1
|
Ghosh S, Pati F. Decellularized extracellular matrix and silk fibroin-based hybrid biomaterials: A comprehensive review on fabrication techniques and tissue-specific applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127410. [PMID: 37844823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials play a fundamental role in tissue engineering by providing biochemical and physical cues that influence cellular fate and matrix development. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a biomaterial is distinguished by its abundant composition of matrix proteins, such as collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin, as well as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. However, the mechanical properties of only dECM-based constructs may not always meet tissue-specific requirements. Recent advancements address this challenge by utilizing hybrid biomaterials that harness the strengths of silk fibroin (SF), which contributes the necessary mechanical properties, while dECM provides essential cellular cues for in vitro studies and tissue regeneration. This review discusses emerging trends in developing such biopolymer blends, aiming to synergistically combine the advantages of SF and dECM through optimal concentrations and desired cross-linking density. We focus on different fabrication techniques and cross-linking methods that have been utilized to fabricate various tissue-engineered hybrid constructs. Furthermore, we survey recent applications of such biomaterials for the regeneration of various tissues, including bone, cartilage, trachea, bladder, vascular graft, heart, skin, liver, and other soft tissues. Finally, the trajectory and prospects of the constructs derived from this blend in the tissue engineering field have been summarized, highlighting their potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soham Ghosh
- BioFab Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- BioFab Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Settembrini A, Buongiovanni G, Settembrini P, Alessandrino A, Freddi G, Vettor G, Martelli E. In-vivo evaluation of silk fibroin small-diameter vascular grafts: state of art of preclinical studies and animal models. Front Surg 2023; 10:1090565. [PMID: 37304180 PMCID: PMC10254405 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1090565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous vein and artery remains the first choice for vascular grafting procedures in small-diameter vessels such as coronary and lower limb districts. Unfortunately, these vessels are often found to be unsuitable in atherosclerotic patients due to the presence of calcifications or to insufficient size. Synthetic grafts composed of materials such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) are frequently employed as second choice, because of their widespread availability and success in the reconstruction of larger arteries. However, ePTFE grafts with small diameter are plagued by poor patency rates due to surface thrombogenicity and intimal hyperplasia, caused by the bioinertness of the synthetic material and aggravated by low flow conditions. Several bioresorbable and biodegradable polymers have been developed and tested to exploit such issues for their potential stimulation to endothelialization and cell infiltration. Among these, silk fibroin (SF) has shown promising pre-clinical results as material for small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) because of its favorable mechanical and biological properties. A putative advantage in graft infection in comparison with synthetic materials is plausible, although it remains to be demonstrated. Our literature review will focus on the performance of SF-SDVGs in vivo, as evaluated by studies performing vascular anastomosis and interposition procedures, within small and large animal models and different arterial districts. Efficiency under conditions that more accurately mime the human body will provide encouraging evidence towards future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Settembrini
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Buongiovanni
- Postgraduate School of Vascular Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Settembrini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Vettor
- Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Clinical Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing, IRCCS Monzino Cardiology Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martelli
- Department of General and Specialist Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, S. Anna and S. Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rizzi S, Mantero S, Boschetti F, Pesce M. Luminal endothelialization of small caliber silk tubular graft for vascular constructs engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1013183. [PMID: 36465472 PMCID: PMC9708712 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1013183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The constantly increasing incidence of coronary artery disease worldwide makes necessary to set advanced therapies and tools such as tissue engineered vessel grafts (TEVGs) to surpass the autologous grafts [(i.e., mammary and internal thoracic arteries, saphenous vein (SV)] currently employed in coronary artery and vascular surgery. To this aim, in vitro cellularization of artificial tubular scaffolds still holds a good potential to overcome the unresolved problem of vessel conduits availability and the issues resulting from thrombosis, intima hyperplasia and matrix remodeling, occurring in autologous grafts especially with small caliber (<6 mm). The employment of silk-based tubular scaffolds has been proposed as a promising approach to engineer small caliber cellularized vascular constructs. The advantage of the silk material is the excellent manufacturability and the easiness of fiber deposition, mechanical properties, low immunogenicity and the extremely high in vivo biocompatibility. In the present work, we propose a method to optimize coverage of the luminal surface of silk electrospun tubular scaffold with endothelial cells. Our strategy is based on seeding endothelial cells (ECs) on the luminal surface of the scaffolds using a low-speed rolling. We show that this procedure allows the formation of a nearly complete EC monolayer suitable for flow-dependent studies and vascular maturation, as a step toward derivation of complete vascular constructs for transplantation and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rizzi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mantero
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Boschetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zizhou R, Wang X, Houshyar S. Review of Polymeric Biomimetic Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts to Tackle Intimal Hyperplasia. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22125-22148. [PMID: 35811906 PMCID: PMC9260943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small-diameter artificial vascular grafts (SDAVG) are used to bypass blood flow in arterial occlusive diseases such as coronary heart or peripheral arterial disease. However, SDAVGs are plagued by restenosis after a short while due to thrombosis and the thickening of the neointimal wall known as intimal hyperplasia (IH). The specific causes of IH have not yet been deduced; however, thrombosis formation due to bioincompatibility as well as a mismatch between the biomechanical properties of the SDAVG and the native artery has been attributed to its initiation. The main challenges that have been faced in fabricating SDAVGs are facilitating rapid re-endothelialization of the luminal surface of the SDAVG and replicating the complex viscoelastic behavior of the arteries. Recent strategies to combat IH formation have been mostly based on imitating the natural structure and function of the native artery (biomimicry). Thus, most recently, developed grafts contain a multilayered structure with a designated function for each layer. This paper reviews the current polymeric, biomimetic SDAVGs in preventing the formation of IH. The materials used in fabrication, challenges, and strategies employed to tackle IH are summarized and discussed, and we focus on the multilayered structure of current SDAVGs. Additionally, the future aspects in this area are pointed out for researchers to consider in their endeavor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Zizhou
- Center
for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion (CMIFF), School of Fashion
and Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick 3056, Australia
| | - Xin Wang
- Center
for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion (CMIFF), School of Fashion
and Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick 3056, Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- School
of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blume C, Kraus X, Heene S, Loewner S, Stanislawski N, Cholewa F, Blume H. Vascular implants – new aspects for in situ tissue engineering. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:344-360. [PMID: 35382534 PMCID: PMC8961049 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional synthetic vascular grafts require ongoing anticoagulation, and autologous venous grafts are often not available in elderly patients. This review highlights the development of bioartificial vessels replacing brain‐dead donor‐ or animal‐deriving vessels with ongoing immune reactivity. The vision for such bio‐hybrids exists in a combination of biodegradable scaffolds and seeding with immune‐neutral cells, and here different cells sources such as autologous progenitor cells or stem cells are relevant. This kind of in situ tissue engineering depends on a suitable bioreactor system with elaborate monitoring systems, three‐dimensional (3D) visualization and a potential of cell conditioning into the direction of the targeted vascular cell phenotype. Necessary bioreactor tools for dynamic and pulsatile cultivation are described. In addition, a concept for design of vasa vasorum is outlined, that is needed for sustainable nutrition of the wall structure in large caliber vessels. For scaffold design and cell adhesion additives, different materials and technologies are discussed. 3D printing is introduced as a relatively new field with promising prospects, for example, to create complex geometries or micro‐structured surfaces for optimal cell adhesion and ingrowth in a standardized and custom designed procedure. Summarizing, a bio‐hybrid vascular prosthesis from a controlled biotechnological process is thus coming more and more into view. It has the potential to withstand strict approval requirements applied for advanced therapy medicinal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Blume
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Xenia Kraus
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Heene
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Loewner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Fabian Cholewa
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Holger Blume
- Institute for Microelectronic Systems Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khosropanah MH, Vaghasloo MA, Shakibaei M, Mueller AL, Kajbafzadeh AM, Amani L, Haririan I, Azimzadeh A, Hassannejad Z, Zolbin MM. Biomedical applications of silkworm (Bombyx Mori) proteins in regenerative medicine (a narrative review). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 16:91-109. [PMID: 34808032 DOI: 10.1002/term.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silk worm (Bombyx Mori) protein, have been considered as potential materials for a variety of advanced engineering and biomedical applications for decades. Recently, silkworm silk has gained significant importance in research attention mainly because of its remarkable and exceptional mechanical properties. Silk has already been shown to have unique interactions with cells in tissues through bio-recognition units. The natural silk contains fibroin and sericin and has been used in various tissues of the human body (skin, bone, nerve, and so on). Besides, silk also still has anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic properties. This article is supposed to describe the diverse biomedical capabilities of B. Mori silk as the appropriate biomaterial among the assorted natural and artificial polymers that are presently accessible, and ideal for usage in regenerative medicine fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Khosropanah
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh Vaghasloo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Amani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Azimzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lorentz KL, Gupta P, Shehabeldin MS, Cunnane EM, Ramaswamy AK, Verdelis K, DiLeo MV, Little SR, Weinbaum JS, Sfeir CS, Mandal BB, Vorp DA. CCL2 loaded microparticles promote acute patency in silk-based vascular grafts implanted in rat aortae. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:126-138. [PMID: 34496284 PMCID: PMC8595801 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, often associated with coronary artery occlusion. A common intervention for arterial blockage utilizes a vascular graft to bypass the diseased artery and restore downstream blood flow; however, current clinical options exhibit high long-term failure rates. Our goal was to develop an off-the-shelf tissue-engineered vascular graft capable of delivering a biological payload based on the monocyte recruitment factor C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) to induce remodeling. Bi-layered silk scaffolds consisting of an inner porous and outer electrospun layer were fabricated using a custom blend of Antherea Assama and Bombyx Mori silk (lyogel). Lyogel silk scaffolds alone (LG), and lyogel silk scaffolds containing microparticles (LGMP) were tested. The microparticles (MPs) were loaded with either CCL2 (LGMP+) or water (LGMP-). Scaffolds were implanted as abdominal aortic interposition grafts in Lewis rats for 1 and 8 weeks. 1-week implants exhibited patency rates of 50% (7/14), 100% (10/10), and 100% (5/5) in the LGMP-, LGMP+, and LG groups, respectively. The significantly higher patency rate for the LGMP+ group compared to the LGMP- group (p = 0.0188) suggests that CCL2 can prevent acute occlusion. Immunostaining of the explants revealed a significantly higher density of macrophages (CD68+ cells) within the outer vs. inner layer of LGMP- and LGMP+ constructs but not in LG constructs. After 8 weeks, there were no significant differences in patency rates between groups. All patent scaffolds at 8 weeks showed signs of remodeling; however, stenosis was observed within the majority of explants. This study demonstrated the successful fabrication of a custom blended silk scaffold functionalized with cell-mimicking microparticles to facilitate controlled delivery of a biological payload improving their in vivo performance. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study outlines the development of a custom blended silk-based tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) for use in arterial bypass or replacement surgery. A custom mixture of silk was formulated to improve biocompatibility and cellular binding to the tubular scaffold. Many current approaches to TEVGs include cells that encourage graft cellularization and remodeling; however, our technology incorporates a microparticle based delivery platform capable of delivering bioactive molecules that can mimic the function of seeded cells. In this study, we load the TEVGs with microparticles containing a monocyte attractant and demonstrate improved performance in terms of unobstructed blood flow versus blank microparticles. The acellular nature of this technology potentially reduces risk, increases reproducibility, and results in a more cost-effective graft when compared to cell-based options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Lorentz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Prerak Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Mostafa S Shehabeldin
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eoghan M Cunnane
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aneesh K Ramaswamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Konstantinos Verdelis
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Morgan V DiLeo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Justin S Weinbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles S Sfeir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India; School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
| | - David A Vorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; The Clinical & Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bioengineering silk into blood vessels. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2271-2286. [PMID: 34495327 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rising incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased the demand for small diameter (<6 mm) synthetic vascular grafts for use in bypass surgery. Clinically available synthetic grafts (polyethylene terephthalate and expanded polytetrafluorethylene) are incredibly strong, but also highly hydrophobic and inelastic, leading to high rates of failure when used for small diameter bypass. The poor clinical outcomes of commercial synthetic grafts in this setting have driven significant research in search of new materials that retain favourable mechanical properties but offer improved biocompatibility. Over the last several decades, silk fibroin derived from Bombyx mori silkworms has emerged as a promising biomaterial for use in vascular applications. Progress has been driven by advances in silk manufacturing practices which have allowed unprecedented control over silk strength, architecture, and the ensuing biological response. Silk can now be manufactured to mimic the mechanical properties of native arteries, rapidly recover the native endothelial cell layer lining vessels, and direct positive vascular remodelling through the regulation of local inflammatory responses. This review summarises the advances in silk purification, processing and functionalisation which have allowed the production of robust vascular grafts with promise for future clinical application.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta P, Mandal BB. Silk biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:79-106. [PMID: 34384912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field of regenerative medicine, which strives to find innovative solutions for vascular reconstruction. Considering the limited success of synthetic grafts, research impetus in the field is now shifted towards finding biologically active vascular substitutes bestowing in situ growth potential. In this regard, silk biomaterials have shown remarkable potential owing to their favorable inherent biological and mechanical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progressive development of silk-based small diameter (<6 mm) tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), emphasizing their pre-clinical implications. Herein, we first discuss the molecular structure of various mulberry and non-mulberry silkworm silk and identify their favorable properties at the onset of vascular regeneration. The emergence of various state-of-the-art fabrication methodologies for the advancement of silk TEVGs is rationally appraised in terms of their in vivo performance considering the following parameters: ease of handling, long-term patency, resistance to acute thrombosis, stenosis and aneurysm formation, immune reaction, neo-tissue formation, and overall remodeling. Finally, we provide an update on the pre-clinical status of silk-based TEVGs, followed by current challenges and future prospects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Limited availability of healthy autologous blood vessels to replace their diseased counterpart is concerning and demands other artificial substitutes. Currently available synthetic grafts are not suitable for small diameter blood vessels owing to frequent blockage. Tissue-engineered biological grafts tend to integrate well with the native tissue via remodeling and have lately witnessed remarkable success. Silk fibroin is a natural biomaterial, which has long been used as medical sutures. This review aims to identify several favorable properties of silk enabling vascular regeneration. Furthermore, various methodologies to fabricate tubular grafts are discussed and highlight their performance in animal models. An overview of our understanding to rationally improve the biological activity fostering the clinical success of silk-based grafts is finally discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dorati R, Chiesa E, Rosalia M, Pisani S, Genta I, Bruni G, Modena T, Conti B. Tubular Electrospun Vancomycin-Loaded Vascular Grafts: Formulation Study and Physicochemical Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132073. [PMID: 34202454 PMCID: PMC8272178 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at formulating tubular grafts electrospun with a size < 6 mm and incorporating vancomycin as an antimicrobial agent. Compared to other papers, the present study succeeded in using medical healthcare-grade polymers and solvents permitted by ICH Topic Q3C (R4). Vancomycin (VMC) was incorporated into polyester synthetic polymers (poly-L-lactide-co-poly-ε-caprolactone and poly lactide-co-glycolide) using permitted solvents; moreover, a surfactant was added to the formulation in order to avoid the precipitation of VMC on fiber surface. A preliminary preformulation study was carried out to evaluate solubility of VMC in different aqueous and organic solvents and its stability. To reduce size of fibers and their orientation, we studied a solvent system based on methylene chloride and acetone (DCM/acetone), at different ratios (80:20, 70:30, and 60:40). Considering conductivity of solutions and their spinnability, solvent system at a 80:20 ratio was selected for the study. SEM images demonstrated that size of fibers, their distribution, and their orientation were affected by the incorporation of VMC and surfactant into polymer solution. Surfactant allowed for the reduction of precipitates of VMC on fiber surface, which are responsible of the high burst release in the first six hours; the release was mainly dependent on graft structure porosity, number of pores, and graft absorbent capability. A controlled release of VMC was achieved, covering a period from 96 to 168 h as a function of composition and structure; the concentration of VMC was significantly beyond VMC minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 2 ug/mL). These results indicated that the VMC tubular electrospun grafts not only controlled the local release of VMC, but also avoided onset of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987393
| | - Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Mariella Rosalia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children’s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Modena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (M.R.); (I.G.); (T.M.); (B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Tissue engineering is one of the most promising scientific breakthroughs of the late 20th century. Its objective is to produce in vitro tissues or organs to repair and replace damaged ones using various techniques, biomaterials, and cells. Tissue engineering emerged to substitute the use of native autologous tissues, whose quantities are sometimes insufficient to correct the most severe pathologies. Indeed, the patient’s health status, regulations, or fibrotic scars at the site of the initial biopsy limit their availability, especially to treat recurrence. This new technology relies on the use of biomaterials to create scaffolds on which the patient’s cells can be seeded. This review focuses on the reconstruction, by tissue engineering, of two types of tissue with tubular structures: vascular and urological grafts. The emphasis is on self-assembly methods which allow the production of tissue/organ substitute without the use of exogenous material, with the patient’s cells producing their own scaffold. These continuously improved techniques, which allow rapid graft integration without immune rejection in the treatment of severely burned patients, give hope that similar results will be observed in the vascular and urological fields.
Collapse
|
12
|
Harnessing Mechanosensation in Next Generation Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101419. [PMID: 33036467 PMCID: PMC7599461 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the cells to sense mechanical cues is an integral component of ”social” cell behavior inside tissues with a complex architecture. Through ”mechanosensation” cells are in fact able to decrypt motion, geometries and physical information of surrounding cells and extracellular matrices by activating intracellular pathways converging onto gene expression circuitries controlling cell and tissue homeostasis. Additionally, only recently cell mechanosensation has been integrated systematically as a crucial element in tissue pathophysiology. In the present review, we highlight some of the current efforts to assess the relevance of mechanical sensing into pathology modeling and manufacturing criteria for a next generation of cardiovascular tissue implants.
Collapse
|