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Mei T, Li Y, Li X, Yang X, Li L, Yan X, He ZH. A Genotype-Phenotype Model for Predicting Resistance Training Effects on Leg Press Performance. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:458-472. [PMID: 38122824 DOI: 10.1055/a-2234-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study develops a comprehensive genotype-phenotype model for predicting the effects of resistance training on leg press performance. A cohort of physically inactive adults (N=193) underwent 12 weeks of resistance training, and measurements of maximum isokinetic leg press peak force, muscle mass, and thickness were taken before and after the intervention. Whole-genome genotyping was performed, and genome-wide association analysis identified 85 novel SNPs significantly associated with changes in leg press strength after training. A prediction model was constructed using stepwise linear regression, incorporating seven lead SNPs that explained 40.4% of the training effect variance. The polygenic score showed a significant positive correlation with changes in leg press strength. By integrating genomic markers and phenotypic indicators, the comprehensive prediction model explained 75.4% of the variance in the training effect. Additionally, five SNPs were found to potentially impact muscle contraction, metabolism, growth, and development through their association with REACTOME pathways. Individual responses to resistance training varied, with changes in leg press strength ranging from -55.83% to 151.20%. The study highlights the importance of genetic factors in predicting training outcomes and provides insights into the potential biological functions underlying resistance training effects. The comprehensive model offers valuable guidance for personalized fitness programs based on individual genetic profiles and phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Teaching Affairs, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Academy of Sports, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Malaysia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zi-Hong He
- Exercise Biology Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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2
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Mian Darbandi S, Hosseinzadeh M, Zarei M, Behm DG. Does ipsilateral and bilateral knee strength status predict lower extremity injuries of elite judokas; a prospective cohort study. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:465-478. [PMID: 36125360 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2126777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The association of pre-participation knee muscle strength status with lower limb injury occurrence was investigated. Knee extensors and flexors muscle strength status including the traditional hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q), Q/Q, H/H, and the non-dominant H/Q: dominant H/Q, HQ:HQ, ratios were recorded before the 10 month judo activity. Fifteen lower limb sport injuries were recorded for 53 judokas during the follow-up questionnaires. Significant accuracy of dominant H/Q ratio 60º/s (AUC 0.702, 95% CI 0.520 to .883, p = 0.023), as well as HQ:HQ ratios 300º/s (AUC .318, 95% CI 0.138 to 0.497, p = 0.040), and 60 º/s (AUC 0.311, 95% CI 0.130 to 0.491, p = .033) were revealed discriminating between injured and uninjured judokas. The optimum cut-off of dominant H/Q ratio associated with belonging to uninjured judokas group was 43.2% (sensitivity, 0.974; specificity, 0.533). Isokinetic knee muscle dynamometry is useful for predicting the likelihood of lower limb injuries in professional judokas during competitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirzad Mian Darbandi
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada
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3
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Benson EM, Elphingstone JW, Paul KD, Schick S, Shihab YA, Barlow D, Ponce BA, Brabston EW, Momaya AM. Eccentric Hamstring Strength Imbalance among Football and Soccer Athletes. South Med J 2024; 117:214-219. [PMID: 38569612 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are common among football and soccer athletes. Eccentric strength imbalance is considered a contributing factor for HSI. There is, however, a paucity of data on hamstring imbalances of soccer and American football athletes as they age and advance in skill level. High school athletes will display greater interlimb discrepancies compared with collegiate and professional athletes. In addition, soccer athletes will exhibit greater hamstring asymmetry than American football athletes. METHODS Hamstring testing was performed on soccer and American football athletes using the NordBord Hamstring Testing System (Vald Performance, Albion, Australia). Age, sex, weight, sport specialization, and sport level were recorded. Maximum hamstring forces (N), torque (N · m), and work (N · s) were measured. Hamstring imbalance (%) was calculated by dividing the absolute value of the difference in leg forces divided by their sum. One-way analysis of variance and independent sample t tests compared measurements between athlete groups. RESULTS A total of 631 athletes completed measurements, including 88 high school male soccer, 25 college male soccer, 23 professional male soccer, 83 high school female soccer, 28 college female soccer, 288 high school football, and 96 college football athletes. High school soccer players displayed significantly greater imbalances for torque (P = 0.03) and work (P < 0.01) than football athletes. Imbalances for maximum force (P = 0.035), torque (P = 0.018), and work (P = 0.033) were significantly higher for male soccer athletes in high school compared with college- and professional-level athletes. Female high school soccer players had significantly higher imbalance in torque (P = 0.045) and work (P = 0.001) compared with female collegiate soccer players. Football athletes did not experience significant changes in force imbalances between skill levels. CONCLUSIONS High school soccer athletes exhibit greater hamstring imbalances than football athletes. Higher levels of play in soccer, for both male and female athletes, correlate with less hamstring asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Benson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Joseph W Elphingstone
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Kyle D Paul
- the Department of Orthopaedics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Samuel Schick
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Yazen A Shihab
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Dan Barlow
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | | | - Eugene W Brabston
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Amit M Momaya
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
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4
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Gabriel A, Konrad A, Herold N, Horstmann T, Schleip R, Paternoster FK. Testing the Posterior Chain: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Bunkie Test versus the Isokinetic Hamstrings/Quadriceps Measurement in Patients with Self-Reported Knee Pain and Healthy Controls. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1011. [PMID: 38398324 PMCID: PMC10889369 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The isokinetic measurement (IM) of the leg muscles is well established but costly, whereas the Bunkie Test (BT) is a rarely investigated but easy-to-conduct functional test to evaluate the total posterior chain. Although the tests differ in aim and test structures, both have their justification in the assessment process. Therefore, this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the BT and the IM. (2) Methods: 21 participants (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.2 ± 5.26 years; weight 73.8 ± 14.6 kg; height 176.0 ± 9.91 cm) and 21 patients (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.5 ± 5.56 years; weight, 72.6 ± 16.9 kg; height 177.0 ± 10.1 cm) with self-reported pain in the knee performed the IM and the BT. For IM, we calculated the ratio of the knee mean flexor/extensor peak torque (H/Q ratio) for 60°/s and 120°/s, and BT performance was measured in seconds. We classified the IM (<0.6 H/Q ratio) and the BT (leg difference ≥4 s) as binary results according to the literature. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity, which we compared with the Chi-Square test, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value of ≤0.05 is considered significant. (3) Results: The sensitivity for the BT was 0.89, 95% CI [0.67, 0.99], and the specificity was 0.52 [0.30, 0.74]. For the IM, the sensitivity was 0.14 [0.03, 0.36] for 60°/s and 0.05 [0.00, 0.24] for 120°/s, and the specificity was 0.70 [0.46, 0.88] for 60°/s and 0.90 [0.68, 0.99] for 120°/s. The results of the Chi-Square tests were significant for the BT (χ2 (1) = 6.17, p = 0.01) but not for the IM (60°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.70, p = 0.40; 120°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.00, p = 0.97). (4) Conclusions: Patients were more likely to obtain a positive test result for the BT but not for the IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gabriel
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Herold
- Department Sport and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
- Department of Medical Professions, Diploma University of Applied Sciences, 37242 Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
| | - Florian K. Paternoster
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
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Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Fleming A, Coates A, La Spina O, Coratella G, McErlain-Naylor SA. Post flywheel squat vs. flywheel deadlift potentiation of lower limb isokinetic peak torques in male athletes. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1514-1527. [PMID: 33112722 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1810750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings torque after flywheel (FW)-squat vs. FW-deadlift in comparison to a control condition. Fifteen male athletes were enrolled in this randomised, crossover study. Each protocol consisted of 3 sets of 6 repetitions, with an inertial load of 0.029 kg.m2. Isokinetic quadriceps (knee extension) and hamstrings (knee flexion) concentric peak torque (60º/s) and hamstring eccentric peak torque (-60º/s) were measured 5 min after experimental or control conditions. A significant condition (PAPE) effect was reported (f = 4.067, p = 0.008) for isokinetic hamstrings eccentric peak torque following FW-squat and FW-deadlift, but no significant differences were found for quadriceps and hamstrings concentric peak torques. The significant difference averaged 14 Nm between FW-squat vs. control (95% CI: 2, 28; d = 0.75, moderate; p = 0.033), and 13 Nm between FW-deadlift vs. control (95% CI: 1, 25; d = 0.68, moderate; p = 0.038). This study reported that both FW-squat and FW-deadlift exercises are equivalently capable of generating PAPE of isokinetic hamstrings eccentric torque. Practitioners may use these findings to inform strength and power development during complex training sessions consisting of flywheel-based exercises prior to a sport-specific task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Adam Fleming
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Alexander Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Oscar La Spina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Mizutani Y, Taketomi S, Kawaguchi K, Takei S, Yamagami R, Kono K, Kage T, Sameshima S, Inui H, Fujiwara S, Tanaka S, Ogata T. Risk factors for hamstring strain injury in male college American football players -a preliminary prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:448. [PMID: 37269013 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the frequency of hamstring strain injuries (HSI) among male college American football players, several studies have attempted to determine whether certain risk factors can predict their occurrence. However, no consensus on modifiable risk factors for HSIs in male college American football players has yet been reached to prevent these injuries. This study aimed to clarify risk factors for HSI prospectively in college male American football players. METHODS A total of 78 male college American football players, whose positions were limited to skill positions, were medically assessed for potential risk factors of HSI. The preseason medical assessment included anthropometric measurements, joint laxity and flexibility, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and balance ability. RESULTS HSI occurred in a total of 25 thighs from 25 players (32.1%). Injured players had significantly lower hamstring flexibility (p = 0.02) and hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q) (p = 0.047) compared to uninjured players. Additionally, injured players had significantly lower general joint laxity scores, especially for the total (p = 0.04), hip (p = 0.007), and elbow (p = 0.04) scores, compared to uninjured players. CONCLUSIONS Lower hamstring flexibility, lower hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio, and lower general joint laxity score were identified as risk factors for HSI in male college American football players placed in skill positions. The muscle flexibility and H/Q ratio could be useful in preventing HSI in such players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mizutani
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seira Takei
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shin Sameshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fujiwara
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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7
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Kellis E, Sahinis C, Baltzopoulos V. Is hamstrings-to-quadriceps torque ratio useful for predicting anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring injuries? A systematic and critical review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:343-358. [PMID: 35065297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the past 30 years, the hamstring (H)-to-quadriceps (Q) (H:Q) torque ratio has been considered an important index of muscle strength imbalance around the knee joint. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the value of H:Q torque ratio as an independent risk factor for hamstring and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. METHODS Database searches were performed to identify all relevant articles in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Prospective studies evaluating the conventional (concentric H:Q), functional (eccentric H: concentric Q), and mixed (eccentric H at 30°/s: concentric Q at 240°/s) H:Q ratios as risk factors for occurrence of hamstring muscle strain or ACL injury were considered. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. RESULTS Eighteen included studies reported 585 hamstrings injuries in 2945 participants, and 5 studies documented 128 ACL injuries in 2772 participants. Best evidence synthesis analysis indicated that there is very limited evidence that H:Q strength ratio is an independent risk factor for hamstring and ACL injury, and this was not different between various ratio types. Methodological limitations and limited evidence for ACL injuries and some ratio types might have influenced these results. CONCLUSION The H:Q ratio has limited value for the prediction of ACL and hamstring injuries. Monitoring strength imbalances along with other modifiable factors during the entire competitive season may provide a better understanding of the association between H:Q ratio and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62100, Greece.
| | - Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62100, Greece
| | - Vasilios Baltzopoulos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX, UK
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8
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Paton BM, Read P, van Dyk N, Wilson MG, Pollock N, Court N, Giakoumis M, Head P, Kayani B, Kelly S, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Moore J, Moriarty P, Murphy S, Plastow R, Stirling B, Tulloch L, Wood D, Haddad F. London International Consensus and Delphi study on hamstring injuries part 3: rehabilitation, running and return to sport. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:278-291. [PMID: 36650032 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries (HSIs) are the most common athletic injury in running and pivoting sports, but despite large amounts of research, injury rates have not declined in the last 2 decades. HSI often recur and many areas are lacking evidence and guidance for optimal rehabilitation. This study aimed to develop an international expert consensus for the management of HSI. A modified Delphi methodology and consensus process was used with an international expert panel, involving two rounds of online questionnaires and an intermediate round involving a consensus meeting. The initial information gathering round questionnaire was sent to 46 international experts, which comprised open-ended questions covering decision-making domains in HSI. Thematic analysis of responses outlined key domains, which were evaluated by a smaller international subgroup (n=15), comprising clinical academic sports medicine physicians, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons in a consensus meeting. After group discussion around each domain, a series of consensus statements were prepared, debated and refined. A round 2 questionnaire was sent to 112 international hamstring experts to vote on these statements and determine level of agreement. Consensus threshold was set a priori at 70%. Expert response rates were 35/46 (76%) (first round), 15/35 (attendees/invitees to meeting day) and 99/112 (88.2%) for final survey round. Statements on rehabilitation reaching consensus centred around: exercise selection and dosage (78.8%-96.3% agreement), impact of the kinetic chain (95%), criteria to progress exercise (73%-92.7%), running and sprinting (83%-100%) in rehabilitation and criteria for return to sport (RTS) (78.3%-98.3%). Benchmarks for flexibility (40%) and strength (66.1%) and adjuncts to rehabilitation (68.9%) did not reach agreement. This consensus panel recommends individualised rehabilitation based on the athlete, sporting demands, involved muscle(s) and injury type and severity (89.8%). Early-stage rehab should avoid high strain loads and rates. Loading is important but with less consensus on optimum progression and dosage. This panel recommends rehabilitation progress based on capacity and symptoms, with pain thresholds dependent on activity, except pain-free criteria supported for sprinting (85.5%). Experts focus on the demands and capacity required for match play when deciding the rehabilitation end goal and timing of RTS (89.8%). The expert panellists in this study followed evidence on aspects of rehabilitation after HSI, suggesting rehabilitation prescription should be individualised, but clarified areas where evidence was lacking. Additional research is required to determine the optimal load dose, timing and criteria for HSI rehabilitation and the monitoring and testing metrics to determine safe rapid progression in rehabilitation and safe RTS. Further research would benefit optimising: prescription of running and sprinting, the application of adjuncts in rehabilitation and treatment of kinetic chain HSI factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Paton
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK .,Physiotherapy Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland.,Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,British Athletics, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Head
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK
| | - Babar Kayani
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Kelly
- Salford City Football Club, Salford, UK.,Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Moore
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Centre for Human Health and Performance, London, UK
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Murphy
- Medical Services, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Wood
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fares Haddad
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK.,Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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9
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Zhou Q. FATIGUE AND THE RECOVERY WAYS IN ATHLETE RUNNERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: With the continuous development of running, great changes have occurred in training media, equipment, and training concepts. Running fatigue and recovery have increasingly become the direction of research by scientists worldwide. Objective: In this paper, the mechanism, causes, and measures of biological recovery in athletes during training are discussed. Method: The effects of different interventions on athletes' recovery after training were analyzed through protocoled experiments. Effective methods of fatigue recovery were presented. The study compared the variables of the sprinter's morning heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, CK, BUN, RPE, and other indicators to understand the recovery of middle and long-distance runners after training. Results: Recovery measures are effective when combined with exercise training based on the fatigue mechanism. Conclusion: Subjective sensory, physiological, and biochemical indicators are used to judge the intensity of fatigue in exercise training, and the fatigue recovery phase of exercise training is an important item to consider during training activities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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10
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Voukelatos D, Evangelidis PE, Pain MTG. The hamstrings to quadriceps functional ratio expressed over the full angle-angular velocity range using a limited number of data points. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210696. [PMID: 35601451 PMCID: PMC9043738 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring to quadriceps (H : Q) strength ratio is widely used to identify individuals at risk of sustaining hamstring strain injuries. However, its efficacy is not supported by the current evidence. Current methods for the calculation of the H : Q ratio provide only a one- or two-dimensional ratio, often ignoring fundamental muscle mechanical properties. Based on isokinetic torque measurements of the knee flexors and extensors (0-400° s-1) in 25 young, physically active males, we derived a model equation that creates a three-dimensional H : Q functional ratio profile. The model robustness was tested against a different number of input torque data (8, 11, 14 and 17 pairs of points) and small perturbation of the knee joint angle data (5°). The model was consistent and behaved well under all conditions apart from the eight pairs of points (R 2 = 0.84-0.96; RMSE = 0.14-0.25; NRMSE = 0.12-0.27), and the H : Q functional ratio was successfully described even at angles and velocities that cannot be normally assessed with isokinetic dynamometry. Overall, our results suggest that the model can provide a fast and accurate three-dimensional description of the knee joint muscle strength balance using as few as 11 experimental data points and this could be an easy-to-employ screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Voukelatos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Matthew T. G. Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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11
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Hammami N, Frih B, Rahali H, Mkacher W, Rezgui T, Čular D, Bouassida A. Effects of taekwondo style practice on cardiac remodeling and isokinetic thigh strength in elite women players. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Miratsky P, Gryc T, Cabell L, Zahalka F, Brozka M, Varjan M, Maly T. Isokinetic Strength, Vertical Jump Performance, and Strength Differences in First Line Professional Firefighters Competing in Fire Sport. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073448. [PMID: 33810362 PMCID: PMC8037820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate peak torque (PT) of knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF), bilateral and unilateral strength asymmetries in isokinetic testing and vertical jump height (JH), vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and force differences (ΔVGRF) between legs during different jump tests in professional first-line firefighters (n = 15) competing in fire sports disciplines. There was a significant effect of jump type on JH (F2,44 = 7.23, p < 0.05), VGRF (F2,44 = 16.03, p < 0.05), and ΔVGRF (F2,44 = 3.45, p < 0.05). Professional firefighters achieved a mean JH of 50.17 cm in the countermovement jump free arms and high PT of KEs (3.15 Nm/kg). No significant differences (p > 0.05) and small effect sizes (d < 0.3) were found between the legs when PTs were assessed. We found a slightly higher (d = 0.53) unilateral strength ratio in non-dominant legs (58.12 ± 10.26%) compared to dominant legs (55.31 ± 7.51%). No effect of laterality was found among limb comparisons, but a higher unilateral isokinetic strength ratio was found in non-dominant legs of firefighters. A high level of strength (PT of KEs > 3 times body weight) and vertical jump performance is comparable to the performance of elite athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Miratsky
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Tomas Gryc
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Lee Cabell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcon, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Matej Brozka
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Matej Varjan
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Tomas Maly
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, José Martího 31, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (T.G.); (F.Z.); (M.B.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ruiz-Pérez I, López-Valenciano A, Hernández-Sánchez S, Puerta-Callejón JM, De Ste Croix M, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F. A Field-Based Approach to Determine Soft Tissue Injury Risk in Elite Futsal Using Novel Machine Learning Techniques. Front Psychol 2021; 12:610210. [PMID: 33613389 PMCID: PMC7892460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity non-contact soft tissue (LE-ST) injuries are prevalent in elite futsal. The purpose of this study was to develop robust screening models based on pre-season measures obtained from questionnaires and field-based tests to prospectively predict LE-ST injuries after having applied a range of supervised Machine Learning techniques. One hundred and thirty-nine elite futsal players underwent a pre-season screening evaluation that included individual characteristics; measures related to sleep quality, athlete burnout, psychological characteristics related to sport performance and self-reported perception of chronic ankle instability. A number of neuromuscular performance measures obtained through three field-based tests [isometric hip strength, dynamic postural control (Y-Balance) and lower extremity joints range of motion (ROM-Sport battery)] were also recorded. Injury incidence was monitored over one competitive season. There were 25 LE-ST injuries. Only those groups of measures from two of the field-based tests (ROM-Sport battery and Y-Balance), as independent data sets, were able to build robust models [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score ≥0.7] to identify elite futsal players at risk of sustaining a LE-ST injury. Unlike the measures obtained from the five questionnaires selected, the neuromuscular performance measures did build robust prediction models (AUC score ≥0.7). The inclusion in the same data set of the measures recorded from all the questionnaires and field-based tests did not result in models with significantly higher performance scores. The model generated by the UnderBagging technique with a cost-sensitive SMO as the base classifier and using only four ROM measures reported the best prediction performance scores (AUC = 0.767, true positive rate = 65.9% and true negative rate = 62%). The models developed might help coaches, physical trainers and medical practitioners in the decision-making process for injury prevention in futsal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Ramón y Cajal Postdoctoral Fellowship, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Raya-González J, Clemente FM, Castillo D. Analyzing the Magnitude of Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E475. [PMID: 33435559 PMCID: PMC7826579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although asymmetries in lower limbs have been linked with players' performance in male soccer players, literature that has been published addressing female soccer is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) describe the asymmetries of women soccer players during jumping, change-of-direction and range-of-motion tests; and (ii) test possible relationships between asymmetries and injury risk in female soccer players. Sixteen female players (15.5 ± 1.5 years) performed a battery of fitness tests (i.e., jump ability, change-of-direction ability and passive range-of-motion) and muscle mass analysis via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, through which the specific asymmetry index and the related injury risk were calculated. Significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in the change-of-direction test were observed in comparison to those observed in jumping and range-of-motion tests; significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in muscle mass were also reported compared to those found in the change-of-direction and countermovement jump tests. Additionally, increased injury risk for countermovement jump and hip flexion with extended knee range-of-motion (relating to asymmetry values) and for ankle flexion with flexed knee range-of-motion in both legs (relating to reference range-of-motion values), as well as increased individual injury risk values, were observed across all tests. These findings suggest the necessity to implement individual approaches for asymmetry and injury risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sports Sciences Department, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaço, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
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15
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Burigo RL, Scoz RD, Alves BMDO, da Silva RA, Melo-Silva CA, Vieira ER, Hirata RP, Amorim CF. Concentric and eccentric isokinetic hamstring injury risk among 582 professional elite soccer players: a 10-years retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000868. [PMID: 33304603 PMCID: PMC7705342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Different authors have tried to correlate the peak isokinetic torque values with the incidence of soccer match injuries. However, due to the wide variety of assessment testing protocols, such an inference becomes difficult. This study aimed to verify the capacity of an isokinetic test to establish injury risk reference values for hamstring strain injuries. Methods A retrospective cohort study based on isokinetic data and clinical records from the last 10 years was conducted in 582 Brazilian elite-professional soccer players, who were subjected to the same isokinetic test protocol, machine, and tester. A Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Complex Data Sampling was used to generate injury risk statistical indexes. Results Multivariate regression analysis of both legs provided important data to identify the cut-off values of Concentric Peak Torque (181.82 Newton/*metres), Concentric Work (236.23 watts) and Concentric Power (130.11 joules). Conclusions The injury risk indexes indicate that an increase of just one Newton unit in CPT (Concentric Peak Torque) and CJ (Concentric Power) above those cut-off values, can reduce the risk of future injuries by 2% and 2.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lima Burigo
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson Dias Scoz
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mazziotti de Oliveira Alves
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Therapy Department, Universite du Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cesar Augusto Melo-Silva
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Edgar Ramos Vieira
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Therapy Department, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rogerio Pessoto Hirata
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cesar Ferreira Amorim
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Physical Therapy Department, Universite du Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.,Physical Therapy Department, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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16
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Madić D, Obradović B, Golik-Perić D, Marinković D, Trajković N, Gojković Z. The isokinetic strength profile of semi-professional soccer players according to low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020; 33:501-506. [PMID: 31524139 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-171109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer as a sport has a very high injury rate and low back pain (LBP) is considered to be the most common overuse injury typically occurring in the back and spine in elite soccer players. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate differences in knee muscle strength and muscle imbalances in soccer players according to lower back pain. METHODS One hundred and thirty-six male professional soccer players (20.49 ± 3.73 years, 76.57 ± 8.24 kg, 182.63 ± 6.73 cm) volunteered for the study. The isokinetic dynamometer PrimaDOC (EASYTECH, Italy) was used to assess the hamstring and quadriceps strength at the selected speeds of 60∘/s, whereas the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) was used as a health status measure to assess physical disability caused by low back pain. RESULTS A univariate analysis of variance has shown that there is a statistically significant difference among the groups divided into Absolute peak torque right knee flexors, Absolute peak torque left knee flexors, Ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps strength right leg, and Ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps strength left leg based on the RDQ scores. On the other hand, no other significant differences among the groups were found in other parametersCONCLUSION: The current study indicates that knee muscle strength variables, resulting from an isokinetic testing, have the potential to discriminate between soccer players with and without a history of low back pain. However, low back pain is a multidimensional phenomenon and knee muscle strength or imbalance alone cannot be expected to explain low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Madić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Borislav Obradović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Golik-Perić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragan Marinković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gojković
- Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Provincial Secretariat for Health Care, Novi Sad, Serbia
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17
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Delvaux F, Schwartz C, Rodriguez C, Forthomme B, Kaux JF, Croisier JL. Preseason assessment of anaerobic performance in elite soccer players: comparison of isokinetic and functional tests. Sports Biomech 2020; 22:689-703. [PMID: 32460644 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1750681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Isokinetic and functional jump tests are frequently performed for assessing the physical qualities of soccer players during preseason. The purpose of this investigation was to explore, in an elite soccer players population, the relationships between isokinetic strength and functional jump performances. Thirty-eight professional soccer players were evaluated as follows: isokinetic knee assessment in concentric (CON) mode (60, 240°/s) for quadriceps and hamstrings, and in eccentric (ECC) mode for the hamstrings only (30°/s); one-leg hop tests for distance (single hop (SH), triple hop (TH) and triple crossover hop (TCH)); one-leg vertical jump tests (countermovement jump, drop jump). Players with a low bodyweight normalised (BWN) quadriceps (Q) strength (<2.71 Nm/kg) performed, for a majority of the measured variables, significantly reduced jump performances compared to the players with high BWN Q strength (>3.14 Nm/kg; p < 0.05). Greater bilateral differences between uninjured and past injured lower limbs were found with isokinetics (Q CON 60°/s (mean bilateral difference (MBD): 10.3%; p < 0.01), Q CON 240°/s (MBD: 9.9%; p < 0.05), H ECC 30°/s (MBD: 16.1%; p < 0.001) than with functional tests (MBD: 2 to 9%; p > 0.05. In conclusion, due to their complementary role and implications for performance, functional and isokinetic tests should be associated in a preseason soccer players assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Delvaux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cédric Schwartz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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18
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Green B, Bourne MN, van Dyk N, Pizzari T. Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI): A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent hamstring strain injury in sport. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1081-1088. [PMID: 32299793 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review risk factors for hamstring strain injury (HSI). DESIGN Systematic review update. DATA SOURCES Database searches: (1) inception to 2011 (original), and (2) 2011 to December 2018 (update). Citation tracking, manual reference and ahead of press searches. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies presenting prospective data evaluating factors associated with the risk of index and/or recurrent HSI. METHOD Search result screening and risk of bias assessment. A best evidence synthesis for each factor and meta-analysis, where possible, to determine the association with risk of HSI. RESULTS The 78 studies captured 8,319 total HSIs, including 967 recurrences, in 71,324 athletes. Older age (standardised mean difference=1.6, p=0.002), any history of HSI (risk ratio (RR)=2.7, p<0.001), a recent HSI (RR=4.8, p<0.001), previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (RR=1.7, p=0.002) and previous calf strain injury (RR=1.5, p<0.001) were significant risk factors for HSI. From the best evidence synthesis, factors relating to sports performance and match play, running and hamstring strength were most consistently associated with HSI risk. The risk of recurrent HSI is best evaluated using clinical data and not the MRI characteristics of the index injury. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Older age and a history of HSI are the strongest risk factors for HSI. Future research may be directed towards exploring the interaction of risk factors and how these relationships fluctuate over time given the occurrence of index and recurrent HSI in sport is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Green
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring muscle injury prediction by isokinetic strength ratios is low but could result from the method-depending either on the use of the limbs or of the sportsmen as references. We aimed to establish a predictive model including unilateral and bilateral ratios calculated from the dominant, nondominant, right, and left limb in injured and uninjured professional soccer players. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Soccer team of the French Professional Premier League. PATIENTS Ninety-one professional soccer players. INTERVENTIONS Isokinetic muscle strength was prospectively measured at the beginning of 5 consecutive seasons (2009-2014). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Several bilateral, conventional, and functional ratios were calculated from isokinetic measurements at different angular speeds (60 and 240 degrees/s in concentric mode and 30 degrees/s in eccentric mode). Thirty-one soccer players had a hamstring injury during the seasons and were compared with 60 uninjured players. Four models were tested to predict the occurrence of hamstring injury from isokinetic ratios calculated in accordance with the dominant, nondominant, right, and left limb. RESULTS No predictive model was found when ratios were calculated from the dominant or the right limb. Two models of prediction were found when ratios were calculated from the nondominant or the left limb. In these 2 models, only the bilateral concentric hamstring-to-hamstring ratio at 60 degrees/s was predictive. The best prediction was found with the left limb. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 low predictive models for hamstring muscle injuries depending on the limbs studied. Because of a low prediction, the consensual method used to predict hamstring muscle injury must be defined in future studies.
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20
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Kluczynski MA, Kelly WH, Lashomb WM, Bisson LJ. A Systematic Review of the Orthopaedic Literature Involving National Football League Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119864356. [PMID: 31457068 PMCID: PMC6702781 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119864356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orthopaedic injuries of National Football League (NFL) players can have a deleterious effect on their health, with minimal to no high-level evidence on the management of these injuries. Purpose To summarize all data published between January 1980 and March 2018 on orthopaedic injuries experienced by NFL candidates and professional players in the NFL. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A literature search of studies examining orthopaedic injuries in the NFL was performed through the PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The review included studies of orthopaedic injuries in college football recruits attending the NFL Combine as well as professional NFL players. Excluded were studies of nonorthopaedic injuries, such as concussions, traumatic brain injury, facial injuries, and vascular injuries, as well as case reports. Results A total of 147 articles met the inclusion criteria and were divided into 11 topics based on anatomic site: general (16%), spine (13%), shoulder (13%), elbow (3%), hand and wrist (3%), trunk (0.7%), hip and pelvis (7%), thigh (3%), knee (24%), ankle (5%), and foot (12%). Of these studies, 74% were of level 4 evidence. Most studies obtained data from the NFL Combine database (26%), by searching the internet (24%), and via the NFL Injury Surveillance System (22%). Studies using internet search methods to identify injuries consistently found fewer participants than studies using the NFL Injury Surveillance System. Conclusion This systematic review provides National Collegiate Athletic Association and NFL team physicians with a single source of the most current literature regarding orthopaedic injuries in NFL players. Most research was published on knee, spine, shoulder, and foot injuries and consisted of level 4 evidence. A substantial portion of the published literature was based on data obtained from internet searches and may not accurately represent the NFL population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Kluczynski
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - William H Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - William M Lashomb
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Leslie J Bisson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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21
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Namazi P, Zarei M, Hovanloo F, Abbasi H. The association between the isokinetic muscle strength and lower extremity injuries in young male football players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 39:76-81. [PMID: 31279289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validating any screening test to predict and prevent football injuries is in need of identifying related risk factors through prospective designs. In spite of the extensive use of strength testing in football players, there are limited studies investigating the relationship between isokinetic muscle strength and injury risk in young football players. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between isokinetic strength and the risk of lower extremity injury among Iranian young football players. METHOD ology: seventy three U-21 football players participated in this study. Isokinetic strength of hip, knee and ankle muscles were measured using the Isokinetic system pro 4. Injuries and exposure in training and matches were registered prospectively by club medical staff for one season. RESULTS Significant relationships were revealed between the isokinetic strength of hip abductor and adductor muscles, and isokinetic strength ratio of hip abductor/adductor muscles at an angular speed of 30°/sec, the isokinetic strength of hip abductor muscles at 90°/sec, and isokinetic strength of knee flexor and extensor muscles at 60°/sec and knee flexor/extensor strength ratio at angular velocities of 60°/sec with the injury occurrence among football players. CONCLUSION lower extremity isokinetic strength indices are associated with injuries in young male football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Namazi
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Hovanloo
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, No. 3, 5th Alley, Miremad Street, Motahhari Street, 1587958711, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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El-Ashker S, Allardyce JM, Carson BP. Sex-related differences in joint-angle-specific hamstring-to-quadriceps function following fatigue. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1574904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Said El-Ashker
- Self-Development Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna M. Allardyce
- School of Allied Health, Education & Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Education & Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Grygorowicz M, Michałowska M, Walczak T, Owen A, Grabski JK, Pyda A, Piontek T, Kotwicki T. Discussion about different cut-off values of conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio used in hamstring injury prediction among professional male football players. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188974. [PMID: 29216241 PMCID: PMC5720729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the sensitivity and specificity of differences cut-off values for isokinetic Hcon/Qcon ratio in order to improve the capacity to evaluate (retrospectively) the injury of hamstring muscles in professional soccer screened with knee isokinetic tests. DESIGN Retrospective study. METHODS Medical and biomechanical data of professional football players playing for the same team for at least one season between 2010 and 2016 were analysed. Hamstring strain injury cases and the reports generated via isokinetic testing were investigated. Isokinetic concentric(con) hamstring(H) and quadriceps(Q) absolute strength in addition with Hcon/Qcon ratio were examined for the injured versus uninjured limbs among injured players, and for the injured and non-injured players. 2 x 2 contingency table was used for comparing variables: predicted injured or predicted uninjured with actual injured or actual uninjured. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratio were calculated for three different cut-off values (0.47 vs. 0.6 vs. 0.658) to compare the discriminative power of an isokinetic test, whilst examining the key value of Hcon/Qcon ratio which may indicate the highest level of ability to predispose a player to injury. McNemar's chi2 test with Yates's correction was used to determine agreement between the tests. PQStat software was used for all statistical analysis, and an alpha level of p <0.05 was used for all statistical comparisons. RESULTS 340 isokinetic test reports on both limbs of 66 professional soccer players were analysed. Eleven players suffered hamstring injuries during the analysed period. None of these players sustained recurrence of hamstring injury. One player sustained hamstring strain injury on both legs, thus the total number of injuries was 12. Application of different cut-off values for Hcon/Qcon significantly affected the sensitivity and specificity of isokinetic test used as a tool for muscle injury detection. The use of 0.47 of Hcon/Qcon as a discriminate value resulted in significantly lower sensitivity when compared to 0.658 threshold (sensitivity of 16.7% vs. 91.7%, respectively; t = 6.125,p = 0.0133). Calculated values of specificity (when three different cut-off were applied) were also significantly different. Threshold of 0.6 of Hcon/Qcon resulted with significantly lower specificity compared to 0.47 value (specificity of 46.9% vs. 94.5%, respectively; t = 153.0,p<0.0001), and significantly higher specificity when compared to 0.658 (specificity of 46.9% vs. 24.1%, respectively; t = 229.0, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The use of different cut-off values for Hcon/Qcon significantly affected the sensitivity and specificity of isokinetic testing. The interpretation of usefulness of isokinetic test as a screening tool in a group of male professional football players to predict hamstring injury occurrence within the next 12 months might be therefore significantly biased due to the different threshold values of Hcon/Qcon. Using one "normative" value as a cut-off (e.g. 0.47 or 0.60, or 0.658) to quantify soccer players (or not) to the group with a higher risk of knee injury might result in biased outcomes due to the natural strength asymmetry that is observed within the group of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Grygorowicz
- Department of Spondyloortopaedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Martyna Michałowska
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Walczak
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Owen
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Pyda
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piontek
- Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
- Spine Disorders and Paediatric Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kotwicki
- Spine Disorders and Paediatric Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznań, Poland
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Green B, Bourne MN, Pizzari T. Isokinetic strength assessment offers limited predictive validity for detecting risk of future hamstring strain in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:329-336. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo examine the value of isokinetic strength assessment for predicting risk of hamstring strain injury, and to direct future research into hamstring strain injuries.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesDatabase searches for Medline, CINAHL, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2017. Manual reference checks, ahead-of-press and citation tracking.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesProspective studies evaluating isokinetic hamstrings, quadriceps and hip extensor strength testing as a risk factor for occurrence of hamstring muscle strain.MethodsIndependent search result screening. Risk of bias assessment by independent reviewers using Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Best evidence synthesis and meta-analyses of standardised mean difference (SMD).ResultsTwelve studies were included, capturing 508 hamstring strain injuries in 2912 athletes. Isokinetic knee flexor, knee extensor and hip extensor outputs were examined at angular velocities ranging 30–300°/s, concentric or eccentric, and relative (Nm/kg) or absolute (Nm) measures. Strength ratios ranged between 30°/s and 300°/s. Meta-analyses revealed a small, significant predictive effect for absolute (SMD=−0.16, P=0.04, 95% CI −0.31 to −0.01) and relative (SMD=−0.17, P=0.03, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.014) eccentric knee flexor strength (60°/s). No other testing speed or strength ratio showed statistical association. Best evidence synthesis found over half of all variables had moderate or strong evidence for no association with future hamstring injury.Summary/ConclusionDespite an isolated finding for eccentric knee flexor strength at slow speeds, the role and application of isokinetic assessment for predicting hamstring strain risk should be reconsidered, particularly given costs and specialised training required.
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Shield AJ, Bourne MN. Hamstring Injury Prevention Practices in Elite Sport: Evidence for Eccentric Strength vs. Lumbo-Pelvic Training. Sports Med 2017; 48:513-524. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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An Evidence-Based Framework for Strengthening Exercises to Prevent Hamstring Injury. Sports Med 2017; 48:251-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Updated Review of the Applied Physiology of American College Football: Physical Demands, Strength and Conditioning, Nutrition, and Injury Characteristics of America’s Favorite Game. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1396-1403. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While there are various avenues for performance improvement in college American football (AF), there is no comprehensive evaluation of the collective array of resources around performance, physical conditioning, and injury and training/game characteristics to guide future research and inform practitioners. Accordingly, the aim of the present review was to provide a current examination of these areas in college AF. Recent studies show that there is a wide range of body compositions and strength characteristics between players, which appear to be influenced by playing position, level of play, training history/programming, and time of season. Collectively, game demands may require a combination of upper- and lower-body strength and power production, rapid acceleration (positive and negative), change of direction, high running speed, high-intensity and repetitive collisions, and muscle-strength endurance. These may be affected by the timing of and between-plays and/or coaching style. AF players appear to possess limited nutrition and hydration practices, which may be disadvantageous to performance. AF injuries appear due to a multitude of factors—strength, movement quality, and previous injury—while there is also potential for extrinsic factors such as playing surface type, travel, time of season, playing position, and training load. Future proof-of-concept studies are required to determine the quantification of game demands with regard to game style, type of opposition, and key performance indicators. Moreover, more research is required to understand the efficacy of recovery and nutrition interventions. Finally, the assessment of the relationship between external/internal-load constructs and injury risk is warranted.
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Schuermans J, Danneels L, Van Tiggelen D, Palmans T, Witvrouw E. Proximal Neuromuscular Control Protects Against Hamstring Injuries in Male Soccer Players: A Prospective Study With Electromyography Time-Series Analysis During Maximal Sprinting. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1315-1325. [PMID: 28263670 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516687750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With their unremittingly high incidence rate and detrimental functional repercussions, hamstring injuries remain a substantial problem in male soccer. Proximal neuromuscular control ("core stability") is considered to be of key importance in primary and secondary hamstring injury prevention, although scientific evidence and insights on the exact nature of the core-hamstring association are nonexistent at present. HYPOTHESIS The muscle activation pattern throughout the running cycle would not differ between participants based on injury occurrence during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Sixty amateur soccer players participated in a multimuscle surface electromyography (sEMG) assessment during maximal acceleration to full-speed sprinting. Subsequently, hamstring injury occurrence was registered during a 1.5-season follow-up period. Hamstring, gluteal, and trunk muscle activity time series during the airborne and stance phases of acceleration were evaluated and statistically explored for a possible causal association with injury occurrence and absence from sport during follow-up. RESULTS Players who did not experience a hamstring injury during follow-up had significantly higher amounts of gluteal muscle activity during the front swing phase ( P = .027) and higher amounts of trunk muscle activity during the backswing phase of sprinting ( P = .042). In particular, the risk of sustaining a hamstring injury during follow-up lowered by 20% and 6%, with a 10% increment in normalized muscle activity of the gluteus maximus during the front swing and the trunk muscles during the backswing, respectively ( P < .024). CONCLUSION Muscle activity of the core unit during explosive running appeared to be associated with hamstring injury occurrence in male soccer players. Higher amounts of gluteal and trunk muscle activity during the airborne phases of sprinting were associated with a lower risk of hamstring injuries during follow-up. Hence, the present results provide a basis for improved, evidence-based rehabilitation and prevention, particularly focusing on increasing neuromuscular control of the gluteal and trunk muscles during sport-specific activities (eg, sprint drills, agility drills).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Schuermans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Damien Van Tiggelen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanneke Palmans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Dauty M, Menu P, Fouasson-Chailloux A. Cutoffs of isokinetic strength ratio and hamstring strain prediction in professional soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:276-281. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dauty
- Nantes Hospital University; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Hôpital Saint Jacques; Nantes France
- INSERM UMR 1229-RMES; “Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton”; Team STEP “Skeletal physiopathology and joint regenerative medicine”; Nantes University Hospital; Nantes France
| | - P. Menu
- Nantes Hospital University; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Hôpital Saint Jacques; Nantes France
- INSERM UMR 1229-RMES; “Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton”; Team STEP “Skeletal physiopathology and joint regenerative medicine”; Nantes University Hospital; Nantes France
| | - A. Fouasson-Chailloux
- Nantes Hospital University; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Hôpital Saint Jacques; Nantes France
- INSERM UMR 1229-RMES; “Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton”; Team STEP “Skeletal physiopathology and joint regenerative medicine”; Nantes University Hospital; Nantes France
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Sex-related differences in joint-angle-specific functional hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:949-957. [PMID: 26149462 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine and compare sex-related differences in the functioning of the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles and the isokinetic hamstrings eccentric-to-quadriceps concentric functional ratio (H/Q FUNC). METHODS Fifty male and 46 female young adults completed this study. Each participant carried out an isokinetic assessment to determine isokinetic concentric and eccentric torques during knee extension and flexion actions at 3 different angular velocities (60, 180 and 300°/s) adopting a lying position. The H/Q FUNC was calculated using peak torque (PT) values and 3 different joint-angle-specific torque values (15°, 30° and 45° of knee extension). A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the results, and post hoc analyses using Friedman correction were employed. RESULTS There were statistically significant effects of angular velocity, joint angle and sex on the H/Q FUNC (p < 0.01). Thus, the H/Q FUNC ratio in both males and females decreases closer to full knee extension and with increasing movement velocity. The H/Q FUNC was also significantly lower in females compared to males, irrespective of moment velocity and joint angle. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study reinforce the need to examine the H/Q FUNC ratio closer to full knee extension (where knee injury is most likely to occur) rather than using PT values which may not be as informative, as well as to focus preventive and rehabilitation training programmes on reducing quadriceps dominance by enhancing eccentric hamstring strength (especially in females who are at higher risk of injury). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Dauty M, Menu P, Fouasson-Chailloux A, Ferréol S, Dubois C. Prediction of hamstring injury in professional soccer players by isokinetic measurements. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6:116-23. [PMID: 27331039 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES previous studies investigating the ability of isokinetic strength ratios to predict hamstring injuries in soccer players have reported conflicting results. HYPOTHESIS to determine if isokinetic ratios are able to predict hamstring injury occurring during the season in professional soccer players. STUDY DESIGN case-control study; LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3. METHODS from 2001 to 2011, 350 isokinetic tests were performed in 136 professional soccer players at the beginning of the soccer season. Fifty-seven players suffered hamstring injury during the season that followed the isokinetic tests. These players were compared with the 79 uninjured players. The bilateral concentric ratio (hamstring-to-hamstring), ipsilateral concentric ratio (hamstring-to-quadriceps), and mixed ratio (eccentric/concentric hamstring-to-quadriceps) were studied. The predictive ability of each ratio was established based on the likelihood ratio and post-test probability. RESULTS the mixed ratio (30 eccentric/240 concentric hamstring-to-quadriceps) <0.8, ipsilateral ratio (180 concentric hamstring-to-quadriceps) <0.47, and bilateral ratio (60 concentric hamstring-to-hamstring) <0.85 were the most predictive of hamstring injury. The ipsilateral ratio <0.47 allowed prediction of the severity of the hamstring injury, and was also influenced by the length of time since administration of the isokinetic tests. CONCLUSION isokinetic ratios are useful for predicting the likelihood of hamstring injury in professional soccer players during the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dauty
- Department of Pôle MPR, Hôpital Saint Jacques, CHU NANTES, France; INSERM, UMRS 791-LIOAD, Centre for osteo-articular and dental tissue engineering, groupe STEP, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Menu
- Department of Pôle MPR, Hôpital Saint Jacques, CHU NANTES, France
| | | | - Sophie Ferréol
- Department of Pôle MPR, Hôpital Saint Jacques, CHU NANTES, France
| | - Charles Dubois
- Department of Pôle MPR, Hôpital Saint Jacques, CHU NANTES, France
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Bourne MN, Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength and Risk of Hamstring Injuries in Rugby Union: A Prospective Study. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2663-70. [PMID: 26337245 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515599633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) represent the most common cause of lost playing time in rugby union. Eccentric knee flexor weakness and between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength are associated with a heightened risk of HSIs in other sports; however, these variables have not been explored in rugby union. PURPOSE To determine if lower levels of eccentric knee flexor strength or greater between-limb imbalance in this parameter during the Nordic hamstring exercise are risk factors for HSIs in rugby union. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS This prospective study was conducted over the 2014 Super Rugby and Queensland Rugby Union seasons. In total, 178 rugby union players (mean age, 22.6 ± 3.8 years; mean height, 185.0 ± 6.8 cm; mean weight, 96.5 ± 13.1 kg) had their eccentric knee flexor strength assessed using a custom-made device during the preseason. Reports of previous hamstring, quadriceps, groin, calf, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries were also obtained. The main outcome measure was the prospective occurrence of HSIs. RESULTS Twenty players suffered at least 1 HSI during the study period. Players with a history of HSIs had a 4.1-fold (95% CI, 1.9-8.9; P = .001) greater risk of subsequent HSIs than players without such a history. Between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength of ≥15% and ≥20% increased the risk of HSIs by 2.4-fold (95% CI, 1.1-5.5; P = .033) and 3.4-fold (95% CI, 1.5-7.6; P = .003), respectively. Lower eccentric knee flexor strength and other prior injuries were not associated with an increased risk of future HSIs. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the risk of reinjuries was augmented in players with strength imbalances. CONCLUSION Previous HSIs and between-limb imbalance in eccentric knee flexor strength were associated with an increased risk of future HSIs in rugby union. These results support the rationale for reducing imbalance, particularly in players who have suffered a prior HSI, to mitigate the risk of future injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Bourne
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morgan D Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Anthony J Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Musculotendon variability influences tissue strains experienced by the biceps femoris long head muscle during high-speed running. J Biomech 2014; 47:3325-33. [PMID: 25189094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hamstring muscles frequently suffer injury during high-speed running, though the factors that make an individual more susceptible to injury remain poorly understood. The goals of this study were to measure the musculotendon dimensions of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) muscle, the hamstring muscle injured most often, and to use computational models to assess the influence of variability in the BFlh's dimensions on internal tissue strains during high-speed running. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired over the thigh in 12 collegiate athletes, and musculotendon dimensions were measured in the proximal free tendon/aponeurosis, muscle and distal free tendon/aponeurosis. Finite element meshes were generated based on the average, standard deviation and range of BFlh dimensions. Simulation boundary conditions were defined to match muscle activation and musculotendon length change in the BFlh during high-speed running. Muscle and connective tissue dimensions were found to vary between subjects, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 17±6% across all dimensions. For all simulations peak local strain was highest along the proximal myotendinous junction, which is where injury typically occurs. Model variations showed that peak local tissue strain increased as the proximal aponeurosis width narrowed and the muscle width widened. The aponeurosis width and muscle width variation models showed that the relative dimensions of these structures influence internal muscle tissue strains. The results of this study indicate that a musculotendon unit's architecture influences its strain injury susceptibility during high-speed running.
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Tol JL, Hamilton B, Eirale C, Muxart P, Jacobsen P, Whiteley R. At return to play following hamstring injury the majority of professional football players have residual isokinetic deficits. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:1364-9. [PMID: 24493666 PMCID: PMC4174121 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background There is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal criteria for return to sport after an acute hamstring injury. Less than 10% isokinetic strength deficit is generally recommended but this has never been documented in professional football players after rehabilitation. Our aim was to evaluate isokinetic measurements in MRI-positive hamstring injuries. Methods Isokinetic measurements of professional football players were obtained after completing a standardised rehabilitation programme. An isokinetic strength deficit of more than 10% compared with the contralateral site was considered abnormal. Reinjuries within 2 months were recorded. Results 52 players had a complete set of isokinetic testing before clinical discharge. There were 27 (52%) grade 1 and 25 (48%) grade 2 injuries. 35 of 52 players (67%) had at least one of the three hamstring-related isokinetic parameters that display a deficit of more than 10%. The percentage of players with 10% deficit for hamstring concentric 60°/s, 300°/s and hamstring eccentric was respectively 39%, 29% and 28%. There was no significant difference of mean isokinetic peak torques and 10% isokinetic deficits in players without reinjury (N=46) compared with players with reinjury (N=6). Conclusions When compared with the uninjured leg, 67% of the clinically recovered hamstring injuries showed at least one hamstring isokinetic testing deficit of more than 10%. Normalisation of isokinetic strength seems not to be a necessary result of the successful completion of a football-specific rehabilitation programme. The possible association between isokinetic strength deficit and increased reinjury risk remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Tol
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bruce Hamilton
- High Performance Sport New Zealand/NZ Olympic Committee, Sports Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrice Muxart
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Philipp Jacobsen
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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