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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P. Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication. Perception 2023; 52:812-843. [PMID: 37796849 PMCID: PMC10634218 DOI: 10.1177/03010066231204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current research was to explore whether we can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces in British participants. We tested several methods for improving the recognition of freely-expressed emotional faces, such as different methods for presenting other-culture expressions of emotion from individuals from Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in two experimental stages. In the first experimental stage, in phase one, participants were asked to identify the emotion of cross-cultural freely-expressed faces. In the second phase, different cohorts were presented with interactive side-by-side, back-to-back and dynamic morphing of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces, and control conditions. In the final phase, we repeated phase one using novel stimuli. We found that all non-control conditions led to recognition improvements. Morphing was the most effective condition for improving the recognition of cross-cultural emotional faces. In the second experimental stage, we presented morphing to different cohorts including own-to-other and other-to-own freely-expressed cross-cultural emotional faces and neutral-to-emotional and emotional-to-neutral other-culture freely-expressed emotional faces. All conditions led to recognition improvements and the presentation of freely-expressed own-to-other cultural-emotional faces provided the most effective learning. These findings suggest that training can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional expressions.
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Prillinger K, Radev ST, Amador de Lara G, Werneck-Rohrer S, Plener PL, Poustka L, Konicar L. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Social Attention Patterns and Emotion Recognition Ability in Male Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5570. [PMID: 37685637 PMCID: PMC10489141 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social cognition including emotion recognition (ER) abilities. Common symptoms include unusual patterns of visual social attention, which are investigated as early developmental biomarkers for ASD. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has shown promising results in influencing social functioning in individuals with ASD. However, the effects of tDCS on social attention patterns and ER ability in adolescents with ASD remain unclear. This double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial examined the effects of repeated sessions of tDCS on gaze behavior and ER ability in 22 male adolescents diagnosed with ASD. Participants received either 20 min of 2 mA active tDCS or sham stimulation for 10 days and an intra-stimulation training. Social allocation patterns were assessed using eye-tracking paradigms, including ER tasks. Our results indicated no tDCS-specific effects. Both groups showed improvements in ER and more frequent, faster, and longer fixations on the eyes than the mouth, and on social than nonsocial areas. In tasks with low social content, fixating the mouth seemed to increase ER accuracy. Understanding the effects of tDCS on social functioning in adolescents with ASD holds promise for the development of targeted interventions to improve their social cognition abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Prillinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan T. Radev
- Cluster of Excellence STRUCTURES, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gabriel Amador de Lara
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Werneck-Rohrer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul L. Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89073 Ulm, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lilian Konicar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics (CCP), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Yu Z, Karlis AK, Tong EMW, Milbank A, Mevel PA, Derrfuss J, Madan C. "The many faces of sorrow": An empirical exploration of the psychological plurality of sadness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37359621 PMCID: PMC10097524 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sadness has typically been associated with failure, defeat and loss, but it has also been suggested that sadness facilitates positive and restructuring emotional changes. This suggests that sadness is a multi-faceted emotion. This supports the idea that there might in fact be different facets of sadness that can be distinguished psychologically and physiologically. In the current set of studies, we explored this hypothesis. In a first stage, participants were asked to select sad emotional faces and scene stimuli either characterized or not by a key suggested sadness-related characteristic: loneliness or melancholy or misery or bereavement or despair. In a second stage, another set of participants was presented with the selected emotional faces and scene stimuli. They were assessed for differences in emotional, physiological and facial-expressive responses. The results showed that sad faces involving melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair were experienced as conferring dissociable physiological characteristics. Critical findings, in a final exploratory design, in a third stage, showed that a new set of participants could match emotional scenes to emotional faces with the same sadness-related characteristic with close to perfect precision performance. These findings suggest that melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair can be distinguishable emotional states associated with sadness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Persefoni Bali
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Eddie Mun Wai Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alison Milbank
- Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mevel
- Department of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jan Derrfuss
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Madan
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tsikandilakis M, Yu Z, Kausel L, Boncompte G, Lanfranco RC, Oxner M, Bali P, Urale Leong P, Qing M, Paterakis G, Caci S, Milbank A, Mevel PA, Carmel D, Madan C, Derrfuss J, Chapman P. "There Is No (Where a) Face Like Home": Recognition and Appraisal Responses to Masked Facial Dialects of Emotion in Four Different National Cultures. Perception 2021; 50:1027-1055. [PMID: 34806492 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211055983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The theory of universal emotions suggests that certain emotions such as fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise and happiness can be encountered cross-culturally. These emotions are expressed using specific facial movements that enable human communication. More recently, theoretical and empirical models have been used to propose that universal emotions could be expressed via discretely different facial movements in different cultures due to the non-convergent social evolution that takes place in different geographical areas. This has prompted the consideration that own-culture emotional faces have distinct evolutionary important sociobiological value and can be processed automatically, and without conscious awareness. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis using backward masking. We showed, in two different experiments per country of origin, to participants in Britain, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore, backward masked own and other-culture emotional faces. We assessed detection and recognition performance, and self-reports for emotionality and familiarity. We presented thorough cross-cultural experimental evidence that when using Bayesian assessment of non-parametric receiver operating characteristics and hit-versus-miss detection and recognition response analyses, masked faces showing own cultural dialects of emotion were rated higher for emotionality and familiarity compared to other-culture emotional faces and that this effect involved conscious awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham.,Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 6123University of Nottingham
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore.,Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Leonie Kausel
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.,School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Gonzalo Boncompte
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social.,School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Matt Oxner
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland.,University of Leipzig, Institute of Psychology
| | | | | | - Man Qing
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - David Carmel
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Yu Z, Madan C, Derrfuss J, Chapman P, Groeger J. Individual conscious and unconscious perception of emotion: Theory, methodology and applications. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103172. [PMID: 34332204 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript we review a seminal debate related to subliminality and concerning the relationship of consciousness, unconsciousness, and perception. We present the methodological implementations that contemporary psychology introduced to explore this relationship, such as the application of unbiased self-report metrics and Bayesian analyses for assessing detection and discrimination. We present evidence concerning an unaddressed issue, namely, that different participants and stimulus types require different thresholds for subliminal presentation. We proceed to a step-by-step experimental illustration of a method involving individual thresholds for the presentation of masked emotional faces. We show that individual thresholds provide Bayesian evidence for null responses to the presented faces. Conversely, we show in the same database that when applying established but biased non-individual criteria for subliminality physiological changes occur and relate - correctly, and most importantly incorrectly - to perception concerning the emotional type, and the valence and intensity of a presented masked emotional face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Persefoni Bali
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, China
| | | | - Jan Derrfuss
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Groeger
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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Tsikandilakis M, Leong MQ, Yu Z, Paterakis G, Bali P, Derrfuss J, Mevel PA, Milbank A, Tong EMW, Madan C, Mitchell P. "Speak of the Devil… and he Shall Appear": Religiosity, Unconsciousness, and the Effects of Explicit Priming in the Misperception of Immorality. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:37-65. [PMID: 33484351 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychological theory and research suggest that religious individuals could have differences in the appraisal of immoral behaviours and cognitions compared to non-religious individuals. This effect could occur due to adherence to prescriptive and inviolate deontic religious-moral rules and socio-evolutionary factors, such as increased autonomic nervous system responsivity to indirect threat. The latter thesis has been used to suggest that immoral elicitors could be processed subliminally by religious individuals. In this manuscript, we employed masking to test this hypothesis. We rated and pre-selected IAPS images for moral impropriety. We presented these images masked with and without negatively manipulating a pre-image moral label. We measured detection, moral appraisal and discrimination, and physiological responses. We found that religious individuals experienced higher responsivity to masked immoral images. Bayesian and hit-versus-miss response analyses revealed that the differences in appraisal and physiological responses were reported only for consciously perceived immoral images. Our analysis showed that when a negative moral label was presented, religious individuals experienced the interval following the label as more physiologically arousing and responded with lower specificity for moral discrimination. We propose that religiosity involves higher conscious perceptual and physiological responsivity for discerning moral impropriety but also higher susceptibility for the misperception of immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Man Qing Leong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Persefoni Bali
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jan Derrfuss
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mevel
- Department of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alison Milbank
- Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peter Mitchell
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Haralabopoulos G, Derrfuss J, Chapman P. "The Harder One Tries …": Findings and Insights From the Application of Covert Response Pressure Assessment Technology in Three Studies of Visual Perception. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520913319. [PMID: 32341777 PMCID: PMC7171999 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520913319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present a force measuring method for assessing participant responses in studies of visual perception. We present a device disguised as a mouse pad and designed to measure mouse-click-pressure and click-press-to-release-time responses by unaware, as regards to the physiological assessment, participants. The aim of the current technology, in the current studies, was to provide a physiological assessment of confidence and task difficulty. We tested the device in three experiments. The studies comprised of a gender-recognition study using morphed male and female faces, a visual suppression study using backwards masking, and a target-search study that included deciding whether a letter was repeated in a subsequently presented letter string. Across all studies, higher task difficulty was associated with higher click-release-time responses. Higher task difficulty was, intriguingly, also associated with lower click pressure. Higher confidence ratings were consistently associated with higher click pressure and shorter click-release time across all experiments. These findings suggest that the current technology can be used to assess responses relating to task difficulty and participant confidence in studies of visual perception. We suggest that the assessment of release times can also be implemented using standard equipment, and we provide manual and easy-to-use code for the implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Derrfuss J, Chapman P. Anger and hostility: are they different? An analytical exploration of facial-expressive differences, and physiological and facial-emotional responses. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:581-595. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1664415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Persefoni Bali
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jan Derrfuss
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Derrfuss J, Chapman P. The unconscious mind: From classical theoretical controversy to controversial contemporary research and a practical illustration of the “error of our ways”. Conscious Cogn 2019; 74:102771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Derrfuss J, Chapman P. “I can see you; I can feel it; and vice-versa”: consciousness and its relation to emotional physiology. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:498-510. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1646710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Persefoni Bali
- School of Psychology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jan Derrfuss
- School of Psychology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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