregnant women who smoke; however, there was a high level of participant dropout, with more participants allocated to the fish oil arm becoming lost to follow-up. These results will inform the design of a future large-scale randomized controlled trial to test the impact of fish oil supplements on smoking cessation in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Sternlieb, Ms Gilliam, Mr King, and Dr Tindle); Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Tindle); Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Tindle).
| | - Robert A Greevy
- Departments of Biostatistics (Dr Greevy), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah Sternlieb
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Sternlieb, Ms Gilliam, Mr King, and Dr Tindle)
| | - Karen Gilliam
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Sternlieb, Ms Gilliam, Mr King, and Dr Tindle)
| | - Stephen King
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Sternlieb, Ms Gilliam, Mr King, and Dr Tindle)
| | - Reesha Sanghani
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Dr Sanghani), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Sternlieb, Ms Gilliam, Mr King, and Dr Tindle); Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Tindle); Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Drs Murff and Tindle)
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Murff HJ, Greevy RA, Sanghani RS, Hartmann KE, Hartert TV, Graves CR, Lee SS, Tindle HA. Investigating N-3 Fatty Acids to prevent Neonatal Tobacco-related outcomeS (INFANTS): study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant smokers. Trials 2021; 22:922. [PMID: 34906201 PMCID: PMC8669400 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use during pregnancy is the most important modifiable risk factor associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, increasing the risk of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction and sudden infant death syndrome. Fewer than half of pregnant smokers can quit on their own. Identifying safe and effective therapies to prevent tobacco-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and/or increase smoking cessation in pregnant women would have a substantial public health impact. Cigarette smoking is associated with a relative deficiency in circulating n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) levels. A recent analysis found that smokers taking n-3 LCPUFAs during pregnancy had a reduction in preterm labor risk when compared to non-smokers. Studies have shown that supplemental n-3 LCPUFAs may also reduce nicotine cravings and daily cigarette use. Thus, smokers may benefit from supplemental n-3 LCPUFAs by lowering the risk of preterm labor and/or increased smoking cessation. To address important remaining knowledge gaps, we propose the Investigating N-3 Fatty Acids to prevent Neonatal Tobacco related outcomeS (INFANTS). METHODS The INFANTS study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that will randomize 400 pregnant smokers to either supplemental n-3 LCPUFAs or placebo. Participants will be enrolled between 12 and 24 weeks' gestation and followed until 6 weeks after delivery. We will recruit from clinical centers throughout Middle Tennessee. We will assess smoking behavior after 12 weeks of supplementation using self-report and validated biomarkers of tobacco exposure. We will measure response to supplementation using biological markers of n-3 LCPUFA status. Our primary endpoint will be preterm labor as reflected by gestational age at delivery. Our secondary endpoint will be change from baseline in cigarettes per day at 12 weeks. DISCUSSION This study tests the hypothesis that smoking-induced n-3 LCPUFA deficiencies contribute to tobacco-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and that supplementation of n-3 LCPUFAs in pregnant smokers may prevent these complications. If our study demonstrates that supplemental n-3 LCPUFAs are effective at reducing the risk of tobacco-related adverse neonatal outcomes and/or reducing tobacco use during pregnancy, our results could have an immediate and major impact on pregnancy care and neonatal outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04417595. Registered on April 21, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Robert A Greevy
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Reesha S Sanghani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Katherine E Hartmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | | | - Scott S Lee
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Jung T, Hudson R, Rushlow W, Laviolette SR. Functional interactions between cannabinoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Implications for mental health pharmacotherapies. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:1088-1100. [PMID: 33108021 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis contains a plethora of phytochemical constituents with diverse neurobiological effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic component found in cannabis that is capable of modulating mesocorticolimbic DA transmission and may possess therapeutic potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence also suggests that, similar to CBD, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may regulate DA transmission and possess therapeutic potential for similar neuropsychiatric disorders. Although progress has been made to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic properties of CBD and omega-3s, it remains unclear through which receptor mechanisms they may produce their purported effects. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are a group of nuclear transcription factors with multiple isoforms. PPARγ is an isoform activated by both CBD and omega-3, whereas the PPARα isoform is activated by omega-3. Interestingly, the activation of PPARγ and PPARα with selective agonists has been shown to decrease mesocorticolimbic DA activity and block neuropsychiatric symptoms similar to CBD and omega-3s, raising the possibility that CBD and omega-3s produce their effects through PPAR signaling. This review will examine the relationship between CBD, omega-3s, and PPARs and how they may be implicated in the modulation of mesocorticolimbic DAergic abnormalities and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Jung
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Hudson
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Walter Rushlow
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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Galduróz JCF, Bezerra AG, Pires GN, Pauluci R, Noto AR. OMEGA-3 Interventions in Alcohol Dependence and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Propositions. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:456-462. [PMID: 31989899 PMCID: PMC7457439 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological treatment for alcohol dependence has only three approved drugs: disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate. The effects of these drugs are, however, limited, presenting several side effects and a modestly higher efficacy compared to placebo. The administration of omega-3 might bring new perspectives to relapse prevention. METHODS This systematic review aimed to analyze the available literature, compiling the studies that used omega-3 to prevent relapse in alcohol dependents. RESULTS The databases used were PubMed and Web of Science. We identified 2,231 studies and only five articles addressed the administration of omega-3 and alcoholism. Preclinical studies evaluating the effects of PUFAs related to chronic alcohol administration showed improvements in behavioral, cellular and molecular levels. The clinical trial yielded inconclusive results. CONCLUSION Despite the reduced number of studies, omega-3 interventions seem to be promising for controlling issues related to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos F. Galduróz
- Address correspondence to this author at the Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;, Tel: +55 11 2149-0155; E-mail:
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Sadeghi-Ardekani K, Haghighi M, Zarrin R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cigarette craving and oxidative stress index in heavy-smoker males: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:995-1002. [PMID: 30136619 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118788806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking-induced oxidative stress is thought to contribute to lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids in plasma and brain tissue. This lower level leads to impaired function in a dopaminergic system related to dependence and craving. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cigarette craving and oxidative stress index in heavy-smoker males. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 54 heavy-smoker males (smoke ⩾20 cigarettes per day) were randomly selected to receive either five capsules of fish-oil-derived omega-3 fatty acid supplements ( n = 27, each 1 g capsule containing 180 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg of docosahexanoic acid) or a placebo ( n = 27) for 3 months. The psychometric evaluations (nicotine dependence and cigarette craving), biochemical markers (urinary cotinine, serum total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status) and self-reported smoking status were used to assess the cigarette craving and oxidative stress index (oxidative stress index = total oxidant status/total antioxidant capacity). RESULTS There was a greater reduction in levels of nicotine dependence, cigarette craving and cigarettes smoked per day in the omega-3 fatty acid group compared to the placebo group, and the difference between the two groups increased from baseline to 3-month follow up. The model estimated that these differences were statistically significant ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Also, a significant decrease was observed in levels of total oxidant status ( p = 0.008) and oxidative stress index ( p = 0.011) in the omega-3 fatty acid group after intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that high-dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation appears to be useful in reducing cigarette craving and oxidative stress index in heavy-smoker males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Sadeghi-Ardekani
- 1 Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, The Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mahmonir Haghighi
- 2 Psychiatry Department, The Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Rasoul Zarrin
- 1 Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, The Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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The effect of electronic-cigarettes aerosol on rat brain lipid profile. Biochimie 2018; 153:99-108. [PMID: 30077815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cigs) have become the most sought-after alternative to the traditional cigarettes, partly due to the widespread perception of safety. However, the high temperature reached by e-cig solutions can generate toxic compounds, some of which are listed as known human carcinogens. To evaluate the impact of e-cig aerosol on rat brain lipid profile, twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 11 cycles/day (E-cig group), to consume 1 mL/day of e-liquid, for 5 days/week up to 8 weeks. Ten rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks (4w) and ten at the end of treatment (8w). The composition of total fatty acids, sterols and oxysterols of the lipid fraction of rat brains, was analyzed. The results of the E-cig group were compared with those of the control group (not exposed). After 8 weeks, the saturated fatty acids significantly raised up to 7.35 mg/g tissue, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased reaching 3.17 mg/g. The e-cig vaping increased both palmitic (3.43 mg/g) and stearic acids (3.82 mg/g), while a significant decrement of arachidonic (1.32 mg/g) and docosahexaenoic acids (1.00 mg/g) was found. Atherogenic (0.5) and thrombogenic (1.12) indices also increased in 8w treated animals. The e-cig aerosol significantly impacted the cholesterol homeostasis, since the latter at 8w (21.57 mg/g) was significantly lower than control (24.56 mg/g); moreover, a significant increase of 7-dehydrocholesterol (1.87 mg/g) was also denoted in e-cig group. The e-cig aerosol also reduced the oxysterol formation (19.55 μg/g) after 4 weeks of exposure, except for triol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol (α-EC). The principal component analysis (PCA) separated all E-cig from control groups, evidencing that oxysterols (except triol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC)) were inversely correlated to 7-DHC and TI. The present research revealed that e-cigs aerosol affected the lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in rat brain, which could contribute to the new occurrence of some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
n-3 Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), are essential components of neuronal membranes and mediate a range of complex bioactive properties including gene expression, myelination, cell-signalling and dopaminergic function. Deficits in n-3 HUFA have been linked to increased risks for addictive disorders, thus we posited that lower fish consumption would be associated with greater risks for perinatal smoking among 9640 mothers enroled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We used univariable and multivariable regression models to examine relationships between self-reported prenatal dietary intakes of n-3 HUFA-rich foods (fish and shellfish) and maternal smoking; outcomes included cessation and the number of cigarettes smoked per d. Both before and during pregnancy, there was consistent evidence (P<0·001) of protective fish intake-smoking associations; relative to mothers reporting no fish consumption, those who reported some fish consumption (<340 g/week) and high fish consumption (340 g+/week) at 32 weeks of gestation showed lower likelihoods of smoking (adjusted P values <0·001). Respective OR for these relationships were 0·87 (95% CI 0·77, 0·97) and 0·73 (95% CI 0·61, 0·86). Although the prevalence of smoking diminished, from a high of 31·6% (pre-pregnancy) to a low of 18·7% (second trimester), the magnitude of fish intake-smoking associations remained stable following adjustment for confounders. These observations suggest that greater fish or n-3 HUFA consumption should be evaluated as an intervention to reduce or prevent smoking in randomised clinical trials.
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Bradbury J, Myers SP, Meyer B, Brooks L, Peake J, Sinclair AJ, Stough C. Chronic Psychological Stress Was Not Ameliorated by Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:551. [PMID: 29163147 PMCID: PMC5671493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic psychological stress and mental health disorders are endemic in Western culture where population dietary insufficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) from seafood have been observed. Objective: This study was designed to test for a causal relationship between one of the most active components of fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and chronic psychological stress. Method: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel-assignment to two groups was designed (Trial Id: ACTRN12610000404022). The interventions were four EPA-rich fish oil capsules per day, delivering 2.2 g/d EPA (and 0.44 g/d DHA), or identical placebo (low-phenolic olive oil capsules with 5% fish oil to aid blinding). The primary outcome was the between-group difference on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) after 12 weeks supplementation. An a priori power analysis determined that group sizes of 43 would provide 80% power to detect a significant between-group difference of 12.5%, at α = 0.05. Ninety community members (64 females, 26 males) reporting chronic work stress were recruited via public advertising in northern NSW, Australia. Results: At baseline the omega-3 index (EPA + DHA as % to total fatty acids in red blood cell membranes) was 5.2% in both groups (SD = 1.6% control group; 1.8% active group). After supplementation this remained stable at 5.3% (SD = 1.6%) for the control group but increased to 8.9% (SD = 1.5%) for the active group, demonstrating successful incorporation of EPA into cells. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis found no significant between-group differences in PSS outcome scores post-intervention (b = 1.21, p = 0.30) after adjusting for sex (b = 2.36, p = 0.079), baseline PSS (b = 0.42, p = 0.001) and baseline logEPA [b = 1.41, p = 0.185; F(3, 86) = 8.47, p < 0.01, n = 89, R-square = 0.243]. Discussion: Treatment increased cell membrane EPA but, contrary to the hypothesis, there was no effect on perceived stress. Limitations included an imbalance of gender in groups after randomization (68% of the males were in the placebo group). While we found no significant interaction between sex and group on the outcome after adjusting for baseline PSS, larger studies with groups stratified for gender may be required to further confirm these findings. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 2. 2 g/day of EPA for 12 weeks did not reduce chronic psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bradbury
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Myers
- NatMed-Research, Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Meyer
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, Lipid Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndon Brooks
- Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Sinclair
- Faculty of Health, Office of Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kuper SG, Abramovici AR, Jauk VC, Harper LM, Biggio JR, Tita AT. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on pregnancy outcomes by smoking status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:476.e1-476.e6. [PMID: 28549983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes such as preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, and low birth weight. Because smoking causes oxidative stress, some have suggested using antioxidants to counteract the effects of oxidative stress. Smokers have lower serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids, an important antioxidant, and thus, investigating whether omega-3 supplementation in smokers reduces adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes represents an important area of research. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the antioxidant effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes differs between smokers and nonsmokers. STUDY DESIGN Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of omega-3 supplementation for preterm delivery prevention in women with a singleton pregnancy and a history of a previous singleton spontaneous preterm delivery. Subjects were randomized to begin omega-3 or placebo before 22 weeks, which was continued until delivery. All women received 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate intramuscularly weekly beginning between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation and continued until 36 weeks of gestation or delivery, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm delivery. Secondary outcomes were indicated preterm delivery, any preterm delivery (spontaneous and indicated), pregnancy-associated hypertension (gestational hypertension and preeclampsia), a neonatal composite (retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, respiratory morbidity, or perinatal death), low birth weight (<2500 g), small for gestational age (less than the 10th percentile), and neonatal intensive care unit or intermediate nursery admission. The study population was stratified into smokers and nonsmokers, and the incidence of each outcome was compared by omega-3 supplementation versus placebo in each subgroup. Zelen tests were performed to test for homogeneity of effect in smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS Of 851 subjects included in the analysis, 136 (16%) smoked. Baseline characteristics between omega-3 and placebo groups did not differ in smokers or nonsmokers. Omega-3 supplementation was associated with a lower risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in smokers (relative risk, 0.56, 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.87) but not in nonsmokers (relative risk 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.84-1.29); P value for interaction = 0.013. Low birth weight was also less frequent in smokers receiving omega-3 supplementation (relative risk 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.90) compared with nonsmokers (relative risk 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.24); P value for interaction = 0.047. The effect on other secondary outcomes did not differ significantly between smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation in smokers may have a protective effect against recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G Kuper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL.
| | - Adi R Abramovici
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Victoria C Jauk
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Lorie M Harper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Joseph R Biggio
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Alan T Tita
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women's Reproductive Health, Birmingham, AL
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Murff HJ, Tindle HA, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley W, Milne GL, Swift LL, Ness RM, Zheng W. Smoking and red blood cell phospholipid membrane fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 112:24-31. [PMID: 27637337 PMCID: PMC5028119 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with lower n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) concentrations; however, limited studies have accounted for dietary PUFA intake or whether tobacco dose or smoking duration influences this association. We measured red blood cell phospholipid (RBC) membrane concentrations of fatty acids in 126 current smokers, 311 former smokers, and 461 never smokers using gas liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Smokers had lower RBC membrane percentages of total n-3 LCPUFAs compared to former smokers or never smokers (median percent: 5.46, [interquartile range (IQR) 4.52, 6.28] versus 6.39; [IQR: 5.18, 7.85] versus 6.59; [IQR 5.34, 8.01]) (p<0.001) and this association remained after adjusting for dietary PUFA intake. Duration of smoking and cigarettes per day were not associated with RBC membrane n-3 LCPUFA differences. Smoking is associated with lower n-3 LCPUFA RBC membrane percentages and this association was not influenced by diet or smoking dose or duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Murff
- Division of General Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, United States; GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States.
| | - H A Tindle
- Division of General Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - M J Shrubsole
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Q Cai
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - W Smalley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - G L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - L L Swift
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - R M Ness
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - W Zheng
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
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14
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Scaglia N, Chatkin J, Chapman KR, Ferreira I, Wagner M, Selby P, Allard J, Zamel N. The relationship between omega-3 and smoking habit: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:61. [PMID: 27004534 PMCID: PMC4804563 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are related to several diseases, including smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between omega-3 intake and tobacco smoking, taking into account the qualitative differences in dietary intake between smokers and non-smokers, the amount of the ingested PUFA and their red blood (RBC) contents. We also looked for an association between omega-3 RBC content and smoking, and also between omega3 intake and the level of nicotine dependence. Methods Using a cross-sectional study, we included 50 current smokers (group I) and 50 lifetime non-smokers (group II), aged 18–75 years. We screened them at the Toronto Western Hospital and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Toronto, Canada). The subjects completed a questionnaire with demographic data, lifestyle habits and details of food intake. The PUFAs measured in the RBC membranes were alphalinolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In order to perform an adjusted comparison between smokers and non-smokers we used the ANCOVA model. Results After adjusting for confounding factors, non-smokers showed higher consumption of PUFAs, especially salmon: 800 g (0–7.740) than smokers 430 g (0–2.150) P < 0.001. They also had higher DHA levels compared to smokers: 4.81 % (2.79–10.21) and 4.13 % (2.33–7.73), respectively, p < 0.05. The other PUFAs showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions Smokers ate less fish rich in omega3 fatty acids than non-smokers, showing and inverse and significant relationship between omega3 intake and smoking. Smokers had lower levels of DHA and EPA, a not previously reported finding. Considering that PUFAs probably interfere in smoking habit, the increase in omega-3 consumption may become a perspective in prevention or treatment of smoking. However, this inference must be evaluated through specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóris Scaglia
- Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Chatkin
- Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS - Centro Clínico, 6690 Ipiranga Ave, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil.
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Asthma & Airway Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Asthma and Airways Centre, McMaster University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivone Ferreira
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Wagner
- Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johane Allard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noe Zamel
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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