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Inoue J, Dadoo S, Nukuto K, Özbek EA, Lesniak BP, Sprague AL, Irrgang JJ, Musahl V. Near complete quadriceps tendon healing 2 years following harvest in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:5747-5754. [PMID: 37930438 PMCID: PMC11181339 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the recent increase in the use of quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, there remains a paucity of literature evaluating the postoperative morphology of the QT. The present study aimed to determine the postoperative morphologic change of the QT at a minimum of 2 years following harvesting during ACLR. METHODS Patients who underwent ACLR with QT autograft and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a minimum of 2 years following harvesting were retrospectively included in the study. The anterior-to-posterior (A-P) thickness, medial-to-lateral (M-L) width, cross-sectional area (CSA), and signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of the QT were assessed at 5 mm, 15 mm, and 30 mm proximal to the superior pole of the patella on MRI. The CSA was adjusted by the angle between the QT and the plane of the axial cut based on a cosine function (adjusted CSA). The A-P thickness, M-L width, adjusted CSA, and SNQ were compared pre- and postoperatively. In addition, defects or scar tissue formation in the harvest site were investigated on postoperative MRI. RESULTS Thirty patients were recruited for the study. The mean duration between postoperative MRI and surgery was 2.8 ± 1.1 years. The mean A-P thickness was 10.3% and 11.9% larger postoperatively at 5 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The mean M-L width was 7.3% and 6.5% smaller postoperatively at 5 mm and 15 mm, respectively. There were no significant differences in the adjusted CSA between pre- and post-operative states (275.7 ± 71.6 mm2 vs. 286.7 ± 91.8 mm2, n.s.). There was no significant difference in the postoperative change in the SNQ of the QT at all assessment locations. Defect or scar tissue formation at the harvest site was observed in 4 cases (13.3%), and 5 cases (16.6%), respectively. CONCLUSION At a minimum of 2 years following QT harvest during ACLR, the QT became slightly thicker and narrower (approximately 11% and 7%, respectively). While the current study demonstrates that QT re-harvesting can be considered due to nearly normalized tendon morphology, future histological and biomechanical studies are required to determine the re-harvesting potential of the QT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Sahil Dadoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - Koji Nukuto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Emre Anil Özbek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bryson P Lesniak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - Andrew L Sprague
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James J Irrgang
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3200 S Water St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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Hedlundh U, Karlsson J, Sernert N, Haag L, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Kartus J. Periprosthetic joint infection after total hip arthroplasty induces histological degeneration of the gluteus medius tendon. Bone Jt Open 2023; 4:628-635. [PMID: 37604496 PMCID: PMC10442177 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.48.bjo-2023-0074.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims A revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has a major effect on the patient's quality of life, including walking capacity. The objective of this case control study was to investigate the histological and ultrastructural changes to the gluteus medius tendon (GMED) in patients revised due to a PJI, and to compare it with revision THAs without infection performed using the same lateral approach. Methods A group of eight patients revised due to a PJI with a previous lateral approach was compared with a group of 21 revised THAs without infection, performed using the same approach. The primary variables of the study were the fibril diameter, as seen in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the total degeneration score (TDS), as seen under the light microscope. An analysis of bacteriology, classification of infection, and antibiotic treatment was also performed. Results Biopsy samples from the GMED from infected patients revealed a larger fibril diameter than control patients, as seen in the TEM (p < 0.001). Uninfected patients were slightly older and had their revisions performed significantly later than the infected patients. Histologically, samples from infected patients revealed significantly more vascularity (p < 0.001), the presence of glycosaminoglycans (p < 0.001), and a higher TDS (p = 0.003) than the control patients. The majority of patients had staphylococcal infections of various species. Conclusion More histological degeneration in the GMED was found in patients undergoing THA revision surgery due to PJI than in patients undergoing THA revision surgery due to other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Hedlundh
- Orthopaedic Department NU Hospital Group, Uddevalla, Sweden
| | - Johanna Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases NU Hospital Group, Trollhattan, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg Institute of Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ninni Sernert
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg, Sweden
- Director Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhattan, Sweden
| | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Movin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikos Papadogiannakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Kartus
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg, Sweden
- Head Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhattan, Sweden
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Kanamoto T, Tanaka Y, Yonetani Y, Kita K, Amano H, Ueda Y, Horibe S. Changes in patellar height after anatomical ACL reconstruction with BTB autograft with a focus on patellar tendon removal volume. J Orthop Sci 2023; 28:403-407. [PMID: 34996699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can provide satisfactory outcomes, little is known about how this procedure impacts patellar height. Since harvesting bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autografts is a potential risk factor for decreased patellar height, we examined changes in patellar height after anatomical ACLR with BTB autograft with a focus on the size of the harvested graft. METHODS Subjects were 84 patients (49 males, 35 females; mean age, 23 years) who underwent primary anatomical ACLR with central third BTB autograft. Preoperative to postoperative Caton-Deschamps index (CDI) ratio was calculated using lateral knee radiographs before and 6 months after surgery. The length and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the graft were measured intraoperatively, and the CSA of the contralateral patellar tendon was measured by ultrasound 6 months postoperatively. The difference in graft CSA relative to the contralateral tendon CSA, expressed as a percentage (gCSA:ctCSA percentage), was also calculated. RESULTS Patellar height decreased slightly after surgery (preoperative CDI: 0.856 ± 0.113; postoperative CDI: 0.841 ± 0.113), with a mean difference between preoperative and postoperative CDIs of -0.015 (range: -0.293 to 0.101). Although the CDI of male subjects significantly decreased after surgery (preoperative: 0.852 ± 0.117; postoperative: 0.827 ± 0.115), no significant changes were noted in female subjects (preoperative: 0.862 ± 0.108; postoperative: 0.861 ± 0.108). Graft length and CSA did not significantly impact the CDI ratio (r = -0.138 and r = -0.038, respectively). Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between the gCSA:ctCSA percentage and CDI ratio (r = 0.118). CONCLUSIONS Although patellar height slightly, but significantly, decreased at 6 months after anatomical ACLR with BTB autograft, it was not affected by the length and CSA of harvested grafts. The decrease in postoperative patellar height was observed only in male subjects, suggesting the potential importance of sex differences in soft tissue healing during the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamoto
- Department of Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshinari Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yonetani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hoshigaoka Medical Center, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuji Horibe
- Faculty of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University
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Al Makhzoomi AK, Kirk TB, Dye DE, Allison GT. Contribution of glycosaminoglycans to the structural and mechanical properties of tendons - A multiscale study. J Biomech 2021; 128:110796. [PMID: 34649066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon contributes to a large range of disorders, including mechanical damage and degenerative diseases. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are thought to play a role in the mechanical strength of tendons by forming cross-links between collagen molecules and allowing the transmission of forces between fibrils. This study assessed the response of GAG-depleted tendons to damage induced by fatigue loading, investigating the mechanical damage (stiffness, hysteresis and maximum load), macrostructural changes (tenocyte morphology, fiber anisotropy and waviness) assessed by confocal imaging and nanostructural changes (fibril D-periodicity length) within the same non-viable intact tendons. Changes in fiber waviness and tenocyte shape are strongly correlated to mechanical and nano-structural (D-periodicity elongation) properties in both Control and GAG-depleted tendons. This study supports firstly, the vital role GAGs play as mechanical connectors facilitating the load transfer between the fibrils and their hydrophilic role in facilitating fibril sliding. Secondly, that observed changes in tenocyte shape and fiber waviness correlate with tendon stiffness and other mechanical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas K Al Makhzoomi
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Thomas B Kirk
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, RMIT University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Danielle E Dye
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Garry T Allison
- Research Office, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Bennett K, Vincent T, Sakthi-Velavan S. The patellar ligament: A comprehensive review. Clin Anat 2021; 35:52-64. [PMID: 34554600 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The patellar ligament (PL) is an epiphyseal ligament and is part of the extensor complex of the knee. The ligament has gained attention due to its clinical relevance to autograft and tendinopathy. A variety of anatomical variations of the PL such as aplasia, numerical variations, and vascularity are being reported recently by clinicians and anatomists. The aim of this literature was to review the available literature to provide a consensus regarding anatomic variations of the PL, neurovasculature surrounding the PL, histology of the PL, and various aspects of PL measurements with relevance to the surgical considerations and sex and age-related differences. A narrative review of the patellar ligament was performed by conducting a detailed literature search and review of relevant articles. A total of 90 articles on the patellar ligament were included and were categorized into studies based on anatomical variations, neurovasculature, morphometrics, microanatomy, sex and age-related difference, and ACL reconstruction. The anatomical variations and morphometrics of the PL were found to correlate with the frequency of strain injuries, tendinopathy, and efficacy of the PL autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The sex differences in PL measurements and the effect of estrogen on collagen synthesis explained a higher incidence of patellar tendinopathy in women. An awareness of its variations enables careful selection of surgical incisions, thereby avoiding complications related to nerve injury. Accurate knowledge of the PL microanatomy assists in understanding the mechanism of ligament degeneration, rupture, autograft harvesting, and ligamentization results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Bennett
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tanner Vincent
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sumathilatha Sakthi-Velavan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Ibrahim M, Hedlundh U, Sernert N, Meknas K, Haag L, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Kartus JT. Histological and ultrastructural degenerative findings in the gluteus medius tendon after hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:339. [PMID: 34039378 PMCID: PMC8152320 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite gluteus medius (GMED) tendinosis being relatively common, its presence in association with hip osteoarthritis (OA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not well studied. It was hypothesized that more tendon degeneration would be found in patients with OA of the hip and in those that had undergone THA than that in a control group. Methods One hundred patients were included between 2016 and 2019 and were included into 4 groups; the patients were undergoing revision surgery in two groups and primary THA in the other two groups; 22 patients had previously undergone primary THA through a direct lateral approach (involving sectioning of the GMED tendon), 24 patients had previously undergone primary THA through a posterior approach (leaving the GMED tendon intact), 29 patients had primary hip OA, and 25 patients who suffered a femoral neck fracture served as controls. Biopsies from the GMED tendon were obtained at the time of the primary THA or the hip revision surgery. The tendon biopsies were examined ultrastructurally and histologically. Results Ultrastructurally, the direct lateral and posterior revision groups had statistically significantly more collagen fibrils with smaller diameters compared with the fracture and primary THA groups. Moreover, the direct lateral revision group had more collagen fibrils with smaller diameters compared with the posterior revision group. Histologically, the direct lateral revision group had a higher total degeneration score (TDS) compared with the primary hip OA group. Conclusions The GMED tendon shows more ultrastructural degeneration in patients who undergo hip revision arthroplasty than in patients with primary OA of the hip and control patients, who had suffered a femoral neck fracture. Furthermore, patients who had previously undergone primary THA through a direct lateral approach revealed more histological GMED tendon degeneration than patients who suffer primary hip OA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-021-02434-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ibrahim
- Department of Orthopedics, Region Västra Götaland, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan / Uddevalla, Sweden. .,University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Urban Hedlundh
- Department of Orthopedics, Region Västra Götaland, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan / Uddevalla, Sweden
| | - Ninni Sernert
- Department of Orthopedics, Region Västra Götaland, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan / Uddevalla, Sweden.,Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Khaled Meknas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.,Orthopedics Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Movin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Orthopedics and Biotechnology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikos Papadogiannakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri-Toomas Kartus
- Department of Orthopedics, Region Västra Götaland, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan / Uddevalla, Sweden.,Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan / Uddevalla, Sweden
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Ibrahim M, Meknas K, Steigen SE, Olsen R, Sernert N, Ejerhed L, Kartus JT. No significant histological or ultrastructural tendinosis changes in the hamstring tendon in patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis of the knee? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:1067-1074. [PMID: 32504157 PMCID: PMC7973588 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the periarticular degenerative changes of the knee joint in association with osteoarthritis (OA). More tendinosis was expected to be found in the semitendinosus tendon in patients with knee OA than in patients without knee OA. METHODS Samples from 41 patients were included between January 2016 and October 2017. Twenty-one patients median age 53 (33-63) years with mild to moderate OA underwent high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and 20 patients median age 38 (31-57) years without OA underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Biopsies from the semitendinosus tendon were obtained at the time of surgery and examined histologically, morphologically and ultrastructurally using light and electron microscope. RESULTS The histological evaluation of the semitendinosus tendon revealed the presence of more hemosiderin in the ACLR group. No significant morphological or ultrastructural differences were shown between patients in the HTO and ACLR group. CONCLUSION Patients with mild and moderate medial compartment knee OA displayed no more degenerative changes in their semitendinosus tendon than patients without OA, as seen in both the light and the electron microscope. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ibrahim
- Department of Orthopedics, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Sweden. .,Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Khaled Meknas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway ,Orthopedics Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sonja E. Steigen
- Diagnostic Clinic-Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway ,Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Randi Olsen
- Advanced Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biology, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ninni Sernert
- Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden ,Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Lars Ejerhed
- Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden ,Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Jüri-Toomas Kartus
- Department of Orthopedics, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Sweden ,Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden ,Department of Research and Development, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Sweden
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8
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Farfaras S, Ejerhed LE, Hallström EK, Hultenby K, Meknas K, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Kartus JT. More histologic and ultrastructural degenerative signs in the subscapularis tendon and the joint capsule in male patients with shoulder impingement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:79-87. [PMID: 28255657 PMCID: PMC5754398 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to analyze biopsy samples from the subscapularis tendon and from the joint capsule from male patients with shoulder impingement syndrome (SAIS) and compare them with samples from male patients with post-traumatic recurrent shoulder instability. The hypothesis of the study was that patients with SAIS would have more histologic and ultrastructural degenerative changes in their subscapularis tendon and joint capsule than patients with post-traumatic recurrent shoulder instability. METHODS Male patients scheduled for surgery, with either subacromial decompression or Bankart reconstruction, were included. Four biopsies from each patient were obtained from the capsule and four from the subscapularis tendon during arthroscopic surgery. The histologic characteristics and the presence of glycosaminoglycans were assessed using the light microscope, and the ultrastructure was assessed using a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Eight patients, median age 53 (45-74) years (p < 0.0001), were included in the impingement group, and 12 patients, median age 27 (22-48) years, were included in the instability group. The histologic assessment revealed significantly higher cellularity and total degeneration score in the capsule (p = 0.016 and p = 0.014 respectively) in patients with subacromial impingement compared with the instability patients. The corresponding finding was not made for the subscapularis tendon. The ultrastructural evaluation revealed that the instability patients had more fibrils with a large diameter (indicating less degeneration) in both the subscapularis tendon and the capsule compared with the impingement patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Male patients with subacromial impingement have more histologic and ultrastructural degenerative changes in their shoulder compared with patients with post-traumatic recurrent shoulder instability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It appears that in patients with subacromial impingement, the whole shoulder joint is affected and not only the subacromial space. It is the opinion of the authors that intra-articular therapeutic injections could be tried more often in these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Farfaras
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Group Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Uddevalla Sjukhus, 451, Uddevalla, Sweden. .,Gothenburg University-Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lars Erik Ejerhed
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Group Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Uddevalla Sjukhus, 451 Uddevalla, Sweden
| | - Erling K. Hallström
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Group Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Uddevalla Sjukhus, 451 Uddevalla, Sweden ,Gothenburg University-Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khaled Meknas
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tomas Movin
- Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikos Papadogiannakis
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri-Toomas Kartus
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Group Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Uddevalla Sjukhus, 451 Uddevalla, Sweden ,Gothenburg University-Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Dragoo JL, Arnoczky S. Comparison of the Acute Inflammatory Response of 2 Commercial PRP Systems: Response. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:NP70-NP71. [PMID: 27903574 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516680782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Akkaya S, Akkaya N, Agladıoglu K, Gungor HR, Ok N, Özçakar L. Real-time elastography of patellar tendon in patients with auto-graft bone-tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2016; 136:837-42. [PMID: 27146818 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-016-2459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patellar tendon donor site has been previously evaluated in patients with auto-graft bone-tendon-bone (BTB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using either magnetic resonance imaging or B mode ultrasound. However, donor site patellar tendon strain ratio-reflecting structural features-has not been studied with US elastography. Here, we ascertain real-time elastography properties of patellar tendon donor site and clinical relevance of these properties in patients with auto-graft BTB ACL reconstruction in the postoperative period. METHODS Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using BTB autograft were evaluated. Demographic, operative and clinical data (severity of pain, Lysholm Knee score, sit to stand test, packages/year for smoking amount) were noted. Patellar tendons of the operated knees were evaluated by ultrasound (length and thickness) and sonoelastography (strain ratio). The healthy knees of the patients constituted the control group. RESULTS Eighteen patients (17 M, 1 F; mean age 30.9 ± 7 years) were evaluated. Mean postoperative follow-up period was 22.1 ± 2.6 (range 18-26) months. Patellar tendons were shorter and thicker on the operated side when compared with the contralateral side (both p = 0.001). Patellar tendon strain ratios of the operated side were lower than the contralateral side (harder tendon on operated side). While there was no correlation between strain ratios and clinical variables (age, BMI, postoperative time, severity of pain, Lysholm score, all p values > 0.05), significant negative correlations were detected between strain ratios of proximal, middle and distal thirds of operated side and amount of smoking (p = 0.008, r = -0.607, p = 0.009, r = -0.598, p = 0.023, r = -0.533, respectively). CONCLUSION Patellar tendons on the operated sides seemed to thicken and shorten with decreased strain ratios at the donor side compared to the healthy side at an average of 2-year follow-up in patients with ACL reconstruction using BTB autograft, and amount of smoking had negative relationship with strain ratio of donor patellar tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Akkaya
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nuray Akkaya
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | | | - Harun R Gungor
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nusret Ok
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Ghellioni GV, da Silva LS, Piovezan AP, Martins RO. Effect of methylprednisolone use on the rotator cuff in rats: biomechanical and histological study. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:260-5. [PMID: 26229927 PMCID: PMC4519642 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the influence of treatment with different doses of methylprednisolone on the mechanical resistance and possible histological alterations of the rotator cuff tendon in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four treatment groups: sham, vehicle or 0.6 mg/kg or 6.0 mg/kg of methylprednisolone. Changes to mechanical resistance (in N) and histological parameters (fibrillar appearance, presence of collagen, edema and vascular proliferation) of the rotator cuff tendon were evaluated. The analyses were conducted after administration of one treatment (24 h afterwards), two treatments (7 days afterward) or three treatments (14 days afterwards), into the subacromial space. Results Seven and fourteen days after the treatments were started, it was found that in a dose-dependent manner, methylprednisolone reduced the mechanical resistance of the rotator cuff tendon (p < 0.05 in relation to the vehicle group). Modifications to the histological parameters were observed on the 7th and 14th days after the first infiltration, especially regarding the presence of collagen and vascular proliferation, for the dose of 0.6 mg/kg of methylprednisolone, and also regarding the presence of collagen, edema and vascular proliferation for the dose of 6.0 mg/kg of corticoid. Conclusion The results obtained demonstrated a relationship between methylprednisolone use through infiltration into the subacromial space and reduction of the mechanical resistance of and histological modifications to the rotator cuff tendon in rats.
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Ghellioni GV, Silva LSD, Piovezan AP, Martins RO. Efeito do uso da metilprednisolona no manguito rotador em ratos. Estudo biomecânico e histológico. Rev Bras Ortop 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Healing of donor site in bone-tendon-bone ACL reconstruction accelerated with plasma rich in growth factors: a randomized clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:991-7. [PMID: 24280956 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the use of plasma rich in growth factors accelerates healing of the donor site in bone-tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (patellar graft). The use of the patellar graft presents post-operative problems such as anterior knee pain, which limits its use and leads to preference being taken for alternative grafts. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial was performed comparing two groups of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon graft and comparing the use of plasma rich in growth factors at the donor site after graft harvest in terms of local regeneration by ultrasound assessment. RESULTS The plasma rich in growth factors group shows earlier donor site regeneration in comparison with the control group (2 months earlier), with significant differences in the first 4 months of the follow-up. CONCLUSION The application of plasma rich in growth factors shows accelerated tissue regeneration processes with respect to the control group. This fact, together with the previously published with similar conclusions, can create a knowledge basis in order to set out new recovery guidelines following ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, Level I.
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Åhlén M, Lidén M, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Rostgård-Christensen L, Kartus J. Histological Evaluation of Regenerated Semitendinosus Tendon a Minimum of 6 Years After Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2014; 2:2325967114550274. [PMID: 26535362 PMCID: PMC4555632 DOI: 10.1177/2325967114550274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Semitendinosus (ST) and/or gracilis (G) autografts are the most used grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. The tendons have been shown to be able to regenerate but with focal areas of scar tissue in the short term. There are no long-term histological studies of the regenerated tendons. Hypothesis: In the long term, the regenerated ST tendon normalizes and has a similar histology as the contralateral nonharvested tendon. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Eighteen patients (8 female, 10 male) who underwent ACL surgery using ipsilateral ST/G tendon autografts were included in this study. Percutaneous specimens were obtained from the regenerated ST tendon and the contralateral nonharvested ST tendon under ultrasonographic guidance at a median of 8.4 years (100.5 months; range, 77-129 months) after the harvest procedure. Specimens from the nonoperated side served as controls. The histology and presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were assessed using a light microscope and a semiquantitative grading system. Results: Thirty-six biopsies were obtained (2 biopsies from each patient). In 5 biopsies, the amount of tissue was too small to analyze in the light microscope, and 1 patient had been operated on bilaterally and was therefore excluded. In total, 24 biopsies were included in the histological analysis. In overall terms, there were no significant differences between the regenerated and nonharvested ST tendon in terms of fiber structure, cellularity, vascularity, and level of GAGs a minimum 6 years after harvest of the ST tendon. However, 3 of the regenerated tendons displayed a loss of fiber structure. Conclusion: The ST tendon regenerates and may regain a histological appearance similar to that of the nonharvested contralateral tendon, as seen in this study a median of 8.4 years after harvesting. However, in some tendons, loss of fiber structure was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Åhlén
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Organization, Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Sweden. ; University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lidén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Sweden
| | - Tomas Movin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jüri Kartus
- Department of Research and Development NU-Hospital Organization, Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Sweden
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Kellis E, Karagiannidis E, Patsika G. Patellar tendon and hamstring moment-arms and cross-sectional area in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and controls. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2014; 18:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.869323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stener S, Ejerhed L, Movin T, Sernert N, Papadogiannakis N, Kartus J. The reharvested patellar tendon has the potential for ligamentization when used for anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:1168-74. [PMID: 22310901 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-1908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to make an in-depth clinical, radiographical, and histological evaluation of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision surgery with reharvested central third patellar tendon autograft. METHODS Four patients (two women and two men) underwent ACL revision surgery with reharvested patellar tendon autograft 71 (66-120) months after the primary reconstruction. The patients were followed prospectively and underwent a clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at two and 10 years. Furthermore, they underwent a second-look arthroscopy involving a biopsy procedure from the reconstructed ACL 3 years after revision surgery. RESULTS The clinical results were poor both at two and 10 years, but the knees were stable and had a firm endpoint in all four patients in the Lachman test. At the second-look arthroscopy, the graft appeared macroscopically normal in all four patients. Histologically two patients had a normal or close to normal appearance of the reconstructed ACL with no or slight increase in cellularity and vascularity. Two patients had a marked increase in cellularity and vascularity, and the findings revealed that ligamentization was present in all four patients. CONCLUSIONS The clinical outcome 10 years after ACL revision surgery was poor in these four patients. In contrast, the reharvested patellar tendon appeared close to normal on MRI, and the second-look arthroscopy with the concomitant histological findings revealed that the grafts were viable 3 years after revision. Therefore, the reharvested patellar tendon seems to have the potential for ligamentization when used for ACL revision surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Case series, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stener
- NU-Hospital Organization, Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Sweden.
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de Almeida AM, Demange MK, Sobrado MF, Rodrigues MB, Pedrinelli A, Hernandez AJ. Patellar tendon healing with platelet-rich plasma: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:1282-8. [PMID: 22472272 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512441344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patellar tendon has limited ability to heal after harvesting its central third. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could improve patellar tendon healing. HYPOTHESIS Adding PRP to the patellar tendon harvest site would improve donor site healing and improve clinical outcome at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS Twenty-seven patients were randomly divided to receive (n = 12) or not receive (n = 15) PRP in the patellar tendon harvest site during ACL reconstruction. The primary outcome was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of patellar tendon healing (gap area) after 6 months. Secondary outcomes were questionnaires and isokinetic testing of ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft comparing both groups. RESULTS Patellar tendon gap area was significantly smaller in the PRP group (4.9 ± 5.3 mm(2); 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-8.8) than in the control group (9.4 ± 4.4 mm(2); 95% CI, 6.6-12.2; P = .046). Visual analog scale score for pain was lower in the PRP group immediately postoperatively (3.8 ± 1.0; 95% CI, 3.18-4.49) than in the control group (5.1 ± 1.4; 95% CI, 4.24-5.90; P = .02). There were no differences after 6 months in questionnaire and isokinetic testing results comparing both groups. CONCLUSION We showed that PRP had a positive effect on patellar tendon harvest site healing on MRI after 6 months and also reduced pain in the immediate postoperative period. Questionnaire and isokinetic testing results were not different between the groups at 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Marques de Almeida
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo University Medical School, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, R. Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 333, Cerqueira César, 05403-010 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dragoo JL, Braun HJ, Durham JL, Ridley BA, Odegaard JI, Luong R, Arnoczky SP. Comparison of the acute inflammatory response of two commercial platelet-rich plasma systems in healthy rabbit tendons. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:1274-81. [PMID: 22495144 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512442334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations differ with respect to the inclusion of certain blood components, which may affect the host's cellular response. HYPOTHESIS This study evaluated the inflammatory effect of Biomet GPS III leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) versus MTF Cascade leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) after intratendinous injection in an animal model. The authors anticipated that LR-PRP would incite a greater acute inflammatory response than LP-PRP. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 17 skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits were tested. In all cases, healthy patellar tendons were treated. In the control animals, one patellar tendon was injected with 2 mL autologous whole blood, and the other was injected with 2 mL sterile saline. Seven total tendons were injected with whole blood, and 7 tendons were injected with saline. In the experimental animals, one patellar tendon was injected with 2 mL LR-PRP, and the other was injected with 2 mL LP-PRP. Ten tendons were injected with LR-PRP, and 10 tendons were injected with LP-PRP. Animals were euthanized at 5 or 14 days after injection. Tendons were harvested and stained using hematoxylin and eosin and scored semi-quantitatively for total white blood cells (WBCs), mononuclear cells (macrophages and lymphocytes), polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), vascularity, fiber structure, and fibrosis. RESULTS At 5 days after injection, tendons treated with LR-PRP had significantly greater overall tendon scores (6.3 ± 1.79 vs 1.8 ± 1.64, P = .012), as well as mean scores for fiber structure (1.4 ± 0.22 vs 0.50 ± 0.50, P = .012), denoting disrupted composition, total WBCs (1.1 ± 0.89 vs 0.10 ± 0.22, P = .014), mononuclear cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) (0.80 ± 0.45 vs 0.10 ± 0.22, P = .014), vascularity (1.7 ± 0.27 vs 0.80 ± 0.16, P = .008), and fibrosis (1.0 ± 0.35 vs 0.3 ± 0.45, P = .037) compared with tendons treated with LP-PRP. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in mononuclear cells (P = .590), PMN cells (P = 1.00), total WBCs (P = .811), vascularity (P = .650), or total tendon score (P = .596) in any of the treatment groups at 14 days. CONCLUSION Compared with leukocyte-poor Cascade PRP, leukocyte-rich GPS III PRP causes a significantly greater acute inflammatory response at 5 days after injection. There is no significant difference in the inflammatory response or cellularity regardless of the injection type at 14 days after intratendinous injection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Platelet-rich plasma injections are frequently prepared using commercial systems and are administered for clinical treatment of chronic tendinopathy. It is important to characterize the cellular responses elucidated by different injection preparations to further understand their effect on tissue healing and aid clinical decision making. Future investigations are necessary to apply these findings to the clinical setting.
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Lui PPY, Cheuk YC, Lee YW, Chan KM. Ectopic chondro-ossification and erroneous extracellular matrix deposition in a tendon window injury model. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:37-46. [PMID: 21761446 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of chondro-osteogenic phenotypes and erroneous matrix deposition may account for poor tissue quality after acute tendon injury. We investigated the presence of chondrocyte phenotype, ossification, and the changes in the expression of major collagens and proteoglycans in the window wound in a rat patellar tendon window injury model using histology, von Kossa staining and immunohistochemistry of Sox 9, major collagens, and proteoglycans. Our results showed that the repair tissue did not restore to normal after acute injury. Ectopic chondrogenesis was observed in 33% of samples inside wound at week 4 while ectopic ossification surrounded by chondrocyte-like cells were observed in the window wound in 50% of samples at week 12. There was sustained expression of biglycan and reduced expression of aggrecan and decorin in the tendon matrix in the repair tissue. The erroneous deposition of extracellular matrix and ectopic chondro-ossification in the repair tissue, both might influence each other, might account for the poor tissue quality after acute injury. Higher expression of biglycan and aggrecan were observed in the ectopic chondro-ossification sites in the repair tissue, suggesting that they might have roles in ectopic chondro-osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Visser LC, Arnoczky SP, Caballero O, Gardner KL. Evaluation of the use of an autologous platelet-rich fibrin membrane to enhance tendon healing in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:699-705. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.5.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meknas K, Johansen O, Steigen SE, Olsen R, Jørgensen L, Kartus J. Could tendinosis be involved in osteoarthritis? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 22:627-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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The role of patellar tendon morphometry on anterior knee pain. Surg Radiol Anat 2009; 32:539-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-009-0610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sullivan BE, Carroll CC, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Magnusson SP, Døssing S, Kjaer M, Trappe TA. Effect of acute resistance exercise and sex on human patellar tendon structural and regulatory mRNA expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 106:468-75. [PMID: 19023016 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91341.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is mainly composed of collagen and an aqueous matrix of proteoglycans that are regulated by enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Although it is known that resistance exercise (RE) and sex influence tendon metabolism and mechanical properties, it is uncertain what structural and regulatory components contribute to these responses. We measured the mRNA expression of tendon's main fibrillar collagens (type I and type III) and the main proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and versican) and the regulatory enzymes MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-3, and TIMP-1 at rest and after RE. Patellar tendon biopsy samples were taken from six individuals (3 men and 3 women) before and 4 h after a bout of RE and from a another six individuals (3 men and 3 women) before and 24 h after RE. Resting mRNA expression was used for sex comparisons (6 men and 6 women). Collagen type I, collagen type III, and MMP-2 were downregulated (P < 0.05) 4 h after RE but were unchanged (P > 0.05) 24 h after RE. All other genes remained unchanged (P > 0.05) after RE. Women had higher resting mRNA expression (P < 0.05) of collagen type III and a trend (P = 0.08) toward lower resting expression of MMP-3 than men. All other genes were not influenced (P > 0.05) by sex. Acute RE appears to stimulate a change in collagen type I, collagen type III, and MMP-2 gene regulation in the human patellar tendon. Sex influences the structural and regulatory mRNA expression of tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Sullivan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Lidén M, Movin T, Ejerhed L, Papadogiannakis N, Blomén E, Hultenby K, Kartus J. A histological and ultrastructural evaluation of the patellar tendon 10 years after reharvesting its central third. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36:781-8. [PMID: 18192494 DOI: 10.1177/0363546507311092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to evaluate the histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the patellar tendon 10 years after reharvesting its central third. HYPOTHESIS In the long term, after its central third is reharvested, the patellar tendon does not regain a normal histological and ultrastructural appearance. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Twelve consecutive patients (4 women, 8 men) who underwent anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery using reharvested ipsilateral patellar tendon autografts were included in the study. Percutaneous biopsy samples were obtained from the central and lateral parts of the patellar tendon under ultrasonographic guidance at a median of 116 months (range, 102-127 months) after the revision procedure. Eleven biopsy specimens from asymptomatic patellar tendons obtained from open anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions served as controls. The histologic characteristics and the presence of glycosaminoglycans were assessed using a light microscope, and the ultrastructure was assessed using a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS The histological evaluation revealed deterioration in fiber structure, increased cellularity, and increased vascularity in both the central and peripheral parts of the reharvested patellar tendon specimens compared with normal tendon specimens. No difference in the amount of glycosaminoglycans was seen in specimens from either part of the reharvested patellar tendons and the control specimens. The ultrastructural evaluation revealed that all the control specimens had a normal morphologic appearance and a compact extracellular matrix with regularly oriented collagen fibrils. Furthermore, in the control specimens, the fibril diameter was heterogeneous, with all fibril size classes present. Specimens from the central and the lateral part of the reharvested tendon displayed pathological cell appearance and a more heterogeneous extracellular matrix. The lateral specimens from the reharvested tendons also displayed all fibril size classes but with a more homogeneous distribution. In the central specimens, the largest fibril size class was absent. CONCLUSION Ten years after its central third was reharvested for anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery, the patellar tendon had not normalized in terms of its histological and ultrastructural appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Lidén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Trappe TA, Carroll CC, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Døssing S, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Cyclooxygenase mRNA expression in human patellar tendon at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R192-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00669.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to acutely elevate several metabolic processes in tendon tissue, including collagen turnover and blood flow, and chronically induce changes in tendon properties. Many of these acute metabolic responses to exercise are regulated by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. We measured the expression levels of COX-1 [variants 1 and 2 (COX-1v1 and COX-1v2)], COX-2, and the recently discovered intron 1-retaining COX-1 variants (COX-1b1, COX-1b2, and COX-1b3) at rest and after resistance exercise (RE). Patellar tendon biopsy samples were taken from six individuals (3 men and 3 women) before and 4 h after a bout of RE (3 sets of 10 repetitions at ∼70% of 1 repetition maximum) and from a separate group of six individuals (3 men and 3 women) before and 24 h after RE and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The COX-1 variants were the most abundant COX mRNAs before exercise and remained unchanged ( P > 0.05) after exercise. COX-2 was also expressed in tendon tissue at rest and was unchanged ( P > 0.05) after exercise. The intron 1-retaining COX-1 variants were not detectable in tendon tissue before or after exercise. COX-1 and COX-2 were expressed at much higher levels by the patellar tendon than by quadriceps skeletal muscle, although the overall COX mRNA expression patterns were similar in skeletal muscle and tendon (COX-1v2 > COX-1v1, P < 0.05; ratio of COX-1 to COX-2 ≅ 4:1). These results suggest that COX-1 and COX-2 are constitutively expressed at relatively high levels in human patellar tendon and are likely targets of COX-inhibiting drugs at rest and after physical activity.
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Lee S, Seong SC, Jo CH, Han HS, An JH, Lee MC. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of autologous quadriceps tendon graft. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 Suppl 3:116-26. [PMID: 17908877 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.g.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahnghoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
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Lee S, Seong SC, Jo CH, Han HS, An JH, Lee MC. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Use of Autologous Quadriceps Tendon Graft. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007. [DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200710001-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Trappe TA. Sex inequity in tendon metabolism? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:507. [PMID: 17038486 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01126.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Svensson M, Movin T, Rostgård-Christensen L, Blomén E, Hultenby K, Kartus J. Ultrastructural collagen fibril alterations in the patellar tendon 6 years after harvesting its central third. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35:301-6. [PMID: 17099242 DOI: 10.1177/0363546506293898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, donor site problems are common, even in the long term after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft. However, there is a lack of knowledge in terms of the mid- and long-term ultrastructural appearance of the previously harvested tendon in humans. HYPOTHESIS The patellar tendon does not regain normal ultrastructure 6 years after harvesting its central third and leaving the defect open. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Thirteen patients were included in the study. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the central and lateral thirds of the patellar tendon under ultrasound guidance 71 months (range, 68-73 months) after the reconstruction. Ten biopsy specimens from other subjects with asymptomatic patellar tendons served as controls. The sections were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Longitudinal sections were used for morphological evaluation, and the fibril diameter was measured on the transverse sections and grouped into 5 diameter classes. RESULTS All control specimens were found to have a compact extracellular matrix with regularly oriented collagen fibrils. Specimens from the lateral part of the harvested tendons displayed a more heterogeneous extracellular matrix. In 3 specimens, the extracellular matrix was different from that of the control specimens. Specimens from the central part of the harvested tendons displayed an even more heterogeneous extracellular matrix, with 8 specimens judged as heterogeneous. The fibril diameter in control specimens displayed the most heterogeneous pattern, and all 5 fibril classes were present. All fibril classes were found in the lateral biopsy specimens from the previously harvested tendons, but the 2 smallest fibril classes (0-30 and 31-60 nm) were significantly more dominant compared with control specimens (P < .0001). In the central specimens from the previously harvested tendons, only the 3 smallest size classes were found (P < .0001 vs controls). CONCLUSION Six years after harvesting its central third and leaving the defect open, the patellar tendon revealed a "more heterogeneous matrix" with changes in ultrastructural morphology and relative fibril diameter distribution compared with normal control tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Norra Alvsborg/Uddevalla Hospital, SE-461 85 Trollhättan, Sweden
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Lidén M, Ejerhed L, Sernert N, Bovaller A, Karlsson J, Kartus J. The course of the patellar tendon after reharvesting its central third for ACL revision surgery: a long-term clinical and radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14:1130-8. [PMID: 16951974 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-006-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The choice of the optimal graft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision surgery is still controversial. Reharvesting the patellar tendon has been suggested as one graft alternative. Our hypothesis was that in the long-term, ACL revision surgery using reharvested patellar tendon autografts would render a good clinical outcome and a normal patellar tendon at the donor site as seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fourteen consecutive patients (five women, nine men), who underwent ACL revision surgery using reharvested ipsilateral patellar tendon grafts, were included in the study. They underwent bilateral MRI evaluations of the patellar tendon and were tested for clinical outcome 26 (20-35) and 115 months (102-127) after the revision procedure. On the second occasion, they also underwent standard weight-bearing X-ray examinations. The serial MRI evaluations revealed that the thickness of the patellar tendon at the donor site was significantly increased compared with the non-harvested, normal contralateral side and that the donor-site gap was still visible after 10 years. No significant differences were seen between the 2- and 10-year MRI evaluations. Standard weight-bearing X-ray examinations revealed signs of mild degenerative changes in all patients. Clinical results in terms of the Lysholm score, IKDC evaluation system, one-leg-hop test, KT-1000 laxity test and the knee-walking test revealed no significant differences between the 2- and 10-year assessments. In overall terms, the clinical results were considered to be poor on both occasions. The patellar tendon at the donor site had not normalised 10 years after the reharvesting procedure, as seen on MRI. Furthermore, the clinical results were poor after ACL revision surgery using reharvested patellar tendon autograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Lidén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Svensson M, Kartus J, Christensen LR, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Karlsson J. A long-term serial histological evaluation of the patellar tendon in humans after harvesting its central third. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005; 13:398-404. [PMID: 15685460 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-004-0590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is previously known that the patellar tendon does not normalise histologically in the short term after harvesting its central third. The aim of the study was to obtain long-term serial biopsies from the central and peripheral parts of the patellar tendon after the harvesting procedure. Our hypothesis was that in the long term after harvesting its central third, the patellar tendon does not regain normal histological appearance. Seventeen consecutive patients, who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autografts, were included. Percutaneous biopsies were obtained under ultrasonographic guidance 27 (24-29) months and 71 (68-73) months after the index procedure, respectively. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The biopsies were evaluated using light microscope. Both at 27 months and 71 months, the fibre structure was deteriorated and the vascularity and cellularity were increased compared with normal tendon. This was seen in both the central and peripheral parts of the tendon. In conclusion, nearly 6 years after harvesting its central third, the patellar tendon had still not normalised histologically, neither in the central nor peripheral parts of the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Norra Alvsborg/Uddevalla Hospital, 461 85 Trollhättan, Sweden
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Shalabi A, Svensson L, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M, Aspelin P, Movin T. Tendon injury and repair after core biopsies in chronic Achilles tendinosis evaluated by serial magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Sports Med 2005; 38:606-12. [PMID: 15388549 PMCID: PMC1724913 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.007609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the morphological response and healing process after transverse ultrasound guided core biopsies in chronic Achilles tendinosis using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a period of one year. METHODS The study included 10 patients. Six had five transverse core biopsies and were longitudinally evaluated by MRI before the biopsies and then after one week, three months, seven months, and one year. These patients started a three month eccentric training programme one to two weeks after the biopsy. Four "non-biopsied" and untreated patients were used for comparison. The clinical outcome was categorised according to the level of pain and performance. RESULTS The MRI one week after the biopsies showed an increase in tendon volume (T1-WI) and mean signal intensity (PD-WI) of 29% and 30% (p = 0.04). During follow up, tendon volume and mean signal intensity gradually decreased. One year after the biopsy, the tendon volume had decreased by 20% and the intratendinous signal by 28% compared with the index MRI (p = 0.04). The untreated patients showed an increase in both tendon volume (39%, p = 0.06) and intratendinous signal (37%, p = 0.14) at the one year follow up. After one year, pain and performance had improved in the treated patients but not the untreated patients. CONCLUSION Five transverse ultrasound guided core biopsies induced a lesion in the diseased Achilles tendon. Alterations during healing such as tendon size and intratendinous signal intensity could be evaluated by MRI. The tendon alterations had decreased one year after the core biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shalabi
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Radiology, Center for Surgical Sciences, Division of Radiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm SE-141 86, Sweden.
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Koseoglu K, Memis A, Argin M, Arkun R. MRI evaluation of patellar tendon defect after harvesting its central third. Eur J Radiol 2004; 50:292-5. [PMID: 15145490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE the purpose of this study was to evaluate defect width of patellar tendon after harvest for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS we performed MRI at various time interval after graft harvest (2-96 months) on 28 patients who had had reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using mid-third patellar tendon. T1 and T2 weighted axial images were obtained to assess donor site defect of the patellar tendon. Measurement of the defect width was performed at the level of menisci on the axial images. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time interval between operation and imaging. The defect width of patients with short time interval (2-12 months) was compared to the defect width of patients with long time interval (12-96 months). RESULTS the average defect width of patients with short time interval was 6.4 mm and it was 2.2 mm for the patients with long time interval. Decreased defect width was obtained from MRI images in the patients with long time interval. Closed donor site defect was detected in 1 out of 14 patients with short time interval and 6 out of 14 patients with long time interval. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION these results show that there is no complete closure of donor site defect up to 1 year. However, it seems to be nearly complete closure of patellar tendon defect in the long time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutsi Koseoglu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Shalabi A, Kristoffersen-Wilberg M, Svensson L, Aspelin P, Movin T. Eccentric training of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex in chronic Achilles tendinopathy results in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal as evaluated by MRI. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32:1286-96. [PMID: 15262655 DOI: 10.1177/0363546504263148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satisfactory treatment results have been reported after eccentric calf muscle strength training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. HYPOTHESIS Magnetic resonance imaging may be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of the effect of 3 months of eccentric calf muscle strength training. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Using magnetic resonance imaging, the Achilles tendons were investigated in 25 patients (16 men and 9 women) ranging in age from 28 to 70 years (median, 51 years) before and after training. Five different magnetic resonance imaging sequences were used. Tendon volume and mean intratendinous signal were calculated using a new seed-growing technique showing 99.3% and 96.6% intraobserver reliability, respectively. The clinical outcome was categorized according to pain level and performance using a questionnaire completed by the patient. RESULTS The eccentric training resulted in a 14% (mean) decrease of tendon volume measured on T1-weighted images, from 6.6 +/- 3.1 cm3 to 5.8 +/- 2.3 cm3 (P < .05). The intratendinous signal in the symptomatic Achilles tendon measured on proton density-weighted images decreased 23% (mean), from 227 +/- 77 signal units to 170 +/- 83 signal units (P < .05). The gadolinium contrast agent-enhanced images did not add further value compared with other sequences. CLINICAL OUTCOME The clinical outcome was categorized as excellent in 10, good in 3, fair in 5, and poor in 8 patients. The Delta signal correlated significantly with the pain level (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Eccentric training resulted in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal and was correlated with an improved clinical outcome. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques can be used as an adjunct to clinical evaluation by monitoring morphologic effects in clinical treatment studies of Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Shalabi
- Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Svensson M, Kartus J, Ejerhed L, Lindahl S, Karlsson J. Does the patellar tendon normalize after harvesting its central third?: a prospective long-term MRI study. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32:34-8. [PMID: 14754721 DOI: 10.1177/0363546503258935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central third of the patellar tendon is the most frequently used autograft for ACL reconstruction. HYPOTHESIS The patellar tendon at the donor site would look normal as seen on MRI 6 years after harvesting its central third. METHODS Nineteen consecutive patients were included in the study. MRI examinations of the donor site were performed at 6 (5 to 10) weeks, 6 (6 to 8) months, 27 (24 to 29) months, and 71 (68 to 73) months postoperatively. The contralateral normal side was examined only on the first occasion. RESULTS The size of the donor-site gap decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) between 6 weeks and 6 years. In most patients, a thinning of the central part of the patellar tendon was still found at 6 years. The thickness of the peripheral patellar tendon was increased, compared with the contralateral healthy side, until 2 years (P = 0.003). On all occasions, the width was increased compared with the contralateral side (P < 0.015). CONCLUSION Prospective MRI examinations revealed that the patellar tendon at the donor site had not normalized 6 years after harvesting its central third. The reharvesting of the patellar tendon can therefore not be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Norra Alvsborg County Hospital, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Trollhättan and Göteborg, Sweden
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Järvelä T, Paakkala T, Kannus P, Toivanen J, Järvinen M. Ultrasonographic and power Doppler evaluation of the patellar tendon ten years after harvesting its central third for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: comparison of patients without or with anterior knee pain. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32:39-46. [PMID: 14754722 DOI: 10.1177/0095399703258619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term morphologic changes in the patellar tendon after harvesting its central third for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament have not been reported. HYPOTHESIS Sonographic morphologic changes in the harvested patellar tendon are common 10 years after the harvesting procedure. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty-one patients who had undergone an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using central-third bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft with a closure of the patellar tendon defect were included in this study. An ultrasonographic and Power Doppler examination was performed at a mean follow-up of 10 years. RESULTS Ultrasonography of the harvested patellar tendon showed intratendinous calcification in 9 patients, hypoechoic lesion in 20 patients, hyperechoic lesion in 1 patient, and peritendinous changes in 1 patient. Only 3 (9.7%) of the 31 patients had no changes in the harvested patellar tendon. No abnormality was visible in the contralateral (normal) patellar tendons of the 31 patients. The harvested patellar tendon was significantly thicker than the contralateral patellar tendon (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sonographic morphologic changes of the patellar tendon were common 10 years after the harvesting procedure, although no evidence of inflammatory process, as could be seen in Power Doppler flow, was found inside of any patellar tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Järvelä
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Martin SD, Patel NA, Adams SB, Roberts MJ, Plummer S, Stamper DL, Fujimoto JG, Brezinski ME. New technology for assessing microstructural components of tendons and ligaments. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2003; 27:184-9. [PMID: 12799764 PMCID: PMC3458449 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-003-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a recently developed technology with micron-scale resolution, to assess the microstructure of tendons and ligaments. In vitro structural- and polarization-sensitive OCT was performed on human ACL, Achilles tendon, and biceps tendon (obtained postmortem). Histology was performed on all imaged samples and compared to the corresponding OCT data. OCT images correlated well with histology. Most importantly, through polarization-sensitive OCT, the collagen in normal tissue was easily distinguished from the surrounding, supportive tissue due to the birefringent properties of organized collagen. Since the integrity of collagen is an important indicator of structural stability and pathologic state, the ability of OCT to assess collagen could be a powerful diagnostic tool in assessing tendon and ligament properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Martin
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - N. A. Patel
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - S. B. Adams
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - M. J. Roberts
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - S. Plummer
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Biology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711 USA
| | - D. L. Stamper
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - J. G. Fujimoto
- />Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - M. E. Brezinski
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Orthopedics Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02139 USA
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Kartus J, Movin T, Karlsson J. Donor-site morbidity and anterior knee problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autografts. Arthroscopy 2001; 17:971-80. [PMID: 11694930 DOI: 10.1053/jars.2001.28979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The authors review the current knowledge on donor site-related problems after using different types of autografts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and make recommendations on minimizing late donor-site problems. Postoperative donor-site morbidity and anterior knee pain following ACL surgery may result in substantial impairment for patients. The selection of graft, surgical technique, and rehabilitation program can affect the severity of pain that patients experience. The loss or disturbance of anterior sensitivity caused by intraoperative injury to the infrapatellar nerve(s) in conjunction with patellar tendon harvest is correlated with donor-site discomfort and an inability to kneel and knee-walk. The patellar tendon at the donor site has significant clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities 2 years after harvest of its central third. Donor-site discomfort correlates poorly with radiographic and histologic findings after the use of patellar tendon autografts. The use of hamstring tendon autografts appears to cause less postoperative donor-site morbidity and anterior knee problems than the use of patellar tendon autografts. There also appears to be a regrowth of the hamstring tendons within 2 years of the harvesting procedure. There is little known about the effect on the donor site of harvesting fascia lata and quadriceps tendon autografts. Efforts should be made to spare the infrapatellar nerve(s) during ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon autografts. Reharvesting the patellar tendon cannot be recommended due to significant clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities 2 years after harvesting its central third. It is important to regain full range of motion and strength after the use of any type of autograft to avoid future anterior knee problems. If randomized controlled trials show that the long-term laxity measurements following ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts are equal to those of patellar tendon autografts, we recommend the use of hamstring tendon autografts because there are fewer donor-site problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kartus
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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