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A novel Filobacterium sp can cause chronic bronchitis in cats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251968. [PMID: 34106938 PMCID: PMC8189514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (CARB; now known as Filobacterium rodentium gen. nov., sp. nov.) is a primary pathogen of rodents. A CARB-like organism was reported in post-mortem lung samples of cats using light and electron microscopy. Here we explore by molecular procedures if a Filobacterium sp. is a part of the normal feline lower respiratory microbiome and whether it could in some cats contribute to the development of chronic bronchial disease. Methodology A Filobacterium sp. was identified in three Czech cats clinically diagnosed as having chronic neutrophilic bronchitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens obtained from these cats were subjected to panbacterial 16S rDNA PCR followed by Sanger sequencing of the V5 to V8 region. After these cats were treated with specific antimicrobials, their clinical signs resolved promptly, without recurrence. Next, BALF specimens from 13 Australian and 11 Italian cats with lower respiratory disease and an additional 16 lung samples of Italian cats who died of various causes were examined using next generation sequencing (NGS). Subsequently, a Filobacterium-specific qPCR assay was developed and used to re-test BALF specimens from the 11 Italian cats and lung tissue homogenates from the additional 16 deceased cats. Principal findings An amplicon of 548 bp with 91.24% sequence agreement with Filobacterium rodentium was obtained from all three patients, suggesting the novel Filobacterium sp. was the cause of their lower respiratory disease. The novel Filobacterium sp., which we propose to call F. felis, was detected in 3/3 Czech cats with chronic neutrophilic bronchitis, 13/13 Australian cats and 6/11 Italian cats with chronic lower respiratory disease, and 14/16 necropsy lung specimens from Italian cats. NGS and qPCR results all showed identical sequences. The Filobacterium sp. was sometimes the preponderant bacterial species in BALF specimens from cats with lower airway disease. There was an association between the presence of large numbers (greater than 105 organisms/mL) of Filobacterium and the presence of neutrophilic and/or histiocytic inflammation, although only a subset of inflammatory BALF specimens had F. felis as the preponderant organism. Conclusion The novel Filobacterium sp. comprises a finite part of the normal feline lower respiratory microbiome. Under certain circumstances it can increase in absolute and relative abundance and give rise to neutrophilic and/or histiocytic bronchitis, bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. These findings strongly suggest that F. felis could be an underdiagnosed cause of feline bronchial disease.
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Ike F, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M, Kajita A, Matsushita S, Kokubo T. Filobacterium rodentium gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of Filobacteriaceae fam. nov. within the phylum Bacteroidetes; includes a microaerobic filamentous bacterium isolated from specimens from diseased rodent respiratory tracts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 66:150-157. [PMID: 26476525 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain SMR-CT, which was originally isolated from rats as the SMR strain, had been named 'cilia-associated respiratory bacillus' ('CAR bacillus'). 'CAR bacillus' was a Gram-stain-negative, filamentous argentophilic bacterium without flagella. SMR-CT grew at 37 °C under microaerobic conditions, showed gliding activity, hydrolysed urea and induced chronic respiratory diseases in rodents. The dominant cellular fatty acids detected were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 47.7 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed SMR-CT and other strains of 'CAR bacillus' isolated from rodents all belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes. The nearest known type strain, with 86 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, was Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588T in the family Chitinophagaceae. Strain SMR-CT and closely related strains of 'CAR bacillus' rodent-isolates formed a novel family-level clade in the phylum Bacteroidetes with high bootstrap support (98-100 %). Based on these results, we propose a novel family, Filobacteriaceae fam. nov., in the order Sphingobacteriales as well as a novel genus and species, Filobacterium rodentium gen. nov., sp. nov., for strain SMR-CT. The type strain is SMR-CT ( = JCM 19453T = DSM 100392T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Ike
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ayako Kajita
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsushita
- Center for Human Resources Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Leissinger M, Pescosolido K, Royal A. What is your diagnosis? Equine transtracheal wash fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:529-30. [PMID: 24033849 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Leissinger
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Caswell JL. Failure of respiratory defenses in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:393-409. [PMID: 24021557 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is well defended against inhaled bacteria by a dynamic system of interacting layers, including mucociliary clearance, host defense factors including antimicrobial peptides in the epithelial lining fluid, proinflammatory responses of the respiratory epithelium, resident alveolar macrophages, and recruited neutrophils and monocytes. Nevertheless, these manifold defenses are susceptible to failure as a result of stress, glucocorticoids, viral infections, abrupt exposure to cold air, and poor air quality. When some of these defenses fail, the lung can be colonized by bacterial pathogens that are equipped to evade the remaining defenses, resulting in the development of pneumonia. This review considers the mechanisms by which these predisposing factors compromise the defenses of the lung, with a focus on the development of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and supplemented with advances based on mouse models and the study of human disease. Deepening our understanding of how the respiratory defenses fail is expected to lead to interventions that restore these dynamic immune responses and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Ramos-Vara JA, Franklin C, Miller MA. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis in a cat with cilia-associated respiratory bacillus-like organisms. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:501-4. [PMID: 12126155 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-4-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old male domestic shorthair cat died during anesthesia. Grossly, the lungs had multiple nodules corresponding to inflamed airways (bronchitis and bronchiolitis). Microscopically, cuffs and nodular aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounded airways. Peribronchiolar fibrosis was also common. Globule leukocytes infiltrated the respiratory epithelium of noninflamed or mildly inflamed bronchi. Argyrophilic and filamentous organisms, consistent with cilia-associated respiratory bacillus-like organisms (CLO), were intermixed with cilia of respiratory epithelium. Ultrastructurally, CLO were longer and thinner than cilia and had a distinct trilaminar membrane, central electron-lucent areas, and no specialized external structures. Silver stained lung sections from 18 additional feline airways revealed similar bacilli in 2/9 normal lungs, 1/7 lungs with bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and 1/2 lungs with pneumonia. The significance of CLO in the pulmonary lesions was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ramos-Vara
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65205, USA.
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Kendall LV, Riley LK, Hook RR, Besch-Williford CL, Franklin CL. Differential interleukin-10 and gamma interferon mRNA expression in lungs of cilium-associated respiratory bacillus-infected mice. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3697-702. [PMID: 11349033 PMCID: PMC98372 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.3697-3702.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus is a gram-negative, extracellular bacterium that causes persistent respiratory tract infections in rodents. We have previously demonstrated that BALB/c mice are more susceptible to CAR bacillus-induced disease than resistant C57BL/6 mice, with elevations in pulmonary gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-4. IL-10 is a type 2 cytokine that can increase host susceptibility to bacterial diseases through its anti-inflammatory effects, including suppression of macrophage function. The purpose of this study was to further describe the cytokine profiles associated with histologic lesions in CAR bacillus-infected mice and to assess the effects of cytokine depletion on the pathogenesis of disease. Six-week-old female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and mice with targeted mutations in IFN-gamma and IL-4 were inoculated intratracheally with 10(5) CAR bacillus organisms, and samples were collected at 6 to 7 weeks postinoculation. Lung samples were collected for histopathologic examination and analysis of cytokine mRNA. IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-4 mRNA levels in the lungs of infected mice were semiquantitatively measured using a reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR assay and compared to those in uninfected control animals of each strain. BALB/c mice infected with CAR bacillus had a median lung lesion score of 6 and IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA levels were significantly elevated. The majority of C57BL/6 mice were resistant to disease characterized by lung lesions scores of 2 or less and a dominant IFN-gamma mRNA cytokine profile. A few C57BL/6 mice with lesions scores of 5 or greater had elevations in all three cytokines and were susceptible to disease. C57BL/6 IFN-gamma knockout mice had increased disease with elevations in IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA, while BALB/c IL-4 knockout mice infected with CAR bacillus had a mild decrease in lesion severity and an attenuated IL-10 mRNA expression compared to wild-type BALB/c mice. These data indicate that IL-10 and IL-4 predominate in CAR bacillus-induced histologic lesions in mice, while IFN-gamma may play a role in resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kendall
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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Abstract
During the examination of Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera, Monogononta), ectosymbiotic bacteria were found in the ciliated buccal region. These have about the same dimensions as the cilia and possess a specific apical region that apparently serves to attach the bacterium to its host cell. This apical region resembles a vesicle but is interpreted as a specialized region of the bacterial nucleocytoplasm devoid of ribosomes and chromatin strands but containing a crystalline rod. The bacterium has two membranes (as have other Gram-negative bacteria) also over the apical region. Thin strands join the two membranes and similar strands extend from the bacterium to the cell membrane of the host cell. No intracellular bacteria were found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Selmi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Italy
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Kendall LV, Riley LK, Hook RR, Besch-Williford CL, Franklin CL. Antibody and cytokine responses to the cilium-associated respiratory bacillus in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:4961-7. [PMID: 10948111 PMCID: PMC101710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.4961-4967.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus is a gram-negative, gliding bacterium that causes persistent respiratory tract infections in rodents despite histologic and serologic evidence of a marked immune response. To assess humoral immunity and cytokine responses in CAR bacillus disease, 6-week-old female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intratracheally with 10(5) CAR bacillus organisms. CAR bacillus-specific serum immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin M [IgM], IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgA) and local pulmonary cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], and interleukin-4 [IL-4]) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay every 7 days for 49 days. BALB/c mice developed CAR bacillus-induced lesions early in the course of disease that became more severe with time. Correlating with increasing disease severity, BALB/c mice had elevations in all antibody isotypes tested, and elevations in pulmonary TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-4. C57BL/6 mice developed mild lesions with mild increases in serum IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 levels and minimally detectable IgG2a and IgA. Cytokine perturbations were not detected in C57BL/6 mice. The persistence of infection in BALB/c mice with vigorous serum antibody responses and increased IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses suggests that humoral immunity and T-cell responses are ineffective at preventing CAR bacillus disease. Furthermore, the lackluster antibody responses and undetectable cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice suggest that humoral immunity and T-cell responses are not critical in resistance to CAR bacillus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kendall
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Kawano A, Nenoi M, Matsushita S, Matsumoto T, Mita K. Sequence of 16S rRNA gene of rat-origin cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus SMR strain. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:797-800. [PMID: 10945305 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16S rRNA gene of the SMR strain of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, which was isolated from a spontaneously infected rat at our institute, was sequenced. Its 1,521 nucleotides were determined. On the basis of the results of the sequence analysis, the SMR strain was found to be most closely related to members of the Flavobacter/Flexibacter group. This sequence was compared with the previously determined 16S rRNA gene sequences (rat-origin: three; mouse-origin: one; rabbit-origin: one) of CAR bacillus isolates. The SMR strain showed the highest sequence similarity (99.9%) to the rat-origin CARB-NIH strain (Schoeb et al., 1993), and it was concluded that the strains are identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawano
- Division of Education and Scientific Services, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba-shi, Japan
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Nietfeld JC, Fickbohm BL, Rogers DG, Franklin CL, Riley LK. Isolation of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus from pigs and calves and experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs and rodents. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:252-8. [PMID: 10353357 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous, gram-negative bacteria morphologically similar to cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus of rodents and rabbits were isolated from the tracheas of 5 pigs and 4 calves. All pigs but none of the calves had histologic lesions of chronic tracheitis. In silver-stained histologic sections, CAR bacilli were adhered to the tracheal epithelium of each pig but were not found in the calves. Like CAR bacillus of rats, the bacteria displayed gliding motility and grew only in cell culture or cell culture medium supplemented with fetal serum. Initially, all isolates were contaminated by Mycoplasma spp. This contamination was eliminated from 4 pig isolates by limiting dilutions, and mycoplasma-free isolates were used to intranasally inoculate gnotobiotic pigs and CAR bacillus-free mice and rats and to immunize guinea pigs. The gnotobiotic pigs remained healthy, and when they were necropsied 4 and 7 weeks after infection no macroscopic or microscopic lesions were found in the respiratory tract. However, CAR bacillus was isolated at both times from the nasal cavities and tracheas of inoculated pigs, and the ciliated tracheal epithelium of infected pigs necropsied 7 weeks after infection was colonized by low numbers of CAR bacillus-like bacteria. The rats and mice remained healthy through week 12 postinoculation, and evidence of short- or long-term colonization was not detected by histologic examination or culture. When used as primary antibody for immunohistochemical staining, sera from guinea pigs immunized with pig CAR bacillus specifically stained CAR bacilli colonizing the respiratory epithelium of naturally infected pigs, whereas sera collected prior to immunization failed to react with the bacteria. These results indicate that CAR bacilli are unlikely to be primary pathogens of pigs or cattle and that rodents do not act as reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Nietfeld
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Hafner S, Latimer K. Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus infection and pneumonia in a pig. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:373-5. [PMID: 9786530 DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Hafner
- Pathology Section, Eastern Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
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Caniatti M, Crippa L, Giusti M, Mattiello S, Grilli G, Orsenigo R, Scanziani E. Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus infection in conventionally reared rabbits. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1998; 45:363-71. [PMID: 9719769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus infection in rabbits reared for meat production in Italy and to correlate the presence of CAR bacillus with inflammatory lesions of the respiratory tract. Seventy health, 3-month-old, New Zealand White rabbits, raised in 10 different rabbitries in Northern Italy were randomly selected at slaughter. No gross lesions were found at necropsy in any rabbit. In each animal, the trachea and lungs were sampled, fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with the Warthin-Starry method to evaluate the presence of CAR bacillus, and with haematoxylin and eosin to evaluate the presence of inflammatory lesions. CAR bacillus was present in 50 out of 70 rabbits (71.4%) with a prevalence of the infection that varied from 30% to 100% in the seven rabbitries. CAR bacillus was present both in the trachea and bronchi in 23 cases (32.8%), only in the trachea in 24 cases (34.3%) and only in the bronchi in three cases (4.3%). Inflammatory lesions were found in the trachea (22 cases, 31.4%) and the bronchi (58 cases, 82.8). There was a strong, statically significant correlation between the presence of CAR bacillus in the bronchi and bronchial inflammatory lesions (P < 0.0001). This study indicates that CAR bacillus infection is widespread in conventionally reared rabbits in Italy and that a possible correlation exists between the presence of CAR bacillus and bronchial inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caniatti
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Orós J, Fernández A, Rodríguez JL, Franklin CL, Matsushita S, Poveda JB. Association of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus with natural chronic tracheitis in goats. J Comp Pathol 1997; 117:289-94. [PMID: 9447491 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(97)80025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A histological, histochemical and immunohistological study of the respiratory tract of 83 slaughtered goats (50 adults and 33 kids) is described. Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was detected by means of the Warthin Starry method in the tracheal epithelium of seven (21.2%) of the kids and 16 (32%) of the adult goats. A chronic diffuse tracheitis characterized by mixed lymphocyte and plasma-cell infiltration was found in all seven kids and in 17 adults, including the 16 infected with the CAR bacillus. Although not proved, it is possible that the CAR bacillus caused the chronic tracheitis. Immunohistochemical results suggested that the caprine CAR bacillus was closely related to the rabbit CAR bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Orós
- Department of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Orós J, Poveda JB, Rodríguez JL, Franklin CL, Fernández A. Natural cilia-associated respiratory bacillus infection in rabbits used for elaboration of hyperimmune serum against Mycoplasma sp. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1997; 44:313-317. [PMID: 9270356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was identified in lung lesions of rabbits used for elaboration of hyperimmune serum against Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. capri (Mmc). Numerous Warthin Starry (WS) positive filamentous bacteria aligned perpendicularly to the surface of bronchial epithelial lining were observed. Immunoperoxidase staining of these bacteria was detected using a serum anti-rabbit CAR bacillus. Ultrastructural morphology corresponds to that of CAR bacilli previously reported in rabbits. The desirability of monitoring laboratory rabbits for CAR bacillus infection as part of the health programme is reinforced, especially in rabbits used for raising sera against respiratory pathogens of animal species in which CAR bacillus infection has been described. This is the first report of natural CAR bacillus infection in rabbits in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Orós
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Los Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Schoeb TR, Davidson MK, Davis JK. Pathogenicity of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus isolates for F344, LEW, and SD rats. Vet Pathol 1997; 34:263-70. [PMID: 9240834 DOI: 10.1177/030098589703400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted experiments to test whether rats of F344, LEW, and SD strains differ in susceptibility to mycoplasma-free isolates of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, whether Mycoplasma pulmonis can affect expression of CAR bacillus disease, and whether isolates of CAR bacillus differ in virulence for rats. In the first experiment, 24 rats of each strain were inoculated intranasally with 10(7) bacilli of CAR bacillus X1428D/AS, and 24 rats of each strain were inoculated with sterile medium (controls). Eight weeks later, eight inoculated rats and eight control rats of each strain were euthanatized, eight inoculated and eight control rats were given 10(6.5) colony-forming units of M. pulmonis X1428D, and eight inoculated rats and eight control rats were sham inoculated. Four rats of each group were euthanatized 4 or 8 weeks after the second inoculation. Severity of lesions in nasal passages, middle ear, trachea, and lungs was assessed by scoring. Rats of all three strains given CAR bacillus had typical lesions of similar severity; M. pulmonis X1428D was avirulent and did not exacerbate CAR bacillus disease. In the second experiment, groups of eight rats of F344 and SD strains were given 10(5) or 10(7) CAR bacillus X1328E, X1428D/AS, or X2450D and euthanatized 8 or 16 weeks later. Isolates X1428D/AS and X2450D caused similar lesions in rats of both strains and at both doses, but CAR bacillus X1328E was avirulent. Rats of the tested strains are similarly susceptible to CAR bacillus disease, but CAR bacillus isolates differ in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Schoeb
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Fernández A, Orós J, Rodríguez JL, King J, Poveda JB. Morphological evidence of a filamentous cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus in goats. Vet Pathol 1996; 33:445-7. [PMID: 8817847 DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A filamentous cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was discovered in 12 3-4 month-old goats experimentally infected with two different strains of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides type. The CAR bacilli were always arranged parallel to the cilia, and the morphology of these bacilli is very similar to that of other bacilli described previously in other species from various parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández
- Veterinary Faculty of Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
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Nietfeld JC, Franklin CL, Riley LK, Zeman DH, Groff BT. Colonization of the tracheal epithelium of pigs by filamentous bacteria resembling cilia-associated respiratory bacillus. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:338-42. [PMID: 7578448 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Warthin Starry staining revealed filamentous bacteria colonizing the tracheal epithelium of 41 of 88 (46.6%) pigs submitted for necropsy at 2 midwestern veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The bacteria were interspersed between and oriented parallel to the cilia. In 4 of 4 colonized pig tracheas, filamentous bacteria were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The bacteria were approximately the same length and diameter as cilia, and in areas of heavy colonization the bacteria outnumbered cilia. The filamentous bacteria were similar in location and morphologic characteristics to cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacilli of rats, mice, rabbits, and cattle. Results of immunoperoxidase staining and polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the pig CAR bacillus is a different bacterium than the rat CAR bacillus. Rat CAR bacillus causes chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice. The association, if any, between pig CAR bacillus and swine respiratory disease is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Nietfeld
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hastie
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Schoeb TR, Dybvig K, Davidson MK, Davis JK. Cultivation of cilia-associated respiratory bacillus in artificial medium and determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2751-7. [PMID: 7504686 PMCID: PMC266006 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.10.2751-2757.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, an unclassified gliding bacterium associated with respiratory disease in rats, mice, and rabbits, has previously been cultivated only in embryonated chicken eggs, cell culture, or cell culture medium supplemented with conditioned medium from cultured tracheas. A reference strain of CAR bacillus, originally isolated in eggs, grew in cell culture flasks as adherent individual bacilli and ropy, whorled fascicles in cell culture media supplemented only with fetal calf serum. Using Dulbecco's minimal essential medium, we isolated CAR bacillus from naturally infected rats and a naturally infected rabbit and from experimentally inoculated mice and rats. Isolates were maintained for up to 20 passages. Isolates from rats were similar in morphology to the reference strain, but most were more actively motile and formed pincushion-like aggregates. The rabbit bacilli were smaller and formed fewer aggregates. DNAs of rat isolates differed only slightly in restriction fragment patterns from that of the reference strain, whereas that of the rabbit isolate was distinctly different. Cultures of CAR bacilli of all strains from rats contained Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pulmonis, or both, and cultures of the CAR bacillus from the rabbit contained an unidentified arginine-utilizing mycoplasma. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the reference strain was determined by amplification by polymerase chain reaction, cloning of the product, and sequencing by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. Comparison of the sequence with sequences in the GenBank data base indicated that CAR bacillus is a unique organism most closely related to Flavobacterium ferrugineum and Flexibacter sancti.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Schoeb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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