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Ali G, Awan NB, Khawaja AW, Foo JN, Khor CC, Chang CH, Chew EG, Kiani FR, Jelani M. Identification of a recurrent nonsense mutation in HR gene responsible for atrichia with papular lesions in two Kashmiri families. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3167. [PMID: 32020700 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital atrichia (CA) is a rare form of irreversible alopecia with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This form of hair loss is mainly associated with mutations in the human hairless (HR) gene located at chromosome 8p21.3. An additional unique feature atrichia with papular lesions (APL) comprises keratin-filled cysts known as papules. The present study aimed to uncover the underlying genetic causes of APL in two consanguineous Kashmiri families. METHODS In the present study, two consanguineous families of Kashmiri origin with APL displaying an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance were investigated. Whole exome and Sanger sequencing followed by bioinformatic studies, variant prioritization, Sanger validation and segregation analysis was performed to find the mutation. RESULTS A recurrent nonsense (NM_005144: c.2818C > T:p.Arg940*) mutation was detected in exon 13 of the human HR gene. CONCLUSIONS Whole exome sequencing analysis has widely been used in the screening of single gene disorders mutations, both in research and diagnostic laboratories. Sanger sequencing alone for genes such as HR becomes expensive and time consuming. Instead, it is recommended that a patient is to screen by whole exome sequencing and then special attention first focuses on known genes of the APL phenotype. This is helpful for intime diagnosis, being more efficient and economic. The results obtained in the present study may contribute to prenatal diagnosis, carrier secreening and the genetic counseling of families with the APL phenotype in Kashmiri poplution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Bashir Awan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waheed Khawaja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chu-Hua Chang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elaine GuoYan Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farhat Rafique Kiani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
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Gao QS, Xuan MF, Luo ZB, Paek HJ, Kang JD, Yin XJ. Hairless-knockout piglets generated using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated-9 exhibit abnormalities in the skin and thymus. Exp Anim 2019; 68:519-529. [PMID: 31308290 PMCID: PMC6842791 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor corepressor Hairless (HR) interacts with nuclear receptors and
controls expression of specific target genes involved in hair morphogenesis and hair
follicle cycling. Patients with HR gene mutations exhibit atrichia, and
in rare cases, immunodeficiency. Pigs with HR gene mutations may provide
a useful model for developing therapeutic strategies because pigs are highly similar to
humans in terms of anatomy, genetics, and physiology. The present study aimed to knockout
the HR gene in pigs using the clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated-9 (Cas9) system and to investigate the
molecular and structural alterations in the skin and thymus. We introduced a biallelic
mutation into the HR gene in porcine fetal fibroblasts and generated nine
piglets via somatic cell nuclear transfer. These piglets exhibited a lack of hair on the
eyelids, abnormalities in the thymus and peripheral blood, and altered expression of
several signaling factors regulated by HR. Our results indicate that introduction of the
biallelic mutation successfully knocked out the HR gene, resulting in
several molecular and structural changes in the skin and thymus. These pigs will provide a
useful model for studying human hair disorders associated with HR gene
mutations and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Gao
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Fu Xuan
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Hyo-Jin Paek
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Jun Yin
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanbian University, No. 977 Gongyuan Street, Yanji City, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
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Zhu K, Xu C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu M. Transgenic mice display hair loss and regrowth overexpressing mutant Hr gene. Exp Anim 2017; 66:379-386. [PMID: 28679963 PMCID: PMC5682350 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the hairless (Hr) gene in both mice and humans have been
implicated in the development of congenital atrichia, but the role of Hr
in skin and hair follicle (HF) biology remains unknown. Here, we established transgenic
mice (TG) overexpressing mutant Hr to investigate its specific role in
the development of HF. Three transgenic lines were successfully constructed, and two of
them (TG3 and TG8) displayed a pattern of hair loss and regrowth with alternation in the
expression of HR protein. The mutant Hr gene inhibited the expression of
the endogenous gene in transgenic individuals, which led to the development of alopecia.
Interestingly, the hair regrew with the increase in the endogenous expression levels
resulting from decreased mutant Hr expression. The findings of our study
indicate that the changes in the expression of Hr result in hair loss or
regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuicheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Bioengineering, Henan Normal University, No. 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang City, Henan Province 453007, P.R. China.,Laboratory Animal Center of Zhengzhou University, No. 40 University Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450052, P.R. China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Bioengineering, Henan Normal University, No. 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang City, Henan Province 453007, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 40 University Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 40 University Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450052, P.R. China
| | - Mengduan Liu
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 40 University Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450052, P.R. China
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Hoshino Y, Mizuno S, Kato K, Mizuno-Iijima S, Tanimoto Y, Ishida M, Kajiwara N, Sakasai T, Miwa Y, Takahashi S, Yagami KI, Sugiyama F. Simple generation of hairless mice for in vivo imaging. Exp Anim 2017; 66:437-445. [PMID: 28717054 PMCID: PMC5682356 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo imaging of mice makes it possible to analyze disease
progress non-invasively through reporter gene expression. As the removal of hair improves
the accuracy of in vivo imaging, gene-modified mice with a reporter gene
are often crossed with Hos:HR-1 mutant mice homozygous for the spontaneous
Hrhr mutation that exhibit a hair loss phenotype. However,
it is time consuming to produce mice carrying both the reporter gene and mutant
Hrhr gene by mating. In addition, there is a risk that
genetic background of the gene-modified mice would be altered by mating. To resolve these
issues, we established a simple method to generate hairless mice maintaining the original
genetic background by CRISPR technology. First, we constructed the pX330
vector, which targets exon 3 of Hr. This DNA vector (5
ng/µl) was microinjected into the pronuclei of C57BL/6J mice. Induced
Hr gene mutations were found in many founders (76.1%) and these
mutations were heritable. Next, we performed in vivo imaging using these
gene-modified hairless mice. As expected, luminescent objects in their body were detected
by in vivo imaging. This study clearly showed that hairless mice could be
simply generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and this method may be useful for in
vivo imaging studies with various gene-modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Hoshino
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Hoshino Laboratory Animals, Inc., 1405 Kouda, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0606, Japan.,Doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Saori Mizuno-Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ishida
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Kajiwara
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sakasai
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miwa
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Konger RL, Derr-Yellin E, Hojati D, Lutz C, Sundberg JP. Comparison of the acute ultraviolet photoresponse in congenic albino hairless C57BL/6J mice relative to outbred SKH1 hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:688-93. [PMID: 27095432 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hairless albino Crl:SKH1-Hr(hr) mice are commonly utilized for studies in which hair or pigmentation would introduce an impediment to observational studies. Being an outbred strain, the SKH1 model suffers from key limitations that are not seen with congenic mouse strains. Inbred and congenic C57BL/6J mice are commonly utilized for modified genetic mouse models. We compare the acute UV-induced photoresponse between outbred SKH1 mice and an immune competent, hairless, albino C57BL/6J congenic mouse line [B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J]. Histologically, B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J skin is indistinguishable from that of SKH1 mice. The skin of both SKH1 and B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J mice exhibited a reduction in hypodermal adipose tissue, the presence of utricles and dermal cystic structures, the presence of dermal granulomas and epidermal thickening. In response to a single 1500 J/m(2) ultraviolet B dose, the oedema and apoptotic responses were equivalent in both mouse strains. However, B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J mice exhibited a more robust delayed sunburn reaction, with an increase in epidermal erosion, scab formation and myeloperoxidase activity relative to SKH1 mice. Compared with SKH1 mice, B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J also exhibited an aberrant proliferative response to this single UV exposure. Epidermal Ki67 immunopositivity was significantly suppressed in B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J mice at 24 h post-UV. A smaller non-significant reduction in Ki67 labelling was observed in SKH1 mice. Finally, at 72 h post-UV, SKH1 mice, but not B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J mice, exhibited a significant increase in Ki67 immunolabelling relative to non-irradiated controls. Thus, B6.Cg-Tyr(c-2J) Hr(hr) /J mice are suitable for photobiology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Konger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ethel Derr-Yellin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Delaram Hojati
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cathleen Lutz
- Rare and Orphan Disease Center, Department of Genetic Resources Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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6
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Jang YH, Lee KC, Lee SJ, Kim DW, Lee WJ. HR-1 Mice: A New Inflammatory Acne Mouse Model. Ann Dermatol 2015; 27:257-64. [PMID: 26082581 PMCID: PMC4466277 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is no appropriate in vivo animal model that reflects the inflammatory response of human acne. Objective This study investigated the effect of Propionibacterium acnes on the development of inflammatory acne-like lesions in four mouse strains with different degrees of immune response for the development of an optimal mouse model of inflammatory acne. Methods Human P. acnes suspensions (108 and 109 colony forming unit [CFU]/µl) were injected into the backs of HR-1, BALB/c, vitamin D receptor-knockout (VDR k/o), and severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice. Inflammation levels were evaluated two weeks after injection of P. acnes suspensions. In addition, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the expressions of inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, neutrophils, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1β, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, LL-37, and integrin α6) were performed on tissue specimens. Results The HR-1 mouse strain exhibited the most remarkable inflammatory reaction with epithelial proliferation and microcomedone-like cyst formation. HR-1 mice also demonstrated aberrant integrin expression in the epidermis around both inflamed lesions and newly formed microcomedones. These findings were more prominent in the group receiving 109 CFU/µl P. acnes than 108 CFU/µl. MMP-9 expression in HR-1 mice was also upregulated around the microcomedone-like cysts. Finally, expression levels of TLR-2 and LL-37 were higher in HR-1 and BALB/c mice than the VDR k/o and SCID mice strains. Conclusion P. acnes induces acneiform inflammation with small microcomedones in HR-1 mice. Therefore, the HR-1 mouse strain represents a good candidate for the development of a new inflammatory acne mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyou Chae Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do Won Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Kim BK, Yoon SK. Hairless Up-RegulatesTgf-β2Expression via Down-Regulation of miR-31 in the Skin of “Hairpoor” (HrHp) Mice. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2075-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Medical Life Science; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim Yoon
- Department of Medical Life Science; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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Kim BK, Lee HY, Choi JH, Kim JK, Yoon JB, Yoon SK. Hairless plays a role in formation of inner root sheath via regulation of Dlx3 gene. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16681-8. [PMID: 22442153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hairless (Hr), a transcription factor, is expressed in the suprabasal cell layer of the interfollicular epidermis and the lower portion of the hair follicle epithelium, where its expression is dependent on the hair cycle. Recently, we reported a new Hr mutant mouse, Hr(Hp), in which the hairless protein (HR) was overexpressed. In this study, we documented abnormal formation of inner root sheath (IRS), suppressed expression of Dlx3, and IRS keratins in the Hr(Hp)/Hr(Hp) skin. We also found that HR down-regulated Dlx3 mRNA expression through suppression of Dlx3 promoter activity. In addition, we showed that Dlx3 regulated the expression of IRS keratins. Our results demonstrate that regulation of Dlx3 by HR affects the IRS keratin expression, thus modulating the formation of IRS of hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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Kim BK, Baek IC, Lee HY, Kim JK, Song HH, Yoon SK. Gene expression profile of the skin in the 'hairpoor' (HrHp) mice by microarray analysis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:640. [PMID: 21083932 PMCID: PMC3091768 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcriptional cofactor, Hairless (HR), acts as one of the key regulators of hair follicle cycling; the loss of function mutations is the cause of the expression of the hairless phenotype in humans and mice. Recently, we reported a new Hr mutant mouse called 'Hairpoor' (HrHp). These mutants harbor a gain of the function mutation, T403A, in the Hr gene. This confers the overexpression of HR and HrHp is an animal model of Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis in humans. In the present study, the expression profile of HrHp/HrHp skin was investigated using microarray analysis to identify genes whose expression was affected by the overexpression of HR. Results From 45,282 mouse probes, differential expressions in 43 (>2-fold), 306 (>1.5-fold), and 1861 genes (>1.2-fold) in skin from HrHp/HrHp mice were discovered and compared with skin from wild-type mice. Among the 1861 genes with a > 1.2-fold increase in expression, further analysis showed that the expression of eight genes known to have a close relationship with hair follicle development, ascertained by conducting real-time PCR on skin RNA produced during hair follicle morphogenesis (P0-P14), indicated that four genes, Wif1, Casp14, Krt71, and Sfrp1, showed a consistent expression pattern with respect to HR overexpression in vivo. Conclusion Wif1 and Casp14 were found to be upregulated, whereas Krt71 and Sfrp1 were downregulated in cells overexpressing HR in transient transfection experiments on keratinocytes, suggesting that HR may transcriptionally regulate these genes. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of this regulation by the HR cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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