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Silva RG, Kiupel M, Langohr IM, Wise A, Pereira SA, Gonçalves NP, da Conceição GMS, Ferreira LC, de Campos MP, Miranda LDFC, Figueiredo FB, de Oliveira RDVC, Keidel L, Menezes RC. Comparative Study of Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Skin. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38668552 PMCID: PMC11054412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and dogs are reservoirs for this parasite. For the diagnosis of Leishmania at the species level in dogs in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin (FFPES) samples, colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) are options, but their sensitivities are not well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of these two techniques in FFPES for the diagnosis of the L. infantum infection in dogs using culture as the reference standard. The FFPES of 48 dogs with cutaneous infection by L. infantum confirmed by culture and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis were examined by CISH and qPCR using specific probes for L. infantum. The sensitivities of qPCR, CISH and their combination were, respectively, 77.0%, 58.0% and 83.3%. The sensitivities of qPCR in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 74.2% and 82.4%. The sensitivities of CISH in dogs with and without clinical signs were, respectively, 61.3% and 52.9%. The CISH and qPCR showed satisfactory sensitivities for the diagnosis of L. infantum in the FFPES of dogs, even in dogs without clinical signs, and their combination increases the sensitivity for this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Ingeborg Maria Langohr
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational Models Research Platform, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA;
| | - Annabel Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (M.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Natália Pedra Gonçalves
- Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (N.P.G.); (G.M.S.d.C.)
| | | | - Luiz Cláudio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Monique Paiva de Campos
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil; (M.P.d.C.); (F.B.F.)
| | | | - Lucas Keidel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (S.A.P.); (L.C.F.); (L.K.)
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Kandori H, Aoki M, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura S, Kobayashi R, Matsumoto M, Yokoyama K. Lobular distribution of enhanced expression levels of heat shock proteins using in-situ hybridization in the mouse liver treated with a single administration of CCl4. J Toxicol Pathol 2024; 37:29-37. [PMID: 38283376 PMCID: PMC10811382 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2023-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to visualize the lobular distribution of enhanced mRNA expression levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in liver samples from carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)-treated mice using in-situ hybridization (ISH). Male BALB/c mice given a single oral administration of CCl4 were euthanized 6 hours or 1 day after the administration (6 h or 1 day). Paraffin-embedded liver samples were obtained, ISH for HSPs was conducted, as well as hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). At 6 h, centrilobular hepatocellular vacuolization was observed, and increased signals for Hspa1a, Hspa1b, and Grp78, which are HSPs, were noted in the centrilobular area using ISH. At 1 day, zonal hepatocellular necrosis was observed in the centrilobular area, but mRNA signal increases for HSPs were no longer observed there. Some discrepancies between ISH and IHC for HSPs were observed, and they might be partly caused by post-transcriptional gene regulation, including the ribosome quality control mechanisms. It is known that CCl4 damages centrilobular hepatocytes through metabolization by cytochrome P450, mainly located in the centrilobular region, and HSPs are induced under cellular stress. Therefore, our ISH results visualized increased mRNA expression levels of HSPs in the centrilobular hepatocytes of mice 6 hours after a single administration of CCl4 as a response to cellular stress, and it disappeared 1 day after the treatment when remarkable necrosis was observed there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kandori
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Masami Aoki
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyamoto
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nakamura
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Integrated Biology, Kidney/Liver Disease, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yokoyama
- Integrated Pathology, Frontier Technology, Integrated &
Translational Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
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D’Annunzio G, Ostanello F, Muscatello LV, Orioles M, Jacumin N, Tommasini N, Leotti G, Luppi A, Mandrioli L, Sarli G. Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234779. [PMID: 37720469 PMCID: PMC10500834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods This study aimed to examine the pathological impact of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) through histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 79 cases of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) collected from 22 farms in Northern Italy. Lung tissue and several lymphoid organ samples were deployed to associate PCV2-positive stain with Circovirus-associated Diseases (PCVD). Results The most common lung lesion observed was interstitial pneumonia, alone or combined with bronchopneumonia. By immunohistochemistry, 44 lungs (55.7%) tested positive for PCV2, 34 (43.0%) for PRRSV, 16 (20.3%) for both viruses and in 17 cases (21.5%) neither virus was detected. Twenty-eight out of 44 (63.6%) PCV2-positive cases had lymphoid depletion or granulomatous inflammation in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined; thus, they were classified as PCV2 Systemic Diseases (PCV2-SD). In the remaining 16 out of 44 cases (36.4%), PCV2-positive lung lesions were associated with hyperplastic or normal lymphoid tissues, which showed PCV2-positive centrofollicular dendritic cells in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined. Therefore, these cases were classified as PRDC/PCV2-positive. In the PCV2-positive animals, 42.9% of the PCV2-SD cases (12/28) showed immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity for PRRSV in the lung tissue, while 25.0% of PRDC/PCV2-positive cases (4/16) showed double positivity for PCV2 and PRRSV. Discussion In light of the caseload presented in this study, characterized by the high proportion of PCV2-SD cases alongside the overall respiratory symptomatology, it is imperative to emphasize the crucial role of a comprehensive sampling protocol. This is critical to avoid underestimating the harm caused by PCV2 in farms, particularly with respect to the systemic form of the disease. PCV2 and PRRSV remain the primary infections associated with PRDC in Italy that can significantly impact farm health and co-infections in the field can worsen the pathology, thus the selection of appropriate preventive measures is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Annunzio
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Orioles
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Niccolò Jacumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Leotti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tan CY, Lee KC, Chiou MT, Lin CN, Ooi PT. Chromogenic in situ hybridization technique for detecting porcine circovirus 3 in lung and lymphoid tissues. Vet World 2023; 16:1444-1450. [PMID: 37621535 PMCID: PMC10446708 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1444-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was recently reported in Malaysian commercial pig population in 2020 by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealing a molecular prevalence of 17.02% in the sampled domestic pig population. This study aims to describe a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cloned PCV3 open reading frame 1 (ORF1) fragment DNA to detect and localize the PCV3 antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung, and lymphoid tissue specimens. Materials and Methods Since PCV3 was mainly detected in lung and lymphoid tissues, we obtained tissue specimens from these organs from the previous Malaysian PCV3 study. Digoxigenin-labeled ISH probes were designed to target a 69 bp region of PCV3 ORF1 spanning from the nucleotide positions (282-350). Results Light microscopy analysis revealed that chromogenic staining of PCV3 antigens was visualized within the cytoplasm of pneumocytes and lymphocytes, indicating positive ISH results. The results of molecular detection of PCV3 using PCR and ISH showed a high agreement of 90.91%, including for the negative PCV3 status for all samples. Conclusion This study reports a chromogenic ISH technique using DIG-labeled probes targeting PCV3 ORF1 to detect PCV3 antigens in lung and lymphoid tissues. Despite the limited availability of PCV3 antibodies, ISH remains relevant for investigating PCV3 replication and pathogenesis and can be used complementarily with PCR for evaluating the localization of antigens in infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah Chun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Yang TS, LaDouceur EEB, Baumgartner WA, Marr HS, Karounos M, Robertson J, Whitehurst N, Miller LS, Birkenheuer AJ. A practical protocol to prepare paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102162. [PMID: 36965259 PMCID: PMC10652274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important ectoparasites that are capable of transmitting multiple classes of pathogens and are currently linked with many emerging tick-borne diseases worldwide. With increasing occurrences of tick-borne diseases in both humans and veterinary species, there is a continuous need to further our understanding of ticks and the pathogens they transmit. Whole tick histology provides a full scope of the tick internal anatomy, allowing researchers to examine multiple organs of interest in a single section. This is in contrast to other techniques that are more commonly utilized in tick-borne disease research, such as electron microscopy and light microscopy of individual organs. There is a lack of literature describing a practical technique to process whole tick histologic sections. Therefore, the current study aims to provide researchers with a workable protocol to prepare high quality paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections. Amblyomma americanum adults were used as an example species for this study. After a series of pilot experiments using a combination of various fixatives, softening agents and processing techniques, we elected to compare two common fixatives, 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) and Bouin's solution for whole ticks. Equal numbers of A. americanum unfed adults (n = 10/fixative) were processed identically and their whole tick histology coronal sections were individually scored. Higher scores were assigned to whole tick sections that contained more internal organs that are crucial for tick-borne disease research (e.g. salivary glands and midgut), high integrity of tissues and exoskeleton on the section, and good fixation and staining quality of the tissues. The mean total scores for Bouin's-fixed ticks were significantly higher compared to NBF-fixed ticks (p = 0.001). To further assess our preferred technique, we also demonstrated the feasibility of producing high quality whole tick sections for three other common tick species of medical importance (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes scapularis, and Dermacentor variabilis) using Bouin's solution. While this technique may require further optimization for other tick species, we described a feasible protocol that uses commonly available tools, reagents and standard histologic equipment. This should allow any investigator to easily make adjustments to this protocol as needed based on their experimental goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzushan S Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Joint Pathology Center, Veterinary Pathology Services, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wes A Baumgartner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Henry S Marr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Michael Karounos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - James Robertson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nathan Whitehurst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Laura S Miller
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Yang TS, Reichard MV, Thomas JE, Miller LS, Marr HS, Karounos M, Bell AJ, Birkenheuer AJ. Cytauxzoon felis in salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102056. [PMID: 36399958 PMCID: PMC10698755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-borne piroplasmid hemoparasite that causes life-threatening disease in cats. Despite the critical role that ticks play in pathogen transmission, our knowledge regarding the C. felis life cycle remains limited to the feline hosts. Specific life stages of C. felis within the tick host have never been visualized microscopically and previous investigations have been limited to molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sporozoites are the infectious stage of piroplasmids that are transmitted by ticks. In other tick-borne piroplasmids, sporozoite-based vaccines play a key role in disease prevention and management. We believe sporozoites have similar potential for cytauxzoonosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use different molecular and microscopic techniques to detect and evaluate C. felis sporozoites in tick salivary glands (SG). A total of 140 Amblyomma americanum adults that were fed on C. felis-infected cats as nymphs were included for this study. Specifically, dissected SGs were quartered and subjected to C. felis RT-PCR, RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH), histology, direct azure staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytauxzoon felis RT-PCR was also performed on half tick (HT) carcasses after SG dissection. Cytauxzoon felis RNA was detected in SGs of 17/140 ticks. Of these, 7/17 ticks had microscopic visualization via ISH and/or TEM. The remaining 10/17 ticks had only molecular detection of C. felis in SGs via RT-PCR without visualization. Cytauxzoon felis RNA was detected solely in HT carcasses via RT-PCR in 9/140 ticks. In ISH-positive tick SGs, hybridization signals were present in cytoplasms of SG acinar cells. TEM captured rare C. felis organisms with characteristic ultrastructural features of sporozoites. This study describes the first direct visualization of any developing stage of C. felis in ticks. Forthcoming studies should employ a combination of molecular and microscopic techniques to investigate the C. felis life cycle in A. americanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzushan S Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer E Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Laura S Miller
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Henry S Marr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Michael Karounos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Aaron J Bell
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Comparison between Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization, Histopathology, and Immunohistochemistry for the Diagnosis of New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Human Skin Samples. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110344. [DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
New world cutaneous leishmaniasis (NWCL) is an anthropozoonosis caused by different species of the protozoan Leishmania. Colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) was shown to satisfactorily detect amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. in animal tissues, yet it was not tested for the diagnosis of human NWCL. The aim of this study was to compare CISH, histopathology (HP), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques to diagnose NWCL in human cutaneous lesions. The sample comprised fifty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens from patients with NWCL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. These specimens were analyzed by CISH, using a generic probe for Leishmania, IHC, and HP to assess the sensitivity of these methods by using a parasitological culture as a standard reference. Additional specimens from three patients diagnosed with cutaneous mycoses were also included to evaluate cross-reactions between CISH and IHC. The sensitivities of IHC, CISH, and HP for detecting amastigotes was 66%, 54%, and 50%, respectively. IHC, unlike CISH, cross-reacted with different species of fungi. Together, these results demonstrate that CISH may be a complementary assay for the detection of amastigote in the laboratorial diagnosis routine of human NWCL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.
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de Oliveira TES, Scuisato GS, Fritzen JTT, Silva DC, Massi RP, Pelaquim IF, Silva LE, Flores EF, Lima Santos R, Pretto-Giordano LG, Lisbôa JAN, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. Infectious Disease Agents Associated with Pulmonary Alterations in Aborted Bovine Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131596. [PMID: 35804494 PMCID: PMC9265084 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A retrospective study was performed to identify pulmonary alterations and/or pneumonia in aborted bovine fetuses (n = 37) and to associate the presence of infectious disease antigens and nucleic agents with patterns and/or alterations of pulmonary disease. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were performed to identify antigens of selected agents associated with bovine respiratory disease: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and Mycoplasma bovis. Molecular assays were performed to identify nucleic acids of a panel of reproductive disease agents and bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6) in the lungs of 12 fetuses. Only interstitial pneumonia (12/37) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (1/37) were observed; pneumonia was not observed in 65% of the tissues evaluated. The most frequent intralesional agents were BRSV (16.2%; 6/37), BVDV (13.5%; 5/37), and BoAHV1 (8.1%; 3/37). Interstitial pneumonia was associated with BRSV (n = 3), BoAHV1 (n = 3), and BVDV (n = 2); suppurative bronchopneumonia contained a Gram-positive bacterium and intralesional antigens of BVDV and BRSV. Nucleic acid detection identified at least one disease agent in 75% of the fetuses examined. Reproductive pathogens detected included Leptospira spp., (n = 3), BVDV, Neospora caninum, and Brucella abortus (n = 2). BoGHV6 DNA was identified in the lungs of two fetuses with interstitial pneumonia. Single (n = 7), dual (n = 3), triple (n = 4), and quadruple (n = 1) mixed infections were identified while infectious agents were not identified in 59.5% (22/37) of the examined lungs. Single fetal infections were associated with BRSV, BVDV (n = 2), Leptospira spp., BoAHV1, and BoGHV6 (n = 1). These results indicate that the fetuses suffered intrauterine infection through transplacental transmission. The identification of BRSV and BoGHV6 in multiple fetuses with associated pulmonary alterations warrants further investigation relative to the role of these agents in fetopathy and possible direct and/or indirect effects on fetal survival. Abstract This study investigated the occurrence of selected pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in fetal pulmonary tissue of cattle and associated these with patterns of disease. Fetal pulmonary (n = 37) tissues were evaluated by histopathology; immunohistochemical assays identified intralesional antigens of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and Mycoplasma bovis. Molecular assays were performed to amplify reproductive disease pathogens and bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6) from 12 lungs. The 2 patterns of pulmonary diseases were interstitial pneumonia (12/37) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (1/37). The frequency of the intralesional antigens identified was BRSV (16.2%; 6/37), BVDV (13.5%; 5/37), BoAHV1 (8.1%; 3/37), M. bovis (5.4%; 2/37), and BPIV-3 (2.7%; 1/37). Interstitial pneumonia was associated with BRSV (n = 3), BoAHV1 (n = 3), and BVDV (n = 2); suppurative bronchopneumonia contained a Gram-positive bacterium and BVDV and BRSV. Reproductive pathogens detected included Leptospira spp., (n = 3), BVDV, Neospora caninum, and Brucella abortus (n = 2). BoGHV6 DNA was identified in the lungs of two fetuses with interstitial pneumonia. These findings suggest that these fetuses were infected transplacentally by several pathogens. The role of some of these pathogens herein identified must be further elucidated in the possible participation of fetal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Gabriela Sanches Scuisato
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Denise Correia Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Pelisson Massi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Luara Evangelista Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil;
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4766
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9
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Luiz RLF, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, de Oliveira RDVC, Oliveira MME. Nested PCR for the Diagnosis of Feline Sporotrichosis From Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Samples Using Different DNA Extraction Protocols. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:755897. [PMID: 35071377 PMCID: PMC8766819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic, cosmopolitan granulomatous mycosis that affects humans and animals. The infection is caused by the dimorphic fungi Sporothrix sp. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, standardize and validate a nested PCR technique using two DNA purification kits for the extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) for Sporothrix sp. detection. FFPE mycological culture pellet samples of different Sporothrix species (S. chilensis, S. mexicana, S. pallida, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii) were used as positive controls and clinical FFPE tissue samples of animals positive for Cryptococcus sp., Leishmania infantum and Histoplasma sp. were used as negative controls. Ten clinical FFPE skin samples from cats with sporotrichosis were used to validate the nested PCR. These samples were cut into two distinct paraffin sectioning protocols (5 and 16 μm thick). The paraffin sections were subjected to two different DNA extraction kits (chemical and thermal extractions). A nested PCR was performed on the extracted DNA to identify the genus Sporothrix. The chemical extraction protocol with the 5 μm thick paraffin section was more effective in extracting DNA from Sporothrix sp. from FFPE samples and the nested PCR technique showed the highest sensitivities (100% in the positive controls and of 50% in the skin samples of cats) and specificity (100%). Therefore, the nested PCR using this protocol has great potential to be applied in Sporothrix sp. diagnosis in FFPE samples of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Leal Faria Luiz
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Sarli G, D’Annunzio G, Gobbo F, Benazzi C, Ostanello F. The Role of Pathology in the Diagnosis of Swine Respiratory Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110256. [PMID: 34822629 PMCID: PMC8618091 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition “porcine respiratory disease complex” (PRDC) is used to indicate the current approach for presenting respiratory pathology in modern pig farming. PRDC includes pneumonias with variable pictures, mixed with both aerogenous and hematogenous forms with variable etiology, often multimicrobial, and influenced by environmental and management factors. The notion that many etiological agents of swine respiratory pathology are ubiquitous in the airways is commonly understood; however, their isolation or identification is not always associable with the current pathology. In this complex context, lung lesions registered at slaughterhouse or during necropsy, and supplemented by histological investigations, must be considered as powerful tools for assigning a prominent role to etiologic agents. In recent years, the goal of colocalizing causative agents with the lesions they produce has been frequently applied, and valid examples in routine diagnostics are those that indicate pulmonary involvement during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections.
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11
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Dénes L, Horváth DG, Duran O, Ratkhjen PH, Kraft C, Acs B, Szász AM, Rümenapf T, Papp M, Ladinig A, Balka G. In Situ Hybridization of PRRSV-1 Combined with Digital Image Analysis in Lung Tissues of Pigs Challenged with PRRSV-1. Vet Sci 2021; 8:235. [PMID: 34679065 PMCID: PMC8540710 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaarterivirus suid 1 and 2 are the causative agents of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is one of the most significant diseases of the swine industry, causing significant economic losses in the main pig producing countries. Here, we report the development of a novel, RNA-based in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope) to detect PRRS virus (PRRSV) RNA in lung tissues of experimentally infected animals. The technique was applied to lung tissues of 20 piglets, which had been inoculated with a wild-type, highly pathogenic PRRSV-1 strain. To determine the RNAscope's applicability as a semi-quantitative method, we analysed the association between the proportion of the virus-infected cells measured with an image analysis software (QuPath) and the outcome of the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) tests performed in parallel. The results of the quantitative approach of these two molecular biological methods show significant association (pseudo R2 = 0.3894, p = 0.004). This is the first time RNAscope assay has been implemented for the detection of PRRSV-1 in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Dénes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (D.G.H.)
| | - Dávid G. Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (D.G.H.)
| | - Oliver Duran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; (O.D.); (P.H.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Poul H. Ratkhjen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; (O.D.); (P.H.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Christian Kraft
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; (O.D.); (P.H.R.); (C.K.)
| | - Balazs Acs
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:04, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Building 70, Level-2, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Attila M. Szász
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marton Papp
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (D.G.H.)
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12
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Oliveira TES, Scuisato GS, Pelaquim IF, Cunha CW, Cunha LS, Flores EF, Pretto-Giordano LG, Lisbôa JAN, Alfieri AA, Saut JPE, Jorge da Cunha PH, Headley SA. The Participation of a Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus and Mycoplasma bovis in the Development of Single and Mixed Infections in Beef and Dairy Cattle With Bovine Respiratory Disease. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:691448. [PMID: 34368279 PMCID: PMC8339727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.691448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multietiological and multifactorial disease associated with a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated the contribution of specific infectious disease agents in the development of BRD in cattle from Brazil and determined if a virus within the malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) group and Mycoplasma bovis, acting individually or in conjunction, can be associated with the development of BRD. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pulmonary sections were used in immunohistochemical assays to determine the intralesional presence of six antigens associated with BRD: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), MCFV, and M. bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 82.7% (120/145) of all cattle evaluated. Interstitial pneumonia (60%, 72/120) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.8%, 31/120) were the most frequent patterns of pneumonia identified. Intralesional antigens of MCFV (53.3%, 64/120) were the most frequently associated with BRD, followed by M. bovis (47.5%, 57/120), BVDV (42.5%, 51/120), BoHV-1 (28.3%, 34/120), BRSV (24.2%, 29/120), and BPIV-3 (8.3%, 10/120). Additionally, antigens of BVDV, MCFV, and M. bovis were the most frequently identified agents associated with singular and concomitant infections. The MCFV identified during this study is more likely to be ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), since OvHV-2 is the only MCFV identified within the geographical region of this study. Interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions may be a useful histologic feature to differentiate MCFV-induced pneumonia from other viral pneumonias of cattle. These results demonstrate that MCFV and M. bovis, in single or mixed infections, can produce pneumonia in cattle and should therefore be considered as primary agents in the development of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sanches Scuisato
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology and Paul G. Alan School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lucas Santana Cunha
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Elsen Saut
- Large Animal Health Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Brazil
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13
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Lashnits E, Neupane P, Bradley JM, Richardson T, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Comparison of Serological and Molecular Assays for Bartonella Species in Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070794. [PMID: 34201572 PMCID: PMC8308881 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a gold standard diagnostic test for Bartonella infection in dogs is lacking. This represents a critical limitation for the development and evaluation of new diagnostic tests, as well as for the diagnosis of, and research on, bartonellosis in dogs. This retrospective observational study aims to compare the results of commonly performed and newly-reported Bartonella spp. diagnostic tests in banked clinical specimens from 90 dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) using composite reference standard (CRS) and random effects latent class analysis (RE-LCA) techniques. Samples from each dog were tested using six serological or molecular diagnostic assays, including indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and Western blot (WB) for the detection of antibodies in serum, and qPCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in blood and fresh frozen tissue biopsy samples (mainly splenic HSA tumors and histopathologically normal spleen or skin/adipose tissue). Bartonella infection prevalence was estimated to be 78% based on the CRS (parallel testing with all six assays), and 64% based on the RE-LCA model. The assay with the highest diagnostic accuracy was qPCR performed on fresh frozen tissue biopsy samples (sensitivity: 94% by RE-LCA and 80% by CRS; specificity: 100%). When comparing newly-reported to traditional Bartonella diagnostic assays, ddPCR was more sensitive for the detection of Bartonella DNA than qPCR when testing blood samples (36% vs. 0%, p < 0.0001). Dogs that were positive on serological assays alone with negative molecular assays were highly unlikely (<3%) to be classified as infected by the RE-LCA model. These data indicate that Bartonella spp. DNA can be PCR amplified from fresh frozen tissues from a majority of dogs with HSA using both qPCR and ddPCR, supporting the use of these methods for future controlled studies comparing the prevalence of Bartonella spp. DNA in the tissue of dogs with HSA to that of unaffected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lashnits
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53713, USA;
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Pradeep Neupane
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Julie M. Bradley
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Toni Richardson
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Ricardo G. Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (P.N.); (J.M.B.); (T.R.); (R.G.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Castro MM, Oliveira TESD, Headley SA. Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review. SEMINA: CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS 2021:2081-2110. [DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.
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15
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Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Mecocci S, Iussich S, Leonardi L, Mechelli L. FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:42-52. [PMID: 33021155 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising immunotherapy strategies in human melanoma, there are few studies on the immune environment of canine melanocytic tumors. In humans, the activation of immunosuppressive cell subpopulations, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3), the engagement of immunosuppressive surface receptors like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), and the secretion of molecules inhibiting lymphocyte activation, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are recognized as immunoescape mechanisms that allow tumor growth and progression. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of these immunosuppression markers in canine melanocytic tumors and to postulate their possible role in melanoma biology and progression. Fifty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanocytic tumors (25 oral melanomas; 20 cutaneous melanomas; 10 cutaneous melanocytomas) were selected to investigate the expression of FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction). All of the tested markers showed high gene and protein expression in oral melanomas and were differently expressed in cutaneous melanomas when compared to their benign counterpart. IDO expression was associated with an increased hazard of death both in univariable and multivariable analyses (P < .05). FoxP3 protein expression >6.9 cells/HPF (high-power field) was an independent predictor of death (P < .05). CTLA-4 gene and protein expressions were associated with a worse prognosis, but only in the univariable analysis (P < .05). FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO likely play a role in canine melanoma immunoescape. Their expression, if supported by future studies, could represent a prognostic tool in canine melanoma and pave the way to future immunotherapeutic approaches in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Menchetti
- 9309University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna
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16
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Resende TP, Marshall Lund L, Rossow S, Vannucci FA. Next-Generation Sequencing Coupled With in situ Hybridization: A Novel Diagnostic Platform to Investigate Swine Emerging Pathogens and New Variants of Endemic Viruses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:403. [PMID: 31803766 PMCID: PMC6873589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) can be applied to identify and characterize the entire set of microbes within a sample. However, this platform does not provide a morphological context or specific association between the viral or bacterial sequences detected and the histological lesions. This limitation has generated uncertainty whether the sequences identified by NGS are actually contributing or not for the clinical outcome. Although in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used to detect pathogens in tissue samples, only ISH has the advantage of being rapidly developed in a context of an emerging disease, especially because it does not require development of specific primary antibodies against the target pathogen. Based on the sequence information provided by NGS, ISH is able to check the presence of a certain pathogen within histological lesions, by targeting its specific messenger RNA, helping to build the relationship between the pathogen and the clinical outcome. In this mini review we have compiled results of the application of NGS-ISH to the investigation of challenging diagnostic cases or emerging pathogens in pigs, that resulted in the detection of porcine circovirus type 3, porcine parvovirus type 2, Senecavirus A, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita P Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lacey Marshall Lund
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Stephanie Rossow
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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17
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Oliveira TES, Pelaquim IF, Flores EF, Massi RP, Valdiviezo MJJ, Pretto-Giordano LG, Alfieri AA, Saut JPE, Headley SA. Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:82-93. [PMID: 31232526 PMCID: PMC7228412 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathologic findings of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in adult dairy cows (n = 35) from a commercial dairy herd in Southern Brazil were investigated. Pulmonary samples were examined for histopathologic patterns and specific features within these patterns, while immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were designed to detect the intralesional antigens of viral infectious disease agents and Mycoplasma bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 91.4% (32/35) of these cases; neither pneumonia nor any of the infectious disease pathogens evaluated occurred in three cows. The presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 75% (24/32) of these cases indicated the complex origin of pneumonia in cattle. Interstitial pneumonia, necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and suppurative bronchopneumonia were the principal patterns of pulmonary disease identified by histopathology. The most frequent pathogens identified by IHC were bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; n = 18), M. bovis (n = 16) and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1; n = 14), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; n = 11) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3; n = 5). Obliterative bronchiolitis and peribronchial lymphocytic cuffings were the characteristic histopathologic features associated with M. bovis. Necrohemorrhagic bronchitis with bronchial angiogenesis was associated with BoHV-1. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis were associated with BVDV, BoHV-1 and BRSV. Ballooning degeneration of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia was associated with BRSV and BoHV-1. This is the first report from Brazil that correlated the histopathologic findings of BRD with the associated infectious disease agents by immunohistochemistry. M. bovis was frequently detected in the tissues of cows with fatal pulmonary disease during this study and may be a possible primary disease pathogen associated with the development of BRD in dairy cows. Additionally, the histopathologic features identified within patterns of pulmonary disease during this investigation may be an efficient diagnostic tool to associate histopathologic findings with specific agents of BRD in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pelisson Massi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Milton James Jiménez Valdiviezo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Elsen Saut
- Large Animal Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,National Institutes of Science and Technology, Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite; Brazil), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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18
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Resende TP, Marthaler D, Vannucci FA. In situ hybridization detection and subtyping of rotaviruses in swine samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 31:113-117. [PMID: 30541408 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718817502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus groups A, B, and C (RVA, RVB, and RVC, respectively) have been the most prevalent and pathogenic in pigs. To date, immunohistochemistry is only available for RVA because of the lack of commercial antibodies for RVB and RVC. We developed a novel in situ hybridization RNA-based chromogenic technique (ISH-RNA) to detect and subtype RVA, RVB, and RVC. We evaluated 33 samples that were reverse-transcription PCR positive for RVA, RVB, and/or RVC. ISH-RNA was able to detect as few as 103 RV RNA copies/mL. The new ISH-RNA test can be useful for routine investigation of rotavirus enteritis in order to guide strategies for control of the infection in pigs, but a full validation study needs to be completed. Pathogenesis studies may be conducted using ISH-RNA based on the identification of replicating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita P Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Marthaler, Vannucci), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Marthaler)
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Marthaler, Vannucci), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Marthaler)
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Marthaler, Vannucci), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Marthaler)
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19
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Malignant transformation of canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1)-associated papillomas in dogs: An emerging concern? PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:83-89. [PMID: 30414951 PMCID: PMC6260289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1, also known as COPV), the most common cause of non-neoplastic papillomas, has not been shown to cause squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Furthermore, malignant transformation of benign papillomas to SCC has only been reported in a single group of dogs with severe combined immunodeficiency infected with CPV2. Here, we report a series of 7 dogs with benign CPV1-associated papillomas with histologic evidence of CPV1 causing malignant transformation to carcinoma in situ and ultimately SCC. Expression of p53 and p16 proteins in CPV1-infected cells within the benign papillomas and lesions that progressed into SCC also supported an association between papillomavirus and malignant transformation. Moreover, our retrospective analysis indicated that while there have been increased numbers of viral papillomas with malignant transformation, the number of annually diagnosed canine viral papillomas has remained constant over the past decade in our laboratory. We speculate that either an altered host immunity from increased usage of immunosuppressive drugs or changing environmental factors, e.g. increase exposure to UV radiation, may cause an increased oncogenic potential of this “low-risk” virus. This study aims to raise awareness of the malignant potential of CPV1 and to encourage further investigations into the cause of this suspected change in its oncogenic potential.
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20
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Ahmed H, Mays J, Kiupel M, Dunn JR. Development of reliable techniques for the differential diagnosis of avian tumour viruses by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Avian Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29533078 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1451620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of techniques have been developed as diagnostic tools for the differential diagnosis of tumours produced by Marek's disease virus from those induced by avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus. However, most current techniques are unreliable when used in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, which often is the only sample type available for definitive diagnosis. A collection of tumours was generated by the inoculation of different strains of Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus or avian leukosis virus singularly or in combination. FFPE tissue sections from tumour and non-tumour tissues were analysed by optimized immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques and traditional as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with newly designed primers ideal for DNA fragmented by fixation. IHC and PCR results were highly sensitive and specific in tissues from single-infected birds. Virus quantity was higher in tumours compared to non-tumour spleens from Marek's disease (MD) virus-infected birds. Thus, using FFPE sections alone may be sufficient for the diagnosis of MD by demonstration of high quantities of viral antigens or genome in tumour cells, along with the absence of other tumour viruses by traditional PCR, and if standard criteria are met based on clinical history and histology. IHC furthermore allowed detection of the specific cells that were infected with different viruses in tumours from birds that had been inoculated simultaneously with multiple viruses. Following validation with field samples, these new protocols can be applied for both diagnostic and research purposes to help accurately identify avian tumour viruses in routine FFPE tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnain Ahmed
- a Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , East Lansing , MI , USA.,b Department of Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Jody Mays
- a Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- c Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory , Michigan State University , Lansing , MI , USA
| | - John R Dunn
- a Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , East Lansing , MI , USA
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21
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Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evidence of spontaneous Senecavirus A-induced lesions at the choroid plexus of newborn piglets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16555. [PMID: 29185462 PMCID: PMC5707367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic Transient Neonatal Losses (ETNL) is a disease of piglets caused by Senecavirus A (SVA) in which the method of dissemination and associated lesions are not well-defined. This study investigated the possible SVA-induced lesions by examining spontaneous infections in newborn piglets. Histopathology revealed ballooning degeneration of transitional epithelium, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, plexus choroiditis, and atrophic enteritis. RT-PCR identified SVA in all tissues evaluated and sequencing confirmed these results. Positive immunoreactivity to SVA was observed in endothelial and epithelial tissues of all organs evaluated. Semithin analysis revealed vacuolization of apical enterocytes of the small intestine, balloon degeneration and necrosis of endothelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) and nonsuppurative choroid plexitis. Ultrathin evaluation demonstrated hydropic degeneration of apical enterocytes, degeneration and necrosis of endothelium of CP fenestrated capillaries, degeneration of ependymocytes associated with intralesional viral particles. It is proposed that SVA initially infects apical enterocytes of newborn piglets and probably enters the circulatory system with entry to the brain via the CP, by first producing an initial inflammatory reaction, with subsequent encephalitic dissemination. Consequently, SVA probably uses an enteric-neurological method of dissemination.
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22
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Svensson S, Trobos M, Omar O, Thomsen P. Site-specific gene expression analysis of implant-near cells in a soft tissue infection model - Application of laser microdissection to study biomaterial-associated infection. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2210-2217. [PMID: 28395127 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the implant-tissue interface is important for an understanding of the cellular response to biomaterials with different surface characteristics. However, inaccessibility to the site has restricted the detailed evaluation of the tissue surrounding the implant. Laser microdissection enables the isolation of specific cells and tissues for subsequent DNA, RNA, or protein analysis. The present experimental study employed laser microdissection to analyze tissue-specific differences in gene expression in cells around infected or control titanium implants 72 h after subcutaneous implantation in a rat model. Three different tissue zones located 0-800 μm away from the implant-tissue interface were analyzed. Implant sites challenged with a dose of 106 CFU Staphylococcus epidermidis demonstrated higher gene expression of selected markers for inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6), cell recruitment (MCP-1, IL-8, IL-8 R), infection (TLR2), and tissue remodeling (MMP-9) compared with control implants. Furthermore, the gene expression analysis of the three extracted tissue zones revealed marked spatial differences, depending on the distance to the implant. Control implants continuously induced higher cell gene expression in the implant-tissue interface compared with cells 200-800 μm away from the implant, whereas the sites inoculated with S. epidermidis resulted in high gene expression further away from the implant as well. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that laser microdissection is an interesting tool, revealing both gene- and site-specific gene expression patterns in the implant-tissue interface. The technique provides an opportunity for detailed molecular dissection of the biological events related to the implant but occurring at different distances from the implant. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2210-2217, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Omar Omar
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Resende TP, Marthaler DG, Vannucci FA. A novel RNA-based in situ hybridization to detect Seneca Valley virus in neonatal piglets and sows affected with vesicular disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173190. [PMID: 28394893 PMCID: PMC5386259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is the causative agent of an emerging vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease. In addition, SVV has been associated with neonatal mortality in piglets. While a commercial SVV qRT-PCR is available, commercial antibodies are lacking to diagnose SVV infections by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Thus, a novel in situ hybridization technique-RNAscope (ISH) was developed to detect SVVRNA in infected tissues. From a total of 78 samples evaluated, 30 were positive by qRT-PCR and ISH-RNA, including vesicular lesions of affected sows, ulcerative lesions in the tongue of piglets and various other tissues with no evidence of histological lesions. Nineteen samples were negative for SVV by qRT-PCR and ISH-RNA. The Ct values of the qRT-PCR from ISH-RNA positive tissues varied from 12.0 to 32.6 (5.12 x 106 to 5.31 RNA copies/g, respectively). The ISH-RNA technique is an important tool in diagnosing and investigating the pathogenesis of SVV and other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita P. Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Fabio A. Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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24
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Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Rodriguez A, Crippa L, Lepri E, Giudice C, Caniatti M, Moore PF, Affolter VK. Cutaneous Lymphoma at Injection Sites. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:823-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Feline primary cutaneous lymphomas (FPCLs) account for 0.2% to 3% of all lymphomas in cats and are more frequently dermal nonepitheliotropic small T-cell tumors. Emergence of FPCL seems unrelated to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) serological positivity or to skin inflammation. A total of 17 cutaneous lymphomas with a history of vaccine injection at the site of tumor development were selected from 47 FPCLs. Clinical presentation, histology, immunophenotype, FeLV p27 and gp70 expression, and clonality were assessed. A majority of male (12/17), domestic short-haired (13/17) cats with a mean age of 11.3 years was reported. Postinjection time of development ranged from 15 days to approximately 9 years in 5 cats. At diagnosis, 11 of 17 cats had no evidence of internal disease. Lymphomas developed in interscapular (8/17), thoracic (8/17), and flank (1/17) cutaneous regions; lacked epitheliotropism; and were characterized by necrosis (16/17), angiocentricity (13/17), angioinvasion (9/17), angiodestruction (8/17), and peripheral inflammation composed of lymphoid aggregates (14/17). FeLV gp70 and/or p27 proteins were expressed in 10 of 17 tumors. By means of World Health Organization classification, immunophenotype, and clonality, the lesions were categorized as large B-cell lymphoma (11/17), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (3/17), natural killer cell–like (1/17) lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1/17). Lineage remained uncertain in 1 case. Cutaneous lymphomas at injection sites (CLIS) shared some clinical and pathological features with feline injection site sarcomas and with lymphomas developing in the setting of subacute to chronic inflammation reported in human beings. Persistent inflammation induced by the injection and by reactivation of FeLV expression may have contributed to emergence of CLIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Roccabianca
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - G. Avallone
- DIMEVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - L. Crippa
- ISTOVET, via W. Tobagi, 15-20842 Besana in Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - E. Lepri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - C. Giudice
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - M. Caniatti
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - P. F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V. K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Qin J, Sanmann JN, Kittrell JS, Althof PA, Kaspar EE, Hunsley BA. A formalin-free method for stabilizing cells for nucleic acid amplification, hybridization and next-generation sequencing. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:755. [PMID: 26645067 PMCID: PMC4673747 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formalin has been widely used by pathology laboratories. Its carcinogenicity has led researchers to explore formalin substitutes. Streck Cell Preservative (SCP) is a formalin-free preservative that can preserve cellular antigens. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of cell preservation using SCP on nucleic acid amplification, hybridization, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) as compared to control frozen cells and cells fixed in the traditional cell and tissue fixative, 10 % neutral buffered formalin (NBF). Findings The breast cancer cell line, SKBR-3, was used as a model system. Prior to nucleic acid extraction and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), cells were fixed in SCP or NBF overnight at room temperature with frozen cells in parallel. Analysis showed that similar DNA extraction yields and amplification profiles determined by PCR in SCP preserved cells and control frozen cells, whereas NBF preserved cells had decreased DNA yield and impaired PCR amplification. Molecular cytogenetic studies by FISH technique indicated that the ratios of ERBB2 (HER-2/neu) signals to the chromosome 17 centromere (CEP17) were comparable for frozen cells and SCP preserved cells. The fluorescence images of both SCP fixed and control frozen cells were also clear and comparable. On the contrary, the same analysis was unsuccessful with NBF preserved cells due to poor hybridization quality. Our data also demonstrated that SCP had negligible effect on NGS testing. Conclusion We conclude that SCP can be used as an alternative to NBF as a preservative for maintaining the integrity of nucleic acids for nucleic acid amplification, sequencing and FISH analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1725-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Qin
- Research and Development Division, Streck, Inc., 109th Street, Omaha, NE, 68128, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Sanmann
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Cytogenetic and Human Genetics Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jeff S Kittrell
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pamela A Althof
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Cytogenetic and Human Genetics Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Erin E Kaspar
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Cytogenetic and Human Genetics Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Bradford A Hunsley
- Research and Development Division, Streck, Inc., 109th Street, Omaha, NE, 68128, USA.
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26
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Furtado MC, Menezes RC, Kiupel M, Madeira MF, Oliveira RVC, Langohr IM, Figueiredo FB. Comparative study of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and parasitological culture for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:620. [PMID: 26626566 PMCID: PMC4667506 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of an accurate diagnostic protocol for canine visceral leishmaniosis (CanL) is a significant laboratory challenge and the lack of a reliable reference standard is one of the major problems. The aim of this study was to compare in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and parasitological culture (PC) for detection of L. infantum in skin, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of clinically healthy and sick seropositive dogs. FINDINGS The study included 65 dogs positive with both DPP® and ELISA for anti-Leishmania antibodies. In situ hybridization of spleen or lymph node had the highest positivity rates of L. infantum detection. The total positivity rates for IHC, ISH and PC were 70%, 68.1% and 65.8%, respectively. When combining techniques, the positivity rates were 81.5% in the spleen, 79.0% in lymph nodes, 59.0% in bone marrow and 52.3% in the skin. The highest percentage of infected dogs (87.7%) was detected by using lymph node samples. When examining only skin, positivity was significantly higher in sick dogs than in the clinically healthy dogs. Infection with L. infantum was confirmed in 95.8% of sick dogs and in 82.4% of healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS Considering the advantages of accurately diagnosing different Leishmania species and of being more sensitive than PC, ISH should be considered as reference standard test for the diagnosis of CanL. Spleen and lymph node are the most suitable tissues to confirm infection with L. infantum in seropositive dogs. The testing of only skin from clinically healthy dogs may result in a high percentage of false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Furtado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Maria F Madeira
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Raquel V C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Fabiano B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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27
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Detection of Copy Number Imbalance in Canine Urothelial Carcinoma With Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:764-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815614975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine urinary tract. Clinical presentation of UC is shared with several other, more common urinary tract disorders, and this often delays diagnosis of the UC. Definitive diagnosis of UC requires histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen, but the cost and invasiveness for these diagnostic tests often result in most diagnoses being made on the basis of clinical findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic examination of urine sediment. Regardless of the diagnostic process used, most UCs currently are not diagnosed until they are at an advanced clinical stage and so are associated with poor prognosis. Improved methods for earlier and less invasive detection are needed. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated the presence of highly recurrent DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) in canine UC and hypothesized that detection of these CNAs in tumor cells can be used as a molecular diagnostic for UC. In this study, a multiplexed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay was detected to detect and quantify CNAs of specific regions of canine chromosomes 8, 13, 19, and 36. The assay was effective at differentiating 31 neoplastic and 25 nonneoplastic bladder tissues based on copy number, with 100% sensitivity and specificity in tissue samples. CNAs were also detected by ddPCR in 67% (12 of 18) of urine DNA specimens derived from UC patients. The findings show that ddPCR is a useful molecular technique to detect CNAs and may be used as a noninvasive molecular diagnostic test for canine UC.
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28
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Kochan K, Heraud P, Kiupel M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, McNaughton D, Baranska M, Wood BR. Comparison of FTIR transmission and transfection substrates for canine liver cancer detection. Analyst 2015; 140:2402-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy is a widely used technique that provides insights into disease processes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Victoria 3800
- Australia
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation
- Michigan State University
- Lansing
- USA
| | | | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Victoria 3800
- Australia
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Victoria 3800
- Australia
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29
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Traslavina RP, Reilly CM, Vasireddy R, Samitz EM, Stepnik CT, Outerbridge C, Affolter VK, Byrne BA, Lowenstine LJ, White SD, Murphy B. Laser Capture Microdissection of Feline Streptomyces spp Pyogranulomatous Dermatitis and Cellulitis. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:1172-5. [PMID: 25516065 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814561094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Suspected Streptomyces spp infections were identified in 4 cats at UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1982 and 2011. Three had ulcerated, dark red mycetomas involving the dermis, subcutis, and fascia with fistulous tracts and/or regional lymphadenopathy. One cat had pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis. Granulomatous inflammation in all cats contained colonies of Gram-positive, non-acid-fast organisms. All 4 cats failed to respond to aggressive medical and surgical treatment and were euthanized. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to selectively harvest DNA from the affected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Cloned amplicons from LCM-derived tissue confirmed the presence of Streptomyces spp in the dermatitis cases. Amplicons from the remaining cat with peritoneal involvement aligned with the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for Actinomycetales. Usually considered a contaminant, Streptomyces spp can be associated with refractory pyogranulomatous dermatitis and cellulitis in cats with outdoor access. LCM is useful in the diagnosis of bacterial diseases where contamination may be an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Traslavina
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA National Institutes of Health, NINDS, Section of Infections of the Nervous System, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C M Reilly
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Vasireddy
- University of Texas Health Science Center Tyler, TX, USA
| | - E M Samitz
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C T Stepnik
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Outerbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V K Affolter
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L J Lowenstine
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S D White
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B Murphy
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ramos-Vara JA, Webster JD. Special focus on investigative techniques. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:5-6. [PMID: 24395974 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813514949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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