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Zhu C, Li S. The peripheral corticotropin releasing factor family's role in vasculitis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107275. [PMID: 38184094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor family peptides (CRF peptides) include 4 members, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), Urocortin (UCN1), UCN2 and UCN3. CRF peptides function via the two distinct receptors, CRF1 and CRF2. Among them, CRH/CRF1 has been recognized to influence immunity/inflammation peripherally. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CRH are reported. Likewise, UCNs, peripherally in cardiovascular system have been documented to have both potent protective and harmful effects, with UCN1 acting on both CRF1 & CRF2 and UCN2 & UCN3 on CRF2. We and others also observe protective and detrimental effects of CRF peptides/receptors on vasculature, with the latter of predominantly higher incidence, i.e., they play an important role in the development of vasculitis while in some cases they are found to counteract vascular inflammation. The pro-vasculitis effects of CRH & UCNs include increasing vascular endothelial permeability, interrupting endothelial adherens & tight junctions leading to hyperpermeability, stimulating immune/inflammatory cells to release inflammatory factors, and promoting angiogenesis by VEGF release while the anti-vasculitis effects may be just the opposite, depending on many factors such as different CRF receptor types, species and systemic conditions. Furthermore, CRF peptides' pro-vasculitis effects are found to be likely related to cPLA2 and S1P receptor signal pathway. This minireview will focus on summarizing the peripheral effects of CRF peptides on vasculature participating in the processes of vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Keller JJ. Cutaneous neuropeptides: the missing link between psychological stress and chronic inflammatory skin disease? Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1875-1881. [PMID: 36700961 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A "brain-skin" connection has been long been observed between chronic stress and chronic inflammatory skin disease including urticaria, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and prurigo nodularis. The relationship appears to be bidirectional. Chronic psychological stress has been shown to sustain hyperactivity of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Chronic stress is proinflammatory and in the context of several dermatologic disorders may be associated with an increase in dermal nerve fiber density, mast cells, nerve growth factor and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP). Furthermore, CGRP elicits a TH2-polarized T-cell response that is a hallmark of chronic pruritic conditions such as atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis. This TH2 response contributes directly to acute pruritus as well as the sensitization of cutaneous sensory neurons that are critical for chronic pruritus. Prurigo nodularis is a debilitating skin disorder featuring prominent nerve structural, neuropeptide, and TH2 cytokine aberrations that is a model deserving of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Joel Keller
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH16D, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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3
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Zanelatto FB, Vieira WF, Nishijima CM, Sartori CR, Parada CA, Tambeli CH. Effect of sound-induced repeated stress on the development of pain and inflammation in the temporomandibular joint of female and male rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2023:e12936. [PMID: 37243959 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a common painful condition of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. Stress is a significant risk factor for developing this painful condition that predominantly affects women. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that stress increases the risk of developing TMJ pain by facilitating inflammatory mechanisms in female and male rats. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated TMJ carrageenan-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and migration of inflammatory cells and TMJ formalin-induced nociception in female and male rats submitted to a repeated stress protocol induced by sound. We found that sound-induced repeated stress facilitates TMJ inflammation and contributes to TMJ nociception development equally in females and males. We conclude that stress is a risk factor for developing painful TMJ conditions in males and females, at least in part, by favoring the inflammatory process similarly in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Barchesi Zanelatto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catarine Massucato Nishijima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César Renato Sartori
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Amilcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Herrera Tambeli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bhuiyan P, Wang YW, Sha HH, Dong HQ, Qian YN. Neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells: novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2184-2197. [PMID: 33818491 PMCID: PMC8354134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a critical component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which plays a major role in the body’s immune response to stress. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems. As first responders to stress, mast cells can initiate, amplify and prolong neuroimmune responses upon activation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone plays a pivotal role in triggering stress responses and related diseases by acting on its receptors in mast cells. Corticotropin-releasing hormone can stimulate mast cell activation, influence the activation of immune cells by peripheral nerves and modulate neuroimmune interactions. The latest evidence shows that the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone induces the degranulation of mast cells under stress conditions, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which plays an important role in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent studies suggest that stress increases intestinal permeability and disrupts the blood-brain barrier through corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated activation of mast cells, providing new insight into the complex interplay between the brain and gastrointestinal tract. The neuroimmune target of mast cells is the site at which the corticotropin-releasing hormone directly participates in the inflammatory responses of nerve terminals. In this review, we focus on the neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells, with the aim of providing novel potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory, autoimmune and nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan-Huan Sha
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L. Stress-induced Interaction of Skin Immune Cells, Hormones, and Neurotransmitters. Clin Ther 2020; 42:757-770. [PMID: 32276734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although scientific articles mention the impact of psychological stress on skin diseases, few review the latest research on factors involved in this correlation. The skin actively responds to psychological stress, with involvement of skin immune cells, hormones, neurotransmitters. Skin immune cells actively regulate tissue inflammation with their proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Stress-induced skin reactions primarily include cytokine secretion (e.g. interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interferon-γ) and activation of skins peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-corticosteroids axis, which leads to acute/chronic secretion of corticosteroids in the skin. METHODS This narrative review presents the current knowledge and latest findings regarding the impact of psychological stress on skin diseases, including information concerning psychoneuroimmune factors in stress-induced skin responses. Recent articles published in English available through the PubMed database and other prominent literature are discussed. FINDINGS Stress mediators, including cortisol, ACTH, and CRH from hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, induce various skin immune responses. Skin cells themselves can secrete these hormones and participate in skin inflammation. Thus, the local skin CRH-POMC-ACTH-corticosteroids axis plays a prominent role in stress-induced responses. Also, keratinocytes and fibroblasts produce hypothalamic and pituitary signal peptides and express receptors for them (CRH with receptors and POMC degradation peptides with melanocortin receptors), which allows them to respond to CRH by activating the POMC gene, which is then followed by ACTH and subsequently corticosteroids excretion. In addition, keratinocytes can express receptors for neurotransmitters (e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine), neurotrophins, and neuropeptides (e.g. substance P, nerve growth factor), which are important in linking psychoneuroimmunologic mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS Psychoneuroimmunology provides an understanding that the skin is target and source of stress mediators. This locally expressed complex stress-induced network has been confirmed as active in many skin diseases (e.g. vulgar psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, human papillomavirus infections/warts, hair loss, acne). Skin reactions to stress and its influence on skin diseases may have implications for disease severity and exacerbation frequency, given the effect of locally secreted corticosteroids and other mediators that affect skin integrity, inflammation, and healing potential. Studies have also shown that introducing psychiatric treatment (drugs or psychotherapeutic methods) can have positive effects on dermatologic diseases influenced by psychological stress exposure. We hope this review provides clinicians and scientists with more complete background for further research in this field of skin psychoneuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hitoglou S, Frydas S, Hatzistilianou M, Pappa S, Gougoustamou D, Kotsis A. Response of ADA and Its Isoenzymes in Mice Infected by Trichinella Spiralis and Treated with Mimosine. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 17:191-200. [PMID: 15171820 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) are chatacterized by an inflammatory response in the host. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate markers for monitoring mice infected with T. spiralis and treated with or without mimosine. The markers that have been used were total and differential white blood cell counts, subpopulations of lymphocytes, serum tADA and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 activity. The study included 3 groups of BALB/c mice. Group A consisted of 16 healthy mice, Group B of 16 mice infected with T. spiralis and treated with saline, and Group C of 16 mice infected with T. spiralis and treated with mimosine. The measurements were made once per week for the first six weeks continuously following the infection. According to our results, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis and increased percentages of adhesion molecules and CD4 lymphocytes were present in groups B and C one week post-infection. Total ADA activity as well as ADA1 and ADA2 was higher in groups B and C versus group A from the first week post-infection. The levels of tADA activity, ADA1 and ADA2 were higher in group B compared to those of group C and the difference was statisticaly sigificant (p<0.05) during the 4th week post-infection. The majority of tADA activity, essential for an efficient immune response, was derived from ADA1 which may have been produced by infected tissues. The elevated activities of tADA and ADA1 may be sensitive markers for infection of T. spiralis and for monitoring the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hitoglou
- General Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Magarelli N, Savastano MA, Palmieri D, Zappacosta R, Lattanzio G, Salini V, Orso CA, Guglielmi G, Colosimo C. Poly-L-Lactic Acid β-Tricalcium Phosphate Screws: A Preliminary In Vivo Biocompatibility Study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:207-11. [PMID: 17346447 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the biocompatibility of two types of Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) screws (with either hydroxiapatite (HA) or β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)) implanted in the left femur of four sheep euthanized at 42, 50, 57 and 84 days after surgery. Titanium screws were also implanted for comparison purposes. No signs of inflammation were seen in the 240 specimens. A rating of “+/-”for macrophages and “-”for neutrophils was assigned to all specimens. All specimens were assigned a rating which ranged from “+/-” to “+++” for fibroblasts and osteoblasts. The presence of macrophages, neutrophils and fibroblasts/osteoblasts was not statistically different for the four implantation periods. PLLA implants with β-TCP have a biocompatibility comparable to PLLA implants with HA.
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Kempuraj D, Konstantinidou A, Boscolo P, Ferro F, Di Giannantonio M, Conti CM, Merlitti D, Petrarca C, Castellani ML, Doyle R, Theoharides TC. Cytokines and the Brain. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:229-32. [PMID: 15461855 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sodin-Semrl S, Spagnolo A, Barbaro B, Varga J, Fiore S. Lipoxin A4 Counteracts Synergistic Activation of Human Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:15-25. [PMID: 15000862 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and transforming growth factor (32 (TGF-|32) have potential anti-inflammatory activities; these two mediators were tested to determine how they affect IL-1β-dependent release of IL-6 and MMPs in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The results revealed dramatic differences between the mediators: TGF-β2 acted synergistically with IL-1β to stimulate IL-6 protein levels, whereas LXA4 inhibited IL-6 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inhibition, by LXA4 was abrogated when cells were pre-incubated with antibody against the ALXR (Lipoxin A4 Receptor) TGF-β2 by itself had no significant effect on IL-6 or MMP levels. LXA4, at nanomolar concentrations, altered the MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression levels of IL-1β and TGF-β2 stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Furthermore, IL-1β and TGF-β2 up-regulated ALXR mRNA. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that ALXR mediate the effects of LXA4 on inflammatory responses after stimulation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes with IL-1β plus TGF-β2. These activities might constitute an important mechanism by which LXA4 regulates synovial fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sodin-Semrl
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, COM, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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10
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Frydas S, Hatzistilianou M, Karagouni E, Madhappan B, D'Orazio N, Riccioni G, Conti F, Carratelli G, Kempuraj D. Chemokines and Parasites. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 16:221-4. [PMID: 14611724 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Frydas
- Parasitology Dept. Veterinary Faculty, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Theoharides TC. Dietary Supplements for Arthritis and other Inflammatory Conditions: Key Role of Mast Cells and Benefit of Combining Anti-Inflammatory and Proteoglycan Products. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0300100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is estimated to affect over 30% of all adults and all the available drugs add considerable morbidity and mortality of their own. A recent therapeutic approach targets the mast cells that are currently considered critical in a variety of inflammatory diseases, especially arthritis. Mast cells could be activated by many immune and neural triggers, as well as by many food substances and drugs leading to secretion of numerous vasoactive and inflammatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that mast cells can be inhibited by certain naturally occurring flavonoids, such as quercetin, and the sulfated proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate. Glucosamine and chondroitin are present in many dietary supplements, but neither the source nor the purity of the active substances is listed; moreover, these formulations do not permit sufficient absorption, due to the high molecular weight and negative charge. Moreover, a common source of chondroitin sulfate is cow trachea with the risk of spongioform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). A new series of dietary supplements (Algonot-Plus®) are based on published scientific evidence and combine quercetin, glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate of high purity in formulations that include kernel olive oil to increase absorption of the inhibitory substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Ma., USA
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Kempuraj D, Frydas S, Conti P, Kandere- Grzybowska K, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Madhappan B, Huang SH, Sugimoto K, Papadopoulou NG, Christodoulou S, Theoharides TC. Interleukin-25 (OR IL-17E): A New IL-17 Family Member with Growth Factor/Inflammatory Actions. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 16:185-8. [PMID: 14611719 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Frydas S, Karagouni E, Hatzistilianou M, Kempuraj D, Comani S, Petrarca C, Iezzi T, Verna N, Conti P, Castellani ML. Cytokines and Allergic Disorders: Revisited Study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:233-5. [PMID: 15461856 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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D'Orazio N, Ficoneri C, Riccioni G, Conti P, Theoharides TC, Bollea MR. Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Functional Food? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 16:215-20. [PMID: 14611723 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific interest in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) started in 1987 when Michael Pariza's team of Wisconsin University observed its inhibitory effects on chemically induced skin tumors in mice. Numerous studies have since examined CLA's role in cancer, immune function, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, lipid and fatty acids metabolism, bone formation and composition, obesity, and diabetes. Still it's not clear yet either through which mechanisms CLA produces its numerous metabolic effects. We now know that CLA contents in cow milk fat can be enriched through dry fractionation, but this knowledge doesn't allow sufficient certainty to qualify this nutrient, as a functional food, capable of increasing well being and reducing the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Orazio
- Unit of Human Nutrition, Dept Biomedical Sciences, Chieti University, Chieti, Italy
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Xu X, Ke Y, Yuan J, Liu Y, Li X, Wu D, Qin X, Mao J, Mao K. Trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis was associated with hepatic metabolic enzyme genes and immune-related genes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:633-640. [PMID: 30090377 PMCID: PMC6062307 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the common organic solvents that has been widely used in cleaning or degreasing of metal and electronic products. However, hundreds of cases of hypersensitivity dermatitis have occurred after the workers were occupationally exposed to TCE in China over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to investigate mRNA expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme genes, immune-related genes, apoptosis genes and oncogenes in patients with hypersensitivity dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene. 12 typical patients with TCE-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis were investigated as the study cases, peripheral blood samples were taken from patients and control, and real-time fluorescence PCR assay was applied for detection of mRNA expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme genes, immune-related genes, apoptosis genes and oncogenes. It was found that the relative levels of mRNA expression of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 increased by 723%, 318%, 385% and 216%, respectively, when compared with control (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05); Foxp3, GATA3 and CTLA4 mRNA expression increased by 104%, 106% and 253%, respectively, in TCE patients when compared with control (p < 0.01); T-bet expression decreased by 44% when compared with control (p < 0.01); these findings indicate that some immune-related genes and hepatic metabolic enzyme genes might play an important role in the process of trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Xueyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Desheng Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Xiaoyun Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Jiyan Mao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
| | - Kanlang Mao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-755-25609527
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Alonso-Cotoner C, Pigrau M, Lobo B, Vicario M, Santos J. Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Gastrointestinal Permeability. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:33-50. [PMID: 25537677 PMCID: PMC4288093 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between the intestinal lumen and the mucosa is the location where the majority of ingested immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the vast gastrointestinal immune system. Upon regular physiological conditions, the intestinal micro-flora and the epithelial barrier are well prepared to process daily a huge amount of food-derived antigens and non-immunogenic particles. Similarly, they are ready to prevent environmental toxins and microbial antigens to penetrate further and interact with the mucosal-associated immune system. These functions promote the development of proper immune responses and oral tolerance and prevent disease and inflammation. Brain-gut axis structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal stimuli. The brain-gut axis integrates local and distant regulatory networks and super-systems that serve key housekeeping physiological functions including the balanced functioning of the intestinal barrier. Disturbance of the brain-gut axis may induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions, which may indeed trigger transient mucosal inflammation and gut disease. There is a large body of evidence indicating that stress, through the brain-gut axis, may cause intestinal barrier dysfunction, mainly via the systemic and peripheral release of corticotropin-releasing factor. In this review, we describe the role of stress and corticotropin-releasing factor in the regulation of gastrointestinal permeability, and discuss the link to both health and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Vasiadi M, Newman J, Theoharides TC. Isoflavones inhibit poly(I:C)-induced serum, brain, and skin inflammatory mediators - relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:168. [PMID: 25359293 PMCID: PMC4236420 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a neuroimmunoendocrine disease affecting about 1% of the US population, mostly women. It is characterized by debilitating fatigue for six or more months in the absence of cancer or other systemic diseases. Many CFS patients also have fibromyalgia and skin hypersensitivity that worsen with stress. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin (NT), secreted under stress, activate mast cells (MC) necessary for allergic reactions to release inflammatory mediators that could contribute to CFS symptoms. Objective To investigate the effect of isoflavones on the action of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), with or without swim stress, on mouse locomotor activity and inflammatory mediator expression, as well as on human MC activation. Methods Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: (a) control/no-swim, (b) control/swim, (c) polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))/no swim, and (d) polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))/swim. Mice were provided with chow low or high in isoflavones for 2 weeks prior to ip injection with 20 mg/kg poly(I:C) followed or not by swim stress for 15 minutes. Locomotor activity was monitored overnight and animals were sacrificed the following day. Brain and skin gene expression, as well as serum levels, of inflammatory mediators were measured. Data were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Results Poly(I:C)-treated mice had decreased locomotor activity over 24 hours, and increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, KC (IL-8/CXCL8 murine homolog), CCL2,3,4,5, CXCL10, as well as brain and skin gene expression of TNF, IL-6, KC (Cxcl1, IL8 murine homolog), CCL2, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL10. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and NT expression were also increased, but only in the skin, over the same period. High isoflavone diet reversed these effects. Conclusion Poly(I:C) treatment decreased mouse locomotor activity and increased serum levels and brain and skin gene expression of inflammatory mediators. These effects were inhibited by isoflavones that may prove useful in CFS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0168-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Vasiadi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Newman
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC, Rivier J. Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:827-84. [PMID: 23939821 PMCID: PMC3857130 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the corresponding receptors (CRFRs 1 and 2), represents a milestone in our understanding of central mechanisms regulating body and local homeostasis. We focused on the CRF-led signaling systems in the skin and offer a model for regulation of peripheral homeostasis based on the interaction of CRF and the structurally related urocortins with corresponding receptors and the resulting direct or indirect phenotypic effects that include regulation of epidermal barrier function, skin immune, pigmentary, adnexal, and dermal functions necessary to maintain local and systemic homeostasis. The regulatory modes of action include the classical CRF-led cutaneous equivalent of the central HPA axis, the expression and function of CRF and related peptides, and the stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin peptides or cytokines. The key regulatory role is assigned to the CRFR-1α receptor, with other isoforms having modulatory effects. CRF can be released from sensory nerves and immune cells in response to emotional and environmental stressors. The expression sequence of peptides includes urocortin/CRF→pro-opiomelanocortin→ACTH, MSH, and β-endorphin. Expression of these peptides and of CRFR-1α is environmentally regulated, and their dysfunction can lead to skin and systemic diseases. Environmentally stressed skin can activate both the central and local HPA axis through either sensory nerves or humoral factors to turn on homeostatic responses counteracting cutaneous and systemic environmental damage. CRF and CRFR-1 may constitute novel targets through the use of specific agonists or antagonists, especially for therapy of skin diseases that worsen with stress, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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20
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Extracellular mitochondrial ATP, suramin, and autism? Clin Ther 2013; 35:1454-6. [PMID: 23954092 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Theoharides TC, Asadi S, Panagiotidou S, Weng Z. The "missing link" in autoimmunity and autism: extracellular mitochondrial components secreted from activated live mast cells. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:1136-42. [PMID: 23831684 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases continue to increase, but the reason(s) remain obscure and infections have not proven to be major contributors. Mast cells are tissue immune cells responsible for allergies, but have been increasingly shown to be involved in innate and acquired immunity, as well as inflammation. This involvement is possible because of their ability to release multiple mediators in response to a great variety of triggers. We recently published that activation of mast cells is accompanied by mitochondrial fission and translocation to the cell surface from where they secrete at least ATP and DNA outside the cell without cell damage. These extracellular mitochondrial components are misconstrued by the body as "innate pathogens" leading to powerful autocrine and paracrine auto-immune/auto-inflammatory responses. We also showed that mitochondrial DNA is increased in the serum of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a condition that could involve "focal brain allergy/encephalitits". Blocking the secretion of extracellular mitochondrial components could present unique possibilities for the therapy of ASD and other autoimmune diseases. Unique formulation of the flavonoid luteolin offers unique advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Christy AL, Walker ME, Hessner MJ, Brown MA. Mast cell activation and neutrophil recruitment promotes early and robust inflammation in the meninges in EAE. J Autoimmun 2012; 42:50-61. [PMID: 23267561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The meninges are often considered inert tissues that house the CSF and provide protection for the brain and spinal cord. Yet emerging data demonstrates that they are also active sites of immune responses. Furthermore, the blood-CSF barrier surrounding meningeal blood vessels, together with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is postulated to serve as a gateway for the pathological infiltration of immune cells into the CNS in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies using mast cell-deficient (Kit(W/Wv)) mice demonstrated that mast cells resident in the dura mater and pia mater exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of MS, by facilitating CNS inflammatory cell influx. Here we examined the underlying mechanisms that mediate these effects. We demonstrate that there are dramatic alterations in immune associated gene expression in the meninges in pre-clinical disease, including those associated with mast cell and neutrophil function. Meningeal mast cells are activated within 24 h of disease induction, but do not directly compromise CNS vascular integrity. Rather, through production of TNF, mast cells elicit an early influx of neutrophils, cells known to alter vascular permeability, into the meninges. These data add to the growing evidence that inflammation in the meninges precedes CNS immune cell infiltration and establish that mast cells are among the earliest participants in these disease-initiating events. We hypothesize that mast cell-dependent neutrophil recruitment and activation in the meninges promotes early breakdown of the local BBB and CSF-blood barrier allowing initial immune cell access to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Christy
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:403908. [PMID: 22969795 PMCID: PMC3437281 DOI: 10.1155/2012/403908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress, an evolutionary adaptation to the fight-or-flight response, triggers a number of physiological responses that can be deleterious under some circumstances. Stress signals activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Elements derived from those systems (e.g., cortisol, catecholamines and neuropeptides) can impact the immune system and possible disease states. Skin provides a first line of defense against many environmental insults. A number of investigations have indicated that the skin is especially sensitive to psychological stress, and experimental evidence shows that the cutaneous innate and adaptive immune systems are affected by stressors. For example, psychological stress has been shown to reduce recovery time of the stratum corneum barrier after its removal (innate immunity) and alters antigen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells (adaptive immunity). Moreover, psychological stress may trigger or exacerbate immune mediated dermatological disorders. Understanding how the activity of the psyche-nervous -immune system axis impinges on skin diseases may facilitate coordinated treatment strategies between dermatologists and psychiatrists. Herein, we will review the roles of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system on the cutaneous immune response. We will selectively highlight how the interplay between psychological stress and the immune system affects atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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De Berardis D, Conti C, Campanella D, Carano A, Scali M, Valchera A, Serroni N, Pizzorno A, D'Albenzio A, Fulcheri M, Gambi F, Larovere R, Cotellessa C, Salerno R, Ferro F. Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein and Total Serum Cholesterol in Adult Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:319-24. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of CRP and Total Cholesterol (TC) in patients suffering from type I Bipolar Disorder (BD-I). Moreover, the goal is to elucidate possible CRP and TC differences in different phases of BD-I: acute mania, euthymia and bipolar depression. Medical records of 90 BD-I patients (30 patients with acute mania, 30 in euthymic state, full remission, and 30 in depressive phase) were reviewed to evaluate serum CRP and TC levels. Laboratory data of 30 healthy controls were also obtained. The scores of Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Bech-Rafaelsen Manic Rating Scale (BRMRS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) were evaluated. CRP levels were higher in acute mania and depressive phase subgroups when compared to healthy controls. CRP was positively associated with BRMRS and YMRS scores in acute mania and with HAM-D in depressive phase subgroups. TC levels were lower in all clinical groups compared to controls. TC levels were negatively correlated to BRMRS, YMRS and HAM-D. In conclusion, the results of the present study support the notion that CRP and TC may be altered in patients with BP-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. De Berardis
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - C.M. Conti
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - D. Campanella
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - A. Carano
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, ASUR Marche 8, Civitanova Marche, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - M. Scali
- Department of Mental Health, ASUR Marche 8, Civitanova Marche, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - A. Valchera
- Casa di Cura “San Giuseppe”, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - N. Serroni
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - A.M. Pizzorno
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - A. D'Albenzio
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - M. Fulcheri
- Department of Psychology, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - F. Gambi
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - R. Larovere
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - C. Cotellessa
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - R.M. Salerno
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - F.M. Ferro
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
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Christy AL, Brown MA. The Multitasking Mast Cell: Positive and Negative Roles in the Progression of Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2673-9. [PMID: 17709477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the potential outcomes of an aberrantly functioning immune system are allergic disease and autoimmunity. Although it has been assumed that the underlying mechanisms mediating these conditions are completely different, recent evidence shows that mast cells provide a common link. Mast cells reside in most tissues, are particularly prevalent at sites of Ag entry, and act as sentinel cells of the immune system. They express many inflammatory mediators that affect both innate and adaptive cellular function. They contribute to pathologic allergic inflammation but also serve an important protective role in bacterial and parasite infections. Given the proinflammatory nature of autoimmune responses, it is not surprising that studies using murine models of autoimmunity clearly implicate mast cells in the initiation and/or progression of autoimmune disease. In this review, we discuss the defined and hypothesized mechanisms of mast cell influence on autoimmune diseases, including their surprising and newly discovered role as anti-inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Christy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Kamijima M, Hisanaga N, Wang H, Nakajima T. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure as a cause of idiosyncratic generalized skin disorders and accompanying hepatitis similar to drug hypersensitivities. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 80:357-70. [PMID: 17106739 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-006-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Workers exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) rarely show severe generalized skin disorders and accompanying hepatitis which resemble drug hypersensitivities. The disorders are completely different from solvent-induced irritating contact dermatitis, and their serious consequences have become one of the critical occupational health issues recently in Asia. The present review sheds light on the analogous relationship between the reported patients' clinical manifestations and those of severe drug rash, and provides a comprehensive picture of the disorder occurrences among TCE-exposed workers to date. METHODS All literature published in English and ad hoc publications in local languages were reviewed. RESULTS The patients typically showed rash on the extremities, face, neck or trunk with/without fever 2 weeks to 2 months after commencement of occupational TCE exposure. Reported cutaneous manifestations were classified into two hypersensitivity categories, i.e. hypersensitivity syndrome and erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Based on this categorization, 124 (52%) cases were classified as the former and 115 (48%) as the latter. According to the two spectra, the prevalence of each clinical finding of TCE-related skin disorders was close to that in drug hypersensitivities except for disease incidence and the prevalence of fever, hepatitis, and lymphadenopathy. Occurrences of the disorders have been reported from the USA, Japan, Spain, Singapore, China, Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The case reports from industrialized countries were mostly published up to 1990, whereas cases from Asian industrializing countries appeared thereafter. CONCLUSIONS The TCE-related generalized skin disorders are important not only in terms of the number of disease occurrences and severity but from the viewpoint of drug hypersensitivity. Systematic collection of clinical information is necessary in cases diagnosed by the same criteria as those used for drug hypersensitivities. Detailed exposure assessments are also required to establish preventive strategies in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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O'Kane M, Murphy EP, Kirby B. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in immune-mediated cutaneous inflammatory disease. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:143-53. [PMID: 16480421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) coordinates the systemic stress response via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation with subsequent modulation of the inflammatory response. Stress is known to affect expression of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, many of which are associated with HPA axis abnormalities. HPA axis components including CRH and its receptors (CRH-R) exist in the skin and exhibit differential expression according to cell type, physiological fluctuations and disease states. This confirms a local functioning cutaneous HPA-like system. Peripheral CRH may exhibit proinflammatory effects. Animal studies confirm that peripheral CRH is required for induction of the inflammatory response in vivo. CRH and CRH-R are upregulated in inflammatory arthritis synovium and psoriatic skin. CRH may influence mast cell activation, direct modulation of immune cells, angiogenesis and induction of the novel orphan nuclear receptor NURR1. This transcription factor is part of the steroid/thyroid superfamily of related nuclear receptors that includes receptors for steroids, retinoids and vitamin D; ligands of these receptors are effective in treating psoriasis. The roles of CRH and NURR1 in psoriasis and inflammatory skin diseases, especially those associated with stress, remain to be elucidated. This stress may be psychological or physical. CRH, produced locally or delivered by peripheral nerves, may mediate interactions between a cutaneous HPA axis-like system and the central HPA axis--the "brain-skin axis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina O'Kane
- Department of Dermatology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
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Maruotti N, Crivellato E, Cantatore FP, Vacca A, Ribatti D. Mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 26:1-4. [PMID: 16741781 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease of joints that is characterized by inflammation, abnormal cellular and humoral immune responses, and synovial hyperplasia. Mast cells (MCs) are involved in several of these inflammatory and immune events. MC-derived mediators induce edema, destroy connective tissue, and are involved in lymphocyte chemotaxis and infiltration and in pathological fibrosis of RA joints. Moreover, MCs are involved in angiogenesis during RA, and their proteolytic activity results in cartilage destruction and bone remodeling. Lastly, MCs could be a target in the treatment of RA.
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Tsatsanis C, Androulidaki A, Alissafi T, Charalampopoulos I, Dermitzaki E, Roger T, Gravanis A, Margioris AN. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and the Urocortins Induce the Expression of TLR4 in Macrophages via Activation of the Transcription Factors PU.1 and AP-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1869-77. [PMID: 16424218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) augments LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism by which CRF and its related peptides urocortins (UCN) 1 and 2 affect LPS-induced cytokine production. We examined their role on TLR4 expression, the signal-transducing receptor of LPS. For this purpose, the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and primary murine peritoneal macrophages were used. Exposure of peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells to CRF, UCN1, or UCN2 up-regulated TLR4 mRNA and protein levels. To study whether that effect occurred at the transcriptional level, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with a construct containing the proximal region of the TLR4 promoter linked to the luciferase gene. CRF peptides induced activation of the TLR4 promoter, an effect abolished upon mutation of a proximal PU.1-binding consensus or upon mutation of an AP-1-binding element. Indeed, all three peptides promoted PU.1 binding to the proximal PU.1 site and increased DNA-binding activity to the AP-1 site. The effects of CRF peptides were inhibited by the CRF2 antagonist anti-sauvagine-30, but not by the CRF1 antagonist antalarmin, suggesting that CRF peptides mediated the up-regulation of TLR4 via the CRF2 receptor. Finally, CRF peptides blocked the inhibitory effect of LPS on TLR4 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that CRF peptides play an important role on macrophage function. They augment the effect of LPS by inducing Tlr4 gene expression, through CRF2, via activation of the transcription factors PU.1 and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsatsanis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, University of Crete, Greece.
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Paus R, Theoharides TC, Arck PC. Neuroimmunoendocrine circuitry of the ‘brain-skin connection’. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:32-9. [PMID: 16269267 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The skin offers an ideally suited, clinically relevant model for studying the crossroads between peripheral and systemic responses to stress. A 'brain-skin connection' with local neuroimmunoendocrine circuitry underlies the pathogenesis of allergic and inflammatory skin diseases, triggered or aggravated by stress. In stressed mice, corticotropin-releasing hormone, nerve growth factor, neurotensin, substance P and mast cells are recruited hierarchically to induce neurogenic skin inflammation, which inhibits hair growth. The hair follicle is both a target and a source for immunomodulatory stress mediators, and has an equivalent of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Thus, the skin and its appendages enable the study of complex neuroimmunoendocrine responses that peripheral tissues launch upon stress exposure, as a basis for identifying new targets for therapeutic stress intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Zhu QX, Shen T, Tu DY, Ding R, Liang ZZ, Zhang XJ. Protective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extracts on Trichloroethylene-Induced Human Keratinocyte Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 18:160-9. [PMID: 15920354 DOI: 10.1159/000085977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (EGb) on trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake, and lipid peroxidation of the cells was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electron microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate NHEK apoptosis. Treatment of NHEK with various concentrations of TCE caused a substantial decrease in cell viability. NR(50 )from the cytotoxicity assay was found to be 4.53 mM. TCE caused an increase in MDA, while an inhibition of SOD activity, in a concentration-dependent manner. Electron microscopic examination revealed typical morphologic changes of apoptosis in cells treated with TCE. Incubation of NHEK with TCE (0, 0.125, 0.5, 2.0 mM) for 4 h increased the proportion of apoptotic cells from control of 19.23% to nearly 44.35%. Pretreatment of EGb at 10-200 mg/l dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE, prevented TCE-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of antioxidant enzyme activities. Similar inhibition by EGb on TCE-mediated NHEK apoptosis was also observed. These results suggest that EGb can protect NHEK from TCE-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-X Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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Huang SH, Frydas S, Conti P, Kempuraj D, Barbacane RC, Grilli A, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Papadopoulou N, Donelan J, Madhappan B, Theoharides TC, De Lutiis MA, Riccioni G, Sabatino G. Interleukin-17: a revisited study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17:1-4. [PMID: 15000860 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Theoharides TC, Bielory L. Mast cells and mast cell mediators as targets of dietary supplements. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:S24-34. [PMID: 15330009 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the increasing amount of data that support or dispel the use of dietary supplements in the treatment of inflammatory conditions that involve mast cells, such as allergies, arthritis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. DATA SOURCES A search was conducted in MEDLINE for natural substances, dietary supplements, flavonoids, and proteoglycans for their in vitro or in vivo effects on allergic and inflammatory conditions. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for inclusion because of the impact factor of the journal, the definitive nature of the findings, the soundness of the study design, and the expert opinion of the authors. RESULTS Dietary supplements include a large group of products, such as vitamins, minerals, plant, or animal extracts, as well as herbal preparations that are often called medicinal herbs. Many of the available dietary supplements contain a multitude of ingredients, the source and/or purity of which is seldom disclosed; some of these may have biologic effects of their own or may interact with other supplements or drugs, often leading to adverse effects. The most well-documented evidence published to date is on the inhibitory action of natural compounds, especially flavonoids, on mast cells and allergic symptoms. Some flavonoids have weak inhibitory activity, whereas others may have no benefit or may be detrimental. Sulfated proteoglycans could provide synergistic action but require formulations with increased absorption. CONCLUSIONS Combining the most active flavonoids with proteoglycans could be helpful in atopic and inflammatory conditions. However, a complete list of active ingredients and their source, purity, and exact concentration should be a requirement for nutraceuticals to standardize, compare, and promote their safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Kempuraj D, Donelan J, Frydas S, Iezzi T, Conti F, Boucher W, Papadopoulou NG, Madhappan B, Letourneau L, Cao J, Sabatino G, Meneghini F, Stellin L, Verna N, Riccioni G, Theoharides TC. Interleukin-28 and 29 (IL-28 and IL-29): new cytokines with anti-viral activities. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17:103-6. [PMID: 15171810 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Theoharides TC, Cochrane DE. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:1-12. [PMID: 14698841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are not only necessary for allergic reactions, but recent findings indicate that they are also involved in a variety of neuroinflammatory diseases, especially those worsened by stress. In these cases, mast cells appear to be activated through their Fc receptors by immunoglobulins other than IgE, as well as by anaphylatoxins, neuropeptides and cytokines to secrete mediators selectively without overt degranulation. These facts can help us better understand a variety of sterile inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), migraines, inflammatory arthritis, atopic dermatitis, coronary inflammation, interstitial cystitis and irritable bowel syndrome, in which mast cells are activated without allergic degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kempuraj D, Papadopoulou NG, Lytinas M, Huang M, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Madhappan B, Boucher W, Christodoulou S, Athanassiou A, Theoharides TC. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145:43-8. [PMID: 14576187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through CRH, leading to production of glucocorticoids that down-regulate immune responses. However, acute stress also has proinflammatory effects. We previously showed that restraint stress, as well as CRH and its structurally related urocortin (Ucn), could activate mast cells and trigger mast cell-dependent vascular permeability. Here we show for the first time that human cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMC) at 10 wk, but not at 2 wk, are immunocytochemically positive for CRH and Ucn; human leukemic mast cells are weakly positive for both peptides. The ability of these mast cells to synthesize CRH and Ucn was confirmed by showing mRNA expression with RT-PCR. hCBMC (8-14 wk) synthesize and store 1-10 ng/106 cells (10-20 microg/g) of both CRH and Ucn detected by ELISA of cell homogenates. Stimulation of IgE-sensitized hCBMC with anti-IgE results in secretion of most CRH and Ucn. These findings indicate that mast cells are not only the target, but also a potential source of CRH and Ucn that could have both autocrine and paracrine functions, especially in allergic inflammatory disorders exacerbated by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Conti P, Kempuraj D, Frydas S, Kandere K, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Madhappan B, Sagimoto K, Christodoulou S, Theoharides TC. IL-10 subfamily members: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:171-4. [PMID: 12941475 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the CD4+ T cell is a very important source of interleukin 10 (IL-10), while CD8+ cells produce low amounts. IL-10 exerts several immune stimulating, as well as inhibitory effects. There are at least five novel human IL-10 family-related molecules: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. Activated T cells produce IL-19, IL-22 and IL-26, while IL-24 is produced by activated monocytes and T-cells. IL-20 induces cheratin proliferation and Stat-3 signal transduction pathway, while IL-22 induces acute-phase production by hepatocytes and neonatal lethality with skin abnormalities reminiscent of psoriasic lesions in humans. In addition, IL-22 mediates inflammation and binds class II cytokine receptor heterodimers IL-22 RA1/CRF2-4. This cytokine is also involved in immuno-regulatory responses. IL-26 (AK155) is a novel cytokine generated by memory cells and is involved in the transformed phenotype of human T cells after infection by herpes virus. All these new IL-10 subfamily member cytokines are strongly involved in immune regulation and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Conti
- Immunology Department, University of Chieti, Immunology Division, School of Medicine, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 661013, Italy.
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Frydas S, Papazahariadou M, Papaioannou N, Hatzistilianou M, Trakatellis M, Merlitti D, Di Gioacchino M, Grilli A, DeLutiis MA, Riccioni G, Conti P, Vlemmas I. Effect of the compound L-mimosine in an in vivo model of chronic granuloma formation induced by potassium permanganate (KMNO4). Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:99-104. [PMID: 12797899 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant amino acid L-mimosine has recently been suggested to inhibit cells at a regulatory step in late G1 phase before establishment of active DNA replication forks. In addition, L-mimosine is an extremely effective inhibitor of DNA replication in chromosomes of mammalian nuclei. In this work, the effect of L-mimosine on chronic inflammation induced by dorsal injections of 0.2 ml of a 1:40 saturated crystal solution of potassium permanganate in mice, was studied. Seven days afterwards, all mice developed a subcutaneous granulomatous tissue indicative of chronic inflammatory response at the site of infection. The intraperitoneal administration of L-mimosine (200 microg/dose) to the potassium permanganate treated mice for 5 consecutive days (the first at the same time of inoculation of the KMnO4), produced a significant decrease in size and weight of the granuloma when compared to mice not treated with L-mimosine (controls). In addition, in all mice treated with L-mimosine, there was a strong inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha that was revealed in the serum (P<0.05) and in the minced granulomas. Interleukin-6 was not detected in the serum of treated and untreated mice. These findings show for the first time, that L-mimosine may have an anti-inflammatory effect on chronic inflammation and an inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 generation in supernatant fluids of minced granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frydas
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 540 06, Greece.
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Kempuraj D, Frydas S, Kandere K, Madhappan B, Letourneau R, Christodoulou S, Boucher W, Riccioni G, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Interleukin-19 (IL-19) network revisited. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:95-7. [PMID: 12797898 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Kempuraj
- Pharmacology Department, TUFTS University, School of Medicine, Boston MA 02111, USA.
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Hatzistilianou-Sidiropoulou M, Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Agguridaki C, Xefteri M, Tsavdaridou V. Mediators of Inflammation in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. EUR J INFLAMM 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0300100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children remains a challenging problem. Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by an activation of intestinal mononuclear cells and T-cells within the inflammed lesions. In the present study, we determined whether circulating inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins and adhesion molecules, may represent useful markers of immune activation in vivo. Serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sIL-2R, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 18 patients with IBD and 25 healthy subjects matched for age and sex (control group). According to our results, all the inflammatory mediators are significantly increased in patients with IBD as compared to the control group. Pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) are elevated in the serum of patients with active disease, suggesting that they act as naturally occuring initiators of the acute inflammatory process. Increased IL-2 and sIL-2R levels reflect T-cell activation. Increased circulating sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels may reflect increased adhesiveness and signal transmission across cells, probably as a result of shedding of the parent molecule during local cellular immunoresponses in vivo. The measurement of inflammatory mediators may be a useful adjunct to the clinical assessment and to the routine laboratory testing of IBD pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Agguridaki
- Microbiology and Serology Laboratory, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - M. Xefteri
- IV Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - V. Tsavdaridou
- Microbiology and Serology Laboratory, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki; Greece
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Conti P, Kempuraj D, Kandere K, Di Gioacchino M, Barbacane RC, Castellani ML, Felaco M, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC. IL-10, an inflammatory/inhibitory cytokine, but not always. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:123-9. [PMID: 12644313 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 has been previously called cytokine synthesis inhibiting factor, produced mostly by Th2 cells, macrophages and CD8+ cell clones. IL-10 is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of several cytokines from different cells, antigen or mitogen activated. IL-10 exerts its inhibition at the mRNA transcriptional and translational level. In addition, IL-10 is a co-stimulatory cytokine on activated T cells. For example, IL-10 inhibits NK cell activity, the production of Th1 cytokines, cytokines generated by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and macrophage activity. On the other hand, IL-10 exerts immunostimulatory effects on B cells, cytotoxic T cell development and thymocytes. In mast cells derived from CD4+/CD133+ cells, IL-10 inhibits IL-6 and TNFalpha, and prostaglandin E(1) and E(2) induced by IL-6. Here, we report for the first time that IL-10 fails to inhibit tryptase and IL-6 from human mast cell-1 (HMC-1) and human umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, University of Chieti, School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy.
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