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Renkler NZ, Scialla S, Russo T, D’Amora U, Cruz-Maya I, De Santis R, Guarino V. Micro- and Nanostructured Fibrous Composites via Electro-Fluid Dynamics: Design and Applications for Brain. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:134. [PMID: 38276504 PMCID: PMC10819193 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain consists of an interconnected network of neurons tightly packed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to form complex and heterogeneous composite tissue. According to recent biomimicry approaches that consider biological features as active components of biomaterials, designing a highly reproducible microenvironment for brain cells can represent a key tool for tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, this is crucial to support cell growth, mitigate inflammation phenomena and provide adequate structural properties needed to support the damaged tissue, corroborating the activity of the vascular network and ultimately the functionality of neurons. In this context, electro-fluid dynamic techniques (EFDTs), i.e., electrospinning, electrospraying and related techniques, offer the opportunity to engineer a wide variety of composite substrates by integrating fibers, particles, and hydrogels at different scales-from several hundred microns down to tens of nanometers-for the generation of countless patterns of physical and biochemical cues suitable for influencing the in vitro response of coexistent brain cell populations mediated by the surrounding microenvironment. In this review, an overview of the different technological approaches-based on EFDTs-for engineering fibrous and/or particle-loaded composite substrates will be proposed. The second section of this review will primarily focus on describing current and future approaches to the use of composites for brain applications, ranging from therapeutic to diagnostic/theranostic use and from repair to regeneration, with the ultimate goal of providing insightful information to guide future research efforts toward the development of more efficient and reliable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergis Zeynep Renkler
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scialla
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
| | - Teresa Russo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
| | - Ugo D’Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
| | - Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
| | - Roberto De Santis
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy (S.S.); (I.C.-M.)
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Cui H, Yu Y, Li X, Sun Z, Ruan J, Wu Z, Qian J, Yin J. Direct 3D printing of a tough hydrogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7207-7217. [PMID: 31663588 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has shown prominent advantages to fabricate hydrogel-based tissue scaffolds for the regeneration of bone defects. Here, a tough polyion complex (PIC) hydrogel was synthesized, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into the PIC matrix to form the PIC/MWCNT biohybrid hydrogel, which was manufactured into 3D scaffolds by extrusion-based 3D printing for bone defect repair. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to combine CNTs with PIC hydrogels as biohybrid scaffolds for bone repair. The results from the in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the PIC/MWCNT scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility with rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Moreover, rBMSCs cultured on the PIC/MWCNT scaffolds exhibited a higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than those cultured on PIC scaffolds in terms of mineralized matrix formation and osteogenesis-related gene upregulation. The in vivo experiments in a calvarial defect model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats revealed that the PIC/MWCNT scaffolds significantly promoted the regeneration of calvarial defect healing. These findings suggest that the PIC hydrogel is a potential scaffold material for bone regeneration, and the addition of MWCNTs provides further enhancement in bone repair efficiency by the PIC/MWCNT scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yaling Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Xiaokeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China and Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Ziyang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jihao Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Ziliang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China and Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Fernández J, Auzmendi O, Amestoy H, Diez-Torre A, Sarasua JR. Mechanical properties and fatigue analysis on poly(ε-caprolactone)-polydopamine-coated nanofibers and poly(ε-caprolactone)-carbon nanotube composite scaffolds. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Nanocomposites Based on PLLA and Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Support the Myogenic Differentiation of Murine Myoblast Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/825912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effect of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) containing various percentages (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3 wt.%) of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 murine myoblast progenitor cells. We showed that all PLLA/MWCNTs nanocomposite materials support the myotubes formation more efficiently than neat PLLA as indicated by the high expression of the most significant myogenic markers: MyoD, Myosin Heavy Chain, dimension of myofibres, and fusion myogenic index. Interestingly, we note that both MyoD and myogenic fusion index levels were in the order 0.1 MWCNTs = 0.5 MWCNTs > 1 MWCNTs > 3 MWCNTs > neat PLLA, suggesting that the amount of MWCNTs influenced the cell differentiation.
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Crowder SW, Liang Y, Rath R, Park AM, Maltais S, Pintauro PN, Hofmeister W, Lim CC, Wang X, Sung HJ. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-carbon nanotube composite scaffolds for enhanced cardiac differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1763-76. [PMID: 23530764 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of electrically conductive, biocompatible composite scaffolds in modulating the cardiomyogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). MATERIALS & METHODS Electrospun scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone) with or without carbon nanotubes were developed to promote the in vitro cardiac differentiation of hMSCs. RESULTS Results indicate that hMSC differentiation can be enhanced by either culturing in electrically conductive, carbon nanotube-containing composite scaffolds without electrical stimulation in the presence of 5-azacytidine, or extrinsic electrical stimulation in nonconductive poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds without carbon nanotube and azacytidine. CONCLUSION This study suggests a first step towards improving hMSC cardiomyogenic differentiation for local delivery into the infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W Crowder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Del Gaudio C, Fioravanzo L, Folin M, Marchi F, Ercolani E, Bianco A. Electrospun tubular scaffolds: on the effectiveness of blending poly(ε-caprolactone) with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1883-98. [PMID: 22888010 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering can effectively contribute to the development of novel vascular prostheses aimed to overcome the well-known drawbacks of small-diameter grafts. To date, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), a bioresorbable synthetic poly(α-hydroxyester), is considered one of the most promising materials for vascular tissue engineering. In this work, the potential advantage of intimate blending soft PCL and hard poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a polymer of microbial origin, has been evaluated. Nonwoven mats and small-diameter tubular scaffolds of PCL, PHBV, and PCL/PHBV were fabricated by means of electrospinning technique. Mechanical properties and suture retention strength were investigated according to the international standard for cardiovascular implants. Biological tests demonstrated that both PCL-based scaffolds supported survival and growth of rat cerebral endothelial cells in a short time. The fiber alignment of the electrospun tubular scaffolds contributed to a more rapid and homogeneous cell colonization of the luminal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Del Gaudio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, INSTM Research Unit Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Kim SH, Song JE, Lee D, Khang G. Development of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold-impregnated small intestinal submucosa with pores that stimulate extracellular matrix production in disc regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:279-90. [PMID: 22689349 DOI: 10.1002/term.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pore size and microstructure of scaffolds influences cell attachment, migration, proliferation and ingrowth, but the optimal pore size of scaffolds for disc tissue formation is not clearly understood. We developed porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds with various pore sizes for nucleus pulposus (NP) cell cultures and examined the effects of pore size on cell ingrowth and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. High cell density in the small pores of scaffolds promotes collagen synthesis and cell migration through interconnected pores. Scaffolds with large pores exhibited slower cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Guided by these results, we investigated a novel, biodegradable, synthetic/natural hybrid scaffold composed of PLGA and small intestinal submucosa (SIS) (PLGA-SIS) with the proper pore size for NP regeneration. We tested the morphological and physical properties of PLGA-SIS scaffolds and initial cell attachment and ECM production of NP in scaffolds. The mechanical and degradable properties of the PLGA-SIS scaffold were superior to those of SIS sponge and were similar to the properties of PLGA scaffold. NP cells grown on PLGA-SIS scaffold exhibited higher initial cell adhesion and ECM production than those grown on pure PLGA scaffold in a biological assay. In conclusion, this study suggests that a proper pore size of scaffolds is critical in NP regeneration, and that PLGA-SIS scaffolds with suitable pores might be useful as substrates for tissue-engineered biodiscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hee Kim
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Department of BIN Fusion Technology and BK-21 Polymer BIN Fusion Research Team, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin, Jeonju, Korea
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Mooney E, Mackle JN, Blond DJP, O'Cearbhaill E, Shaw G, Blau WJ, Barry FP, Barron V, Murphy JM. The electrical stimulation of carbon nanotubes to provide a cardiomimetic cue to MSCs. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6132-9. [PMID: 22681974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Once damaged, cardiac muscle has little intrinsic repair capability due to the poor regeneration potential of remaining cardiomyocytes. One method of overcoming this issue is to deliver functional cells to the injured myocardium to promote repair. To address this limitation we sought to test the hypothesis that electroactive carbon nanotubes (CNT) could be employed to direct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation towards a cardiomyocyte lineage. Using a two-pronged approach, MSCs exposed to medium containing CNT and MSCs seeded on CNT based polylactic acid scaffolds were electrically stimulated in an electrophysiological bioreactor. After electrical stimulation the cells reoriented perpendicular to the direction of the current and adopted an elongated morphology. Using qPCR, an upregulation in a range of cardiac markers was detected, the greatest of which was observed for cardiac myosin heavy chain (CMHC), where a 40-fold increase was observed for the electrically stimulated cells after 14 days, and a 12-fold increase was observed for the electrically stimulated cells seeded on the PLA scaffolds after 10 days. Differentiation towards a cardioprogenitor cell was more evident from the western blot analysis, where upregulation of Nkx2.5, GATA-4, cardiac troponin t (CTT) and connexin43 (C43) was seen to occur. This was echoed in immunofluorescent staining, where increased levels of CTT, CMHC and C43 protein expression were observed after electrical stimulation for both cells and cell-seeded scaffolds. More interestingly, there was evidence of increased cross talk between the cells as shown by the pattern of C43 staining after electrical stimulation. These results establish a paradigm for nanoscale biomimetic cues that can be readily translated to other electroactive tissue repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mooney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Orbsen Building, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Shimizu M, Kobayashi Y, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura H, Kawahara I, Narita N, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Haniu H, Ogihara N, Ishigaki N, Nakamura K, Kato H, Kawakubo M, Dohi Y, Taruta S, Kim YA, Endo M, Ozawa H, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Saito N. Carbon nanotubes induce bone calcification by bidirectional interaction with osteoblasts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2176-85. [PMID: 22447724 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promote calcification during hydroxyapatite (HA) formation by osteoblasts. Primary cultured osteoblasts are incubated with MWCNTs or carbon black. After culture for 3 weeks, the degree of calcification is very high in the 50 μg mL(-1) MWCNT group. Transmission electron microscopy shows needle-like crystals around the MWCNTs, and diffraction patterns reveal that the peak of the crystals almost coincides with the known peak of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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D'Angelo F, Armentano I, Cacciotti I, Tiribuzi R, Quattrocelli M, Del Gaudio C, Fortunati E, Saino E, Caraffa A, Cerulli GG, Visai L, Kenny JM, Sampaolesi M, Bianco A, Martino S, Orlacchio A. Tuning multi/pluri-potent stem cell fate by electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)-calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nanocomposite mats. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1350-60. [PMID: 22449037 DOI: 10.1021/bm3000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether multipotent (human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [hBM-MSCs]) and pluripotent stem cells (murine-induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs] and murine embryonic stem cells [ESCs]) respond to nanocomposite fibrous mats of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) loaded with 1 or 8 wt % of calcium-deficient nanohydroxyapatite (d-HAp). Remarkably, the dispersion of different amounts of d-HAp to PLLA produced a set of materials (PLLA/d-HAp) with similar architectures and tunable mechanical properties. After 3 weeks of culture in the absence of soluble osteogenic factors, we observed the expression of osteogenic markers, including the deposition of bone matrix proteins, in multi/pluripotent cells only grown on PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites, whereas the osteogenic differentiation was absent on stem-cell-neat PLLA cultures. Interestingly, this phenomenon was confined only in hBM-MSCs, murine iPSCs, and ESCs grown on direct contact with the PLLA/d-HAp mats. Altogether, these results indicate that the osteogenic differentiation effect of these electrospun PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites was independent of the stem cell type and highlight the direct interaction of stem cell-polymeric nanocomposite and the mechanical properties acquired by the PLLA/d-HAp nanocomposites as key steps for the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Angelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
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Ciapetti G, Granchi D, Devescovi V, Baglio SR, Leonardi E, Martini D, Jurado MJ, Olalde B, Armentano I, Kenny JM, Walboomers FX, Alava JI, Baldini N. Enhancing osteoconduction of PLLA-based nanocomposite scaffolds for bone regeneration using different biomimetic signals to MSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2439-2458. [PMID: 22408463 PMCID: PMC3292032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In bone engineering, the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells rely on signaling from chemico-physical structure of the substrate, therefore prompting the design of mimetic "extracellular matrix"-like scaffolds. In this study, three-dimensional porous poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA)-based scaffolds have been mixed with different components, including single walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), micro-hydroxyapatite particles (HA), and BMP2, and treated with plasma (PT), to obtain four different nanocomposites: PLLA + CNT, PLLA + CNTHA, PLLA + CNT + HA + BMP2 and PLLA + CNT + HA + PT. Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were derived from the femur of orthopaedic patients, seeded on the scaffolds and cultured under osteogenic induction up to differentiation and mineralization. The release of specific metabolites and temporal gene expression profiles of marrow-derived osteoprogenitors were analyzed at definite time points, relevant to in vitro culture as well as in vivo differentiation. As a result, the role of the different biomimetic components added to the PLLA matrix was deciphered, with BMP2-added scaffolds showing the highest biomimetic activity on cells differentiating to mature osteoblasts. The modification of a polymeric scaffold with reinforcing components which also work as biomimetic cues for cells can effectively direct osteoprogenitor cells differentiation, so as to shorten the time required for mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ciapetti
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Valentina Devescovi
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Serena R. Baglio
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Elisa Leonardi
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Desirèe Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche e dell’Apparato Locomotore, University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Maria Jesus Jurado
- Health Unit, INASMET-Tecnalia, San Sebastian E-20009, Spain; E-Mails: (M.J.J.); (B.O.); (J.I.A.)
| | - Beatriz Olalde
- Health Unit, INASMET-Tecnalia, San Sebastian E-20009, Spain; E-Mails: (M.J.J.); (B.O.); (J.I.A.)
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Materials Engineering Centre, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni 05100, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Josè M. Kenny
- Materials Engineering Centre, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni 05100, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Frank X. Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Josè Inaki Alava
- Health Unit, INASMET-Tecnalia, San Sebastian E-20009, Spain; E-Mails: (M.J.J.); (B.O.); (J.I.A.)
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto OrtopedicoRizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mails: (D.G.); (V.D.); (S.R.B.); (E.L.); (N.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche e dell’Apparato Locomotore, University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy; E-Mail:
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Otto WR, Sarraf CE. Culturing and differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells for biocompatible scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 806:407-426. [PMID: 22057467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-367-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells from a variety of sites are a natural resource that using appropriate skills can be cultured in the laboratory, in scaffolds, to provide differentiated-cell replacement tissues, for clinical application. To perform such work with human cells, strict ethical integrity must be observed at all stages. Adipocytes, osteocytes and chrondrocytes are amongst the most desirable end-point cells. Hydrolytic degradable scaffolds allow implanted cells to synthesise their own extracellular matrix in situ after implantation, degeneration of the foreign scaffold to temporally match creation of the new innate one. For preliminary in vitro stem cell differentiation protocols, initial investigation is commonly performed with stem cells in commercially available porous collagen sponges or cell-free small intestinal submucosa. Differentiation of stem cells to a specific phenotype is achieved by culturing them in apposite culture media under precise conditions. Once the cells have differentiated, they are checked and characterised in a wide variety of systems. This chapter describes differentiation media for adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes and neural precursors and methods of observing their characteristics by microscopy using phase contrast microscopy, standard light microscopy and electron microscopy with tinctorial, immunocytochemical and electron dense stains, respectively. Cell sorting techniques are not dealt with here. Immunocytochemistry/microscopy staining for specific differentiated-cell antigens is an invaluable procedure, and the range of commercially available antibodies is wide. Precautions need to be considered for using actively proliferating cells in vivo, so that implanted cells remain controlled by the body's molecular signals and avoid development of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Otto
- Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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13
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Stem cell-biomaterial interactions for regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:338-51. [PMID: 21740963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synergism of stem cell biology and biomaterial technology promises to have a profound impact on stem-cell-based clinical applications for tissue regeneration. Biomaterials development is rapidly advancing to display properties that, in a precise and physiological fashion, could drive stem-cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the design of novel materials is trying to recapitulate the molecular events involved in the production, clearance and interaction of molecules within tissue in pathologic conditions and regeneration of tissue/organs. In this review we will report on the challenges behind translating stem cell biology and biomaterial innovations into novel clinical therapeutic applications for tissue and organ replacements (graphical abstract).
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Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ. Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:300-11. [PMID: 21396416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main limitation in engineering in vitro tissues is the lack of a sufficient blood vessel system - the vascularization. In vivo almost all tissues are supplied by these endothelial cell coated tubular networks. Current strategies to create vascularized tissues are discussed in this review. The first strategy is based on the endothelial cells and their ability to form new vessels known as neoangiogenesis. Herein prevascularization techniques are compared to approaches in which biomolecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, peptides and proteins as well as cells are applied to generate new vessels. The second strategy is focused on scaffold-based techniques. Naturally-derived scaffolds, which contain vessels, are distinguished from synthetically manufactured matrices. Advantages and pitfalls of the approaches to create vascularized tissues in vitro are outlined and feasible future strategies are discussed.
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Dvir T, Timko BP, Kohane DS, Langer R. Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:13-22. [PMID: 21151110 PMCID: PMC4059057 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims at developing functional substitutes for damaged tissues and organs. Before transplantation, cells are generally seeded on biomaterial scaffolds that recapitulate the extracellular matrix and provide cells with information that is important for tissue development. Here we review the nanocomposite nature of the extracellular matrix, describe the design considerations for different tissues and discuss the impact of nanostructures on the properties of scaffolds and their uses in monitoring the behaviour of engineered tissues. We also examine the different nanodevices used to trigger certain processes for tissue development, and offer our view on the principal challenges and prospects of applying nanotechnology in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Dvir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brian P. Timko
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel S. Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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